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Kingdom of Gwynedd

kingdom in northwest Wales, 401–1283

74 dated entries naming Kingdom of Gwynedd, drawn from 64 separate years between 410 CE and 1277 CE. Nothing here is written by us: each line is the sentence a Wikipedia year article used, and the link beside it opens the exact revision.

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5th century

  • 410Raiders from Ireland, such as the Uí Liatháin and Laigin, harry the coasts of Wales. They plunder towns and capture slaves but later colonise large areas of what is called Gwynedd, in particular Llŷn, the coasts of Arllechwedd, Arfon and the Isle of Mona (approximate date).source

6th century

  • 547Maelgwn Hir ap Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd (traditional date)source
  • 560Elidyr of Strathclyde invades Gwynedd (Wales) and tries to expel his brother-in-law, King Rhun ap Maelgwn.source
  • 580Cadfan ap Iago, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)source
  • 586Rhun ap Maelgwn, king of Gwyneddsource
  • 591Cadwallon ap Cadfan, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)source

7th century

  • 604Æthelfrith of Northumbria invades Deira and kills its king, Æthelric. Prince Edwin, son of the late king Ælla of Deira (possibly a nephew of Æthelric), flees to the court of King Iago of Gwynedd (northwest Wales).source
  • 613Battle of Chester: King Æthelfrith of Northumbria invades Gwynedd (northwest Wales), in order to route out his old enemy, Edwin of Deira. A united Brythonic force (Gwynedd, Powys, Pengwern and Dumnonian warriors) is defeated near Chester.source
  • 616Cadfan ap Iago succeeds his father Iago ap Beli, as king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date).source
  • 616Iago ap Beli, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)source
  • 625King Cadfan of Gwynedd dies and is buried at Llangadwaladr, where his memorial stone can still be seen. He is succeeded by his son Cadwallon (approximate date).source
  • 625Cadfan ap Iago, king of Gwyneddsource
  • 630King Penda of Mercia besieges Exeter in southwest England. King Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd lands with a force nearby, and negotiates an alliance with Penda.source
  • 634Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 645Gwynedd and much of Wales is in the grasp of famine. Would-be king Cadwaladr Fendigaid flees to Brittany. Civil war continues in his kingdom (approximate date).source
  • 655Cadafael Cadomedd, king of Gwyneddsource
  • 664The Kingdom of Gwynedd is also devastated by the plague; King Cadafael Cadomedd dies and is succeeded by Cadwaladr, who reasserts himself in his kingdom by sending his son Ivor from Brittany to be regent.source
  • 664Cadafael Cadomedd, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 682Cadwaladr, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 690Rhodri Molwynog ap Idwal, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)source

8th century

  • 712Idwal Iwrch, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 754Rhodri Molwynog, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 795Quarrels between the kings Cynan Dindaethwy and Hywel leave the way open for Caradog ap Meirion (the House of Rhos) to usurp the throne of Gwynedd (modern Wales).source
  • 797Battle of Rhuddlan: Welsh forces, including those of Powys and Dyfed, clash with Mercians. King Coenwulf tries to re-assert his domination of northeast Wales. King Caradog ap Meirion of Gwynedd is killed during the fighting (approximate date).source
  • 797Caradog ap Meirion, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)source
  • 798King Coenwulf of Mercia invades Gwynedd (modern Wales), and kills his rival Caradog ap Meirion during the fighting in Snowdonia. Kings Cynan and Hywel retake the throne. Coenwulf also defeats and captures King Eadberht Præn of Kent. He is blinded and his hands are cut off. He introduces his brother Cuthred as a sub-king of Kent (approximate date).source
  • 798Caradog ap Meirion, king of Gwynedd (or 797)source

9th century

  • 816Cynan Dindaethwy, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 820Rhodri the Great, king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date)source
  • 825Hywel ap Rhodri, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 825King Hywel ap Rhodri of Gwynedd dies after an 11-year reign. The kingdom is seized by his grand-nephew, Merfyn Frych of Man.source
  • 844Merfyn Frych, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 844King Merfyn Frych dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Rhodri Mawr ("the Great"), who thus becomes ruler of Gwynedd (Wales).source
  • 871King Rhodri Mawr ("the Great") of Gwynedd annexes Seisyllwg, uniting most of Wales under his rule (approximate date).source
  • 877The Vikings invade Wales once more, and King Rhodri ap Merfyn ("the Great") of Gwynedd, Powys and Seisyllwg is forced to flee to Ireland (approximate date).source
  • 878King Rhodri the Great of Gwynedd, Powys and Seisyllwg, returns to his kingdoms, but is killed fighting the Mercians of King Ceolwulf II. His kingdoms are divided amongst his three sons: Anarawd, Merfyn and Cadell.source
  • 881Battle of the Conwy: King Anarawd of Gwynedd (Wales) initiates a revenge attack on the Mercian armies, and defeats them on the River Conwy.source
  • 890King Anarawd ap Rhodri of Gwynedd makes the first ceremonial visit to an English court (that of Alfred the Great).source
  • 894King Anarawd of Gwynedd's shaky alliance with the Vikings collapses. His kingdom is ravaged by the Norsemen. Anarawd is forced to ask for help from Alfred the Great and submits to his overlordship. Alfred imposes oppressive terms and forces Anarawd's confirmation in the Christian Church, with Alfred as 'godfather'.source
  • 895King Anarawd of Gwynedd is supplied with English troops, to assist in his reconquest of Seisyllwg (Wales). He is successful, and his brother Cadell is finally able to take his rightful place on the Seisyllwg throne.source

