Geopolitics & Diplomacy in the 2nd century

85 sourced entries, 100 CE to 199 CE, oldest first. Also see Geopolitics & Diplomacy across every century or everything else in the 2nd century.

• 100Pliny the Younger advances to consulship, giving his panegyric on Trajan in the process.source
• 100Pacores (last king of the Indo-Parthian kingdom) takes the throne.source
• 100The Moche culture emerges, and starts building a society in present-day Peru.source
• 100Trajan creates a policy intended to restore the former economic supremacy of Italy.source
• 100The compilation of the Kama Sutra begins in India.source
• 100Emperor Trajan and Frontinus become Roman consuls.source
• 102Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Lucius Licinius Sura become Roman consuls.source
• 103Emperor Trajan and Manius Laberius Maximus become Roman consuls.source
• 105A peace treaty is signed between Baekje and Silla in the Korean peninsula (the war started in AD 85).source
• 106August 11 – The south-eastern part of Dacia (modern Romania) becomes a Roman province: Roman Dacia. The veterans of the legions are given land in the new province for their service in the Roman army.source
• 107An Indian ambassador is received by Emperor Trajan.source
• 107Lucius Licinius Sura and Quintus Sosius Senecio become consuls of Rome.source
• 108Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and Marcus Atilius Bradua become Roman Consuls.source
• 109June 24 – The Aqua Traiana is inaugurated by Emperor Trajan; the aqueduct channels water from Lake Bracciano, 40 km mi northwest of Rome.source
• 109Osroes I of Parthia succeeds his brother Pacorus II, and rules over the western Parthian Empire.source
• 109Pliny the Younger is legate to Bithynia.source
• 111Emperor Trajan sends Pliny the Younger to be governor (legatus Augusti) of Bithynia.source
• 112King Jima succeeds Pasa as ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla.source
• 112Emperor Trajan and Titus Sextius Cornelius Africanus become Roman consuls.source
• 113"Pattini dheivam" worship is inaugurated in Kannagi Temple in the Chera Kingdom in India, by Emperor Cenkuttuvan; the function is attended by GajaBahu, king of Central Sri Lanka (Mahavamso).source
• 113Osroes I of Parthia violates the treaty with Rome by installing a puppet ruler in Armenia. Emperor Trajan marches east, without first attempting to use diplomacy to resolve the disagreement.source
• 115The Pantheon of Agrippa is reconstructed in Rome.source
• 116Trajan removes Osroes I as king of Parthia, and appoints his son Parthamaspates in his place. Parthamaspates romanizes his name to Parthicus.source
• 117Hadrian returns large parts of Mesopotamia to the Parthians as part of a peace settlement. He inaugurates a policy of retrenchment and cultural integration, giving up the policy of conquest of his predecessor in order to consolidate the empire.source
• 118Emperor Hadrian is also a Roman Consul.source
• 118Osroene is returned to native rule by the Roman Empire.source
• 122Emperor Hadrian orders that a 73-mile (117-kilometer) wall be built to mark the northern Roman Empire while personally visiting the area. Hadrian's Wall, as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts and other tribes at bay.source
• 123Emperor Hadrian averts a war with Parthia by a personal meeting with Osroes I (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed).source
• 123In China, Ban Yong, son of Ban Chao, reestablishes the Chinese control over the Tarim Basin.source
• 124January 1 – Gaius Bellicius Torquatus and Manius Acilius Glabrio begin the year as the new consuls, but the two are replaced in April.source
• 124May – Aulus Larcius Macedo, the former Governor of Galatia; and Publius Ducenius Verres take office for four month as the suffect consuls to succeed Bellicius and Glabrio, and serve until the end of August.source
• 124September – Gaius Valerius Severus and Gaius Julius Gallus replace consuls Larcius and Ducenius and serve until the end of the year.source
• 125Gautamiputra Satakarni, a king of the Andhra dynasty, conquers the Konkan near Bombay. He then controls central India from coast to coast.source
• 126The old Pantheon is demolished by Emperor Hadrian, and the construction of a new one begins (its date is uncertain, because Hadrian chooses not to inscribe the temple).source
• 127Kanishka I starts to rule in the Kushan Empire (approximate date).source
• 130The Scythian king Rudradaman I reconquers the lands annexed by Gautamiputra from the Andhra.source
• 131Reorganization of the Imperial Council: Central administration is reinforced, and administrative positions are entrusted to knights, according to a very strict hierarchy. Under the reorganization, the Roman Senate is excluded from controlling the business of state.source
• 131Italy is divided into legal districts managed by consuls, a direct blow to the power and prestige of the Senate.source
• 131Hadrian restores the monarchist policy of Claudius and Domitian. The equestrian order is given full legal status, and attains the second order of the state.source
• 133Bar Kokhba Revolt: Sextus Julius Severus, Roman governor of Britain, is sent to Judea (in 136 renamed Syria Palaestina) to quell the revolt. Jewish rebels, led by Simon bar Kokhba and Eleazar, cut off the vital supply lines and Roman garrisons in Palestine. Despite Roman reinforcements from Syria and Egypt, they establish an independent state in Judea.source
