960 CE

The Song Dynasty is established at Kaifeng by the 33-year-old military leader Zhao Kuangyin. He begins to unify the empire by conquering other lands and becomes the first emperor, called as Taizu of Song. The Song Dynasty will rule northern China for over 300 years (until 1279). /July – Adalbert II, co-ruler and the son of King Berengar II, with the support of Duke Hugh of Tuscany, invades the Papal States under Pope John XII. With Lombard forces closing in on Rome, a papal delegation is sent to King Otto I (the Great) to appeal for assistance. Battle of Andrassos: The Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger defeat the Hamdanid army (30,000 men) in an ambush in the passages of the Cilician mountains, in south Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). Emir Sayf al-Dawla barely manages to escape, and returns to Aleppo with only 300 horsemen. The Hamdanids can no longer afford to raid in Anatolia, which is a turning point in the Arab-Byzantine wars in the East.

In the 960s, the 10th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • February 4 – The Song Dynasty is established at Kaifeng by the 33-year-old military leader Zhao Kuangyin. He begins to unify the empire by conquering other lands and becomes the first emperor, called as Taizu of Song. The Song Dynasty will rule northern China for over 300 years (until 1279).source

Conflict & Security

  • June/July – Adalbert II, co-ruler and the son of King Berengar II, with the support of Duke Hugh of Tuscany, invades the Papal States under Pope John XII. With Lombard forces closing in on Rome, a papal delegation is sent to King Otto I (the Great) to appeal for assistance.source
  • November 8 – Battle of Andrassos: The Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger defeat the Hamdanid army (30,000 men) in an ambush in the passages of the Cilician mountains, in south Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). Emir Sayf al-Dawla barely manages to escape, and returns to Aleppo with only 300 horsemen. The Hamdanids can no longer afford to raid in Anatolia, which is a turning point in the Arab-Byzantine wars in the East.source
  • Mieszko I, a duke of the Piast Dynasty, becomes prince (de facto ruler) of Poland on the death of his father Siemomysł. Mieszko continues to subdue the neighbouring tribes under his control. Two obstacles to this plan are the Western Slav tribal group, the Veleti (also known as the Wilzi or "Wolf people") who are raiding Mieszko's lands for plunder; and the Saxon border dukes, who are pushing eastwards in search of new lands to conquer.source
  • Summer – Siege of Chandax: A Byzantine fleet with an expeditionary force (comprising about 50,000 men) under Nikephoros Phokas lands on Crete. Nikephoros defeats the Muslim resistance and begins a siege at the capital of Chandax. He decides to blockade the city for the winter, while his engineers begin to construct siege engines. Emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb sends for aid by the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and the Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain).source
  • The Kingdom of Aksum (modern Eritrea) is destroyed by Beta Israel invaders, under the leadership of Queen Gudit (approximate date).source
  • Autumn – Oberto I, margrave of the Obertenghi family, takes refuge in Germany. He travels with influential Italian leaders to the Saxon court of Otto I to intervene in Italy to protect him from Berengar II.source

Religion & Belief

  • Dunstan founds the Church of St. Dunstan in East Sussex.source
  • Dunstan receives the pallium as archbishop of Canterbury from Pope John XII. He reforms monasteries and enforces the rule of Saint Benedict: poverty, chastity and obedience for monks.source

Culture & Society

  • Richard I (the Fearless), duke of Normandy, marries Emma of Paris. She is the daughter of Hugh the Great, former Duke of the Franks. The union gives him a permanent status to the House of Capet.source
  • Harald Bluetooth, king of Denmark, consolidates his rule over Jutland and Zealand. He adopts Christianity, erecting a carved stone at Jelling to honour his parents. It features a runic inscription (best-known in Denmark) and an image of Christ surrounded by interlace. The other Scandinavian kingdoms slowly convert to Christianity (approximate date).source

Births

  • Gotthard, bishop of Hildesheim (died 1038)source
  • Eckard I, German nobleman (approximate date)source
  • Gershom ben Judah, German rabbi (approximate date)source
  • Sharaf al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Kerman and Fars (approximate date)source
  • Gormflaith ingen Murchada, Irish queen (died 1030)source
  • Bernward, bishop of Hildesheim (approximate date)source
  • Abu Nasr Mansur, Persian mathematician (approximate date)source
  • Bagrat III, king of Abkhazia (Georgia) (died 1014)source
  • Mazu, Chinese fisherman's daughter and worshipped as Taoist goddess (approximate date)source
  • Indra Pala, king of Kamarupa (India) (died 990)source
  • Constantine VIII, Byzantine emperor (died 1028)source
  • Fan Kuan, Chinese landscape painter (approximate date)source
  • Sigurd the Stout, Viking nobleman (earl) (approximate date)source
  • Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark and England (died 1014)source

Deaths

  • May 31 – Fujiwara no Morosuke, Japanese statesman (born 909)source
  • June 15 – Eadburh of Winchester, English princess and saintsource
  • June 23 – Feng Yanji, chancellor of Southern Tang (born 903)source
  • August 12 – Li Gu, chancellor of Later Zhou (born 903)source
  • Ratna Pala, king of Kamarupa (India) (born 920)source
  • Yelü Lihu, prince of the Khitan Empire (born 911)source
  • Časlav, prince of Serbia (approximate date)source
  • Bernard the Dane, Viking nobleman (approximate date)source
  • George II, king of Abkhazia (Georgia)source
  • Guan Tong, Chinese landscape paintersource
  • Fulk II (the Good), Frankish noblemansource
  • Gopala II, ruler of the Pala Empire (India)source
  • Siemomysł, duke of the Piast Dynasty (Poland)source
  • Lhachen Dpalgyimgon, king of Mauyul (Tibet)source