10th century

  • 916Anarawd ap Rhodri, king of Gwyneddsource
  • 918Kings Idwal Foel of Gwynedd and Hywel ap Cadell, and Prince Clydog of Deheubarth (Wales) submit to the overlordship of Edward the Elder. The Vikings raid Anglesey.source
  • 931King Morgan Hen of Glywysing and Gwent (Wales) submits to the overlordship of King Æthelstan, and attends his court with Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth and Idwal Foel of Gwynedd.source
  • 934King Tewdwr of Brycheiniog attends the court of King Æthelstan and signs the English Land Charters. Kings Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Idwal Foel of Gwynedd and Morgan Mwynfawr ("the Old") of Morgannwg are compelled to accompany Æthelstan on his campaign against King Constantine II of Scotland.source
  • 942Idwal Foel, king of Gwynedd, openly rebels against the overlordship of Edmund I. He and Llywelyn ap Merfyn, king of Pows, are killed fighting the English forces.source
  • 942Idwal Foel, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 978English troops are deployed on the Llŷn Peninsula on behalf of King Hywel of Gwynedd in order to prevent his uncle, King Iago, invading with Viking allies from Dublin.source
  • 979probable – Iago ab Idwal, king of Gwyneddsource
  • 985Hywel ap Ieuaf, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 986Cadwallon ab Ieuaf, king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 988Ieuaf (Idwal ab Idwal), king of Gwynedd (Wales)source
  • 999Maredudd ab Owain, king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date)source

11th century

  • 1005Cynan ap Hywel, prince of Gwynedd (approximate date)source
  • 1014Cynan ab Iago, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)source
  • 1018Aeddan ap Blegywryd, king of Gwyneddsource
  • 1039Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, prince of Gwyneddsource
  • 1044Trahaearn ap Caradog, Welsh king of Gwynedd (d. 1081)source
  • 1055Gruffudd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)source
  • 1063August 5 – Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, king of Gwyneddsource
  • 1081Battle of Mynydd Carn (near St Davids in Wales): Gruffudd ap Cynan in alliance with Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth, defeats the forces of Trahaearn ap Caradog, Caradog ap Gruffydd and Meilir ap Rhiwallon (who are all killed), allowing Gruffudd to claim the Kingdom of Gwynedd.source
  • 1081Trahaearn ap Caradog, Welsh king of Gwynedd, killed in battle (b. 1044)source

12th century

  • 1118The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog are annexed by Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd in Wales.source
  • 1162Angharad ferch Owain, queen consort of Gwynedd (b. 1065)source
  • 1163Owain Gwynedd becomes partial ruler of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north Wales on the death of Gruffydd ap Rhys.source
  • 1165c. August – Battle of Crogen: Owain Gwynedd (Owain Fawr), ruler of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north Wales, having formed an alliance with his nephew Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of Deheubarth, to challenge English rule, defeats King Henry II of England and drives his army out of Wales.source
  • 1170The Welsh prince Madoc (son of King Owain ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd) sails to North America, in his ship the Gwennan Gorn, and founds a colony.source
  • 1170Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd, king of Gwyneddsource
  • 1172Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, king of Gwyneddsource
  • 1173Approximate date – Llywelyn ab Iorwerth ("the Great"), Welsh king of Gwynedd (d. 1240)source

13th century

  • 1211Summer – John, King of England ("Lackland") campaigns in Wales against Llywelyn the Great, prince of Gwynedd. In July, after the Welsh uprising, John and Llywelyn reach an agreement and a peace treaty is signed.source
  • 1220Llywelyn the Great, Welsh prince of Gwynedd, begins raiding Pembrokeshire to retake land that he accuses William Marshal (the Younger) of stealing. This also includes Wiston Castle.source
  • 1223October 8 – At Montgomery in Wales, King Henry III of England reaches a peaceful settlement with Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, the powerful ruler of the semi-independent Principality of Gwynedd, following a mediation by Ranulf de Blondeville, the Earl of Chester.source
  • 1240April 11 – Llywelyn the Great, Welsh king of Gwyneddsource
  • 1277November 10 – Treaty of Aberconwy: Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and King Edward I of England sign a peace treaty which leaves Llywelyn only with the western part of Gwynedd.source

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