• 134Ilseong becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla.source
• 136Hadrian uncovers a new conspiracy among certain senators. He adopts Lucius Aelius as his heir.source
• 136Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian expels the Jews from Judea, and receives a triumphal arch near Scythopolis. The Roman province of Iudaea (plus Galilee) becomes Syria Palaestina (the name Palestine as a designation for this land has been used since at least the 5th century BC (mentioned by Herodotus)).source
• 139Antoninus Pius and Gaius Bruttius Praesens become Roman Consuls.source
• 140Emperor Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar become Roman Consuls.source
• 144Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus and Titus Statilius Maximus become Roman Consuls.source
• 145Change of emperor from Han Chongdi to Han Zhidi of the Chinese Han dynasty.source
• 145Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar become Roman Consuls.source
• 146Marcus Aurelius receives the imperium proconsular.source
• 146Chadae becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.source
• 146Faustina the Younger is given the title Augusta, and becomes Roman Empress.source
• 147Marcus Aurelius receives imperial powers, from Emperor Antoninus Pius.source
• 154Adalla becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla.source
• 161Marcus Aurelius, a Spaniard like Trajan and Hadrian, is a stoical disciple of Epictetus, and an energetic man of action. He pursues the policy of his predecessor and maintains good relations with the Senate. As a legislator, he endeavors to create new principles of morality and humanity, particularly favoring women and slaves.source
• 165Marcus Aurelius creates 4 legal districts (iuridici) in Italy (5 if Rome is included).source
• 165Sindae becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.source
• 167Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus and Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus become Roman Consuls.source
• 168Emperor Ling of Han succeeds Emperor Huan of Han as the emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty; the first year of the Jianning era.source
• 169Galen moves back to Rome for good.source
• 171Emperor Marcus Aurelius forms a new military command, the praetentura Italiae et Alpium. Aquileia is relieved, and the Marcomanni are evicted from Roman territory.source
• 171Marcus Aurelius signs a peace treaty with the Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges. The Germanic tribes of the Hasdingi (Vandals) and the Lacringi become Roman allies.source
• 171Armenia and Mesopotamia become protectorates of the Roman Empire.source
• 173Gnaeus Claudius Severus and Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus become Roman Consuls.source
• 174Reign in India of Yajnashri Satakarni, Satavahana king of the Andhra. He extends his empire from the center to the north of India.source
• 177Lucius Aurelius Commodus Caesar (age 15) and Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus become Roman Consuls.source
• 177Commodus is given the title Augustus, and is made co-emperor, with the same status as his father, Marcus Aurelius.source
• 180Cassius Dio arrives in Rome and becomes a Senatorsource
• 181Imperator Lucius Aurelius Commodus and Lucius Antistius Burrus become Roman Consuls.source
• 184The Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions ends.source
• 188Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes pro-consul of Africa from 188 to 189.source
• 189Dong Zhuo has Liu Bian deposed, and installs Emperor Xian as emperor.source
• 189Liu Bian succeeds Emperor Ling, as Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty.source
• 190A part of Rome burns; Emperor Commodus orders the city to be rebuilt, under the name Colonia Commodiana.source
• 193April 14 – Lucius Septimius Severus is proclaimed Emperor by his troops at Carnuntum, in Pannonia Superior (Balkans). He marches with his army to Rome.source
• 193In Britain, Clodius Albinus allies with Septimius Severus, and accepts the title of Caesar. British tribes take advantage of the disorder in the Empire, and damage Hadrian's Wall. Extensive repairs to the defence work is carried out by the legionaries.source
• 194Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar becomes a Roman Consul.source
• 195Emperor Septimius Severus has the Roman Senate deify the previous emperor Commodus, in an attempt to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius.source
• 195In China, the Xiongnu federation crosses the Great Wall and establishes itself in Shanxi Province.source
• 196In order to assure the support of the Roman legion in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul.source
• 197Septimius Severus, who had spared the Senate at the beginning of his reign, now excludes it from controlling the Roman Empire by declaring a military dictatorship.source
• 197Septimius Severus reconstitutes the Province of Mesopotamia under an equestrian governor commanding two legions.source
• 197Sansang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.source
• 198January 28 – Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar.source
• 198January 28 – Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus, is given the title of Augustus.source
• 199Geodeung succeeds Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya (traditional date).source