World leaders in 1868
Everyone who held a state’s top posts at some point in 1868, in the order they held them. Names are from Wikipedia’s list of state leaders and appear only where the person’s Wikidata record agrees on the post and the years. What happened in 1868 →
Major powers in 1868
United StatesUnited States history
- President
- Andrew Johnson
United KingdomUnited Kingdom history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- Edward Smith-Stanley, then Benjamin Disraeli, then William Ewart Gladstone
Russian EmpireRussia history
- Emperor
- Alexander II
Qing dynastyChina history
- Emperor
- Tongzhi
Second French EmpireFrance history
- Emperor
- Napoleon III
Empire of JapanJapan history
- Emperor
- Meiji
Africa
BasutolandLesotho history
- King or Paramount Chief
- Moshoeshoe I
Beylik of TunisTunisia history
- Grand vizier
- Mustapha Khaznadar
Ethiopian Empire
- Emperor
- Tewodros II
Khedivate of EgyptEgypt history
- Khedive
- Isma'il Pasha
Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland)
- King
- Mswati II
Kingdom of Rwanda
LiberiaLiberia history
- President
- Daniel Bashiel Warner, then James Spriggs Payne
Merina Kingdom
- Queen
- Rasoherina, then Ranavalona II
- Prime minister
- Rainilaiarivony
Morocco: Alaouite dynasty
- Sultan
- Mohammed IV
Sultanate of Zanzibar
- Sultan
- Majid
Americas
Argentine RepublicArgentina history
- President
- Bartolomé Mitre, then Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
CanadaCanada history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- John A. Macdonald
El SalvadorEl Salvador history
- President
- Francisco Dueñas
Empire of BrazilBrazil history
- Emperor
- Pedro II
HondurasHonduras history
- President
- José María Medina
Liberal Republic of ChileChile history
- President
- José Joaquín Pérez
NicaraguaNicaragua history
- President
- Fernando Guzmán Solórzano
Oriental Republic of UruguayUruguay history
- Acting President
- Venancio Flores
- President
- Lorenzo Batlle y Grau
Republic of BoliviaBolivia history
- Provisional President
- Mariano Melgarejo
Republic of EcuadorEcuador history
- President
- Javier Espinosa
Republic of GuatemalaGuatemala history
- President
- Vicente Cerna Sandoval
Republic of ParaguayParaguay history
- President
- Francisco Solano López
Republic of PeruPeru history
- President
- Mariano Ignacio Prado, then José Balta
Second Haitian RepublicHaiti history
- President
- Sylvain Salnave
United Mexican StatesMexico history
- President
- Benito Juárez
United StatesUnited States history
- President
- Andrew Johnson
United States of ColombiaColombia history
- President
- Santos Acosta, then Santos Gutiérrez
United States of VenezuelaVenezuela history
- President
- Juan Crisóstomo Falcón
- Interim President
- Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual, then Guillermo Tell Villegas
Asia
Aceh SultanateIndonesia history
Bruneian EmpireBrunei history
- Sultan
- Abdul Momin
Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynastyAfghanistan history
- Emir
- Sher Ali Khan
Emirate of BukharaUzbekistan history
Empire of JapanJapan history
- Emperor
- Meiji
Joseon
- King
- Gojong
Kedah SultanateMalaysia history
Khanate of KokandUzbekistan history
Kingdom of ChampasakLaos history
- King
- Kham Souk
Kingdom of Luang PhrabangLaos history
- King
- Chantharath
Konbaung dynasty
- King
- Mindon
Ottoman EmpireTurkey history
- Sultan
- Abdülaziz
- Grand Vizier
- Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
Qing dynastyChina history
- Emperor
- Tongzhi
Rattanakosin Kingdom of SiamThailand history
- King
- Mongkut, then Chulalongkorn
Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō dynastyJapan history
- King
- Shō Tai
Selangor SultanateMalaysia history
- Sultan
- Abdul Samad
Sheikhdom of Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of AjmanUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of DubaiUnited Arab Emirates history
- ruler
- Hasher bin Maktoum
Sheikhdom of KuwaitKuwait history
- Sheikh
- Abdullah II
Sheikhdom of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of Umm Al QuwainUnited Arab Emirates history
Surakarta SunanateIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Pakubuwono IX
Terengganu SultanateMalaysia history
- Sultan
- Omar Riayat Shah
Yogyakarta SultanateIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Hamengkubuwono VI
Europe
Andorra
- Episcopal Co-Prince
- Josep Caixal i Estradé
- French Co-Prince
- Napoléon III
Anhalt-Dessau
- of Anhalt
- Leopold IV
Austria-Hungary: Archduchy/ Austrian Empire/ Kingdom of Hungary
- Emperor and King
- Franz Joseph I
BelgiumBelgium history
- King
- Leopold II
- Prime minister
- Charles Rogier, then Walthère Frère-Orban
DenmarkDenmark history
- King
- Christian IX
- Council president
- Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs
Electorate of Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia
- King
- William I
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
- Grand Duke
- Peter II
Kingdom of Bavaria
- King
- Ludwig II
Kingdom of Bohemia
- King
- Francis Joseph
Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)Croatia history
- King
- Franz Joseph
- Ban
- Levin Rauch
Kingdom of Galicia and LodomeriaUkraine history
- King
- Francis Joseph I
Kingdom of GreeceGreece history
- King
- George I
- Prime minister
- Aristeidis Moraitinis, then Dimitrios Voulgaris
Kingdom of ItalyItaly history
- Prime minister
- Luigi Federico Menabrea
Kingdom of PortugalPortugal history
- King
- Luís I
- Prime minister
- António José de Ávila
Kingdom of Spain (1810–1873)Spain history
- Queen
- Isabella II
Kingdom of the NetherlandsNetherlands history
- King
- William III
- Prime minister
- Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, then Pieter Philip van Bosse
Liechtenstein
- Prince
- Johann II
LuxembourgLuxembourg history
- Grand Duke
- William III
- Prime minister
- Emmanuel Servais
Monaco
- Prince
- Charles III
Papal States
- Pope
- Pius IX
Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
- Prince
- George Victor
Russian EmpireRussia history
- Emperor
- Alexander II
Second French EmpireFrance history
- Emperor
- Napoleon III
Sweden–Norway
- King
- Charles XV/IV
- First Minister
- Frederik Stang
SwitzerlandSwitzerland history
- President of the Confederation
- Jakob Dubs
United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandUnited Kingdom history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- Edward Smith-Stanley, then Benjamin Disraeli, then William Ewart Gladstone
United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia/ Romanian United Principalities/ RomaniaRomania history
- Domnitor
- Carol I
- Prime minister
- Ștefan Golescu, then Nicolae Golescu, then Dimitrie Ghica
Oceania
Kings of Uvea (Wallis)
- Queen
- Falakika Seilala