World leaders in 1885
Everyone who held a state’s top posts at some point in 1885, in the order they held them. Names are from Wikipedia’s list of state leaders and appear only where the person’s Wikidata record agrees on the post and the years. What happened in 1885 →
Major powers in 1885
United StatesUnited States history
- President
- Chester A. Arthur, then Grover Cleveland
United KingdomUnited Kingdom history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- William Ewart Gladstone, then Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
Russian EmpireRussia history
- Emperor
- Alexander III
Qing dynastyChina history
- Emperor
- Guangxu
French Third RepublicFrance history
- President
- Jules Grévy
- President of the Council of ministers
- Jules Ferry, then Henri Brisson
German EmpireGermany history
- Emperor
- William I
- Chancellor
- Otto von Bismarck
Empire of JapanJapan history
- Emperor
- Meiji
- Prime minister
- Itō Hirobumi
Africa
Beylik of TunisTunisia history
Buganda
- Kabaka
- Mwanga II
Congo Free State
- Sovereign
- Leopold II of Belgium
Ethiopian Empire
- Emperor
- Yohannes IV
Khedivate of EgyptEgypt history
- Khedive
- Tewfik Pasha
- Prime minister
- Nubar Pasha
Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland)
- King
- Dlamini IV
Kingdom of Rwanda
LiberiaLiberia history
- President
- Hilary R. W. Johnson
Merina Kingdom
- Queen
- Ranavalona III
- Prime minister
- Rainilaiarivony
Morocco: Alaouite dynasty
- Sultan
- Hassan I
Oyo EmpireNigeria history
- Alaafin
- Adeyemi I Alowolodu
Sultanate of Zanzibar
- Sultan
- Barghash
Americas
Argentine RepublicArgentina history
- President
- Julio Argentino Roca
CanadaCanada history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- John A. Macdonald
El SalvadorEl Salvador history
- President
- Rafael Zaldívar, then Francisco Menéndez
- Provisional President
- Fernando Figueroa
Empire of BrazilBrazil history
- Emperor
- Pedro II
First Costa Rican RepublicCosta Rica history
- President
- Próspero Fernández Oreamuno, then Bernardo Soto Alfaro
HondurasHonduras history
- President
- Luis Bográn
Liberal Republic of ChileChile history
- President
- Domingo Santa María
NicaraguaNicaragua history
- President
- Adán Cárdenas
Republic of BoliviaBolivia history
- President
- Gregorio Pacheco
Republic of ParaguayParaguay history
- President
- Bernardino Caballero
Second Dominican RepublicDominican Republic history
- President
- Francisco Gregorio Billini
Second Haitian RepublicHaiti history
- President
- Lysius Salomon
United Mexican StatesMexico history
- President
- Porfirio Díaz
United StatesUnited States history
- President
- Chester A. Arthur, then Grover Cleveland
United States of VenezuelaVenezuela history
- President
- Joaquín Crespo
Asia
Aceh SultanateIndonesia history
Bruneian EmpireBrunei history
- Sultan
- Abdul Momin, then Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin
Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynastyAfghanistan history
Emirate of BukharaUzbekistan history
Empire of JapanJapan history
- Emperor
- Meiji
- Prime minister
- Itō Hirobumi
Hakims of BahrainBahrain history
Joseon
- King
- Gojong
Kedah SultanateMalaysia history
Kingdom of ChampasakLaos history
- King
- Kham Souk
Konbaung dynasty
- King
- Thibaw
Negeri SembilanMalaysia history
- Yamtuan
- Antah
Ottoman EmpireTurkey history
- Sultan
- Abdul Hamid II
- Grand Vizier
- Mehmed Said Pasha, then Kâmil Pasha
QatarQatar history
Qing dynastyChina history
- Emperor
- Guangxu
Rattanakosin Kingdom of SiamThailand history
- King
- Chulalongkorn
Selangor SultanateMalaysia history
- Sultan
- Abdul Samad
Sheikhdom of Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of AjmanUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of DubaiUnited Arab Emirates history
- ruler
- Hasher bin Maktoum
Sheikhdom of FujairahUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of KuwaitKuwait history
- Sheikh
- Abdullah II
Sheikhdom of Ras Al KhaimahUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of Umm Al QuwainUnited Arab Emirates history
Surakarta SunanateIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Pakubuwono IX
Terengganu SultanateMalaysia history
- Sultan
- Zainal Abidin III
Yogyakarta SultanateIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Hamengkubuwono VII
Europe
Andorra
- Episcopal Co-Prince
- Salvador Casañas y Pagés
- French Co-Prince
- Jules Grévy
Austria-Hungary: Archduchy/ Austrian Empire/ Kingdom of Hungary
- Emperor and King
- Franz Joseph I
BelgiumBelgium history
- King
- Leopold II
- Prime minister
- Auguste Beernaert
Bourbon Restoration of SpainSpain history
- King
- Alfonso XII
- Prime minister
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, then Práxedes Mateo Sagasta
DenmarkDenmark history
- King
- Christian IX
- Council president
- Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup
French Third RepublicFrance history
- President
- Jules Grévy
- President of the Council of ministers
- Jules Ferry, then Henri Brisson
German EmpireGermany history
- Emperor
- William I
- Chancellor
- Otto von Bismarck
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
- Grand Duke
- Peter II
Kingdom of Bavaria
- King
- Ludwig II
Kingdom of Bohemia
- King
- Francis Joseph
Kingdom of Croatia-SlavoniaCroatia history
- King
- Franz Joseph
Kingdom of Galicia and LodomeriaUkraine history
- King
- Francis Joseph I
Kingdom of GreeceGreece history
- King
- George I
- Prime minister
- Charilaos Trikoupis, then Theodoros Deligiannis
Kingdom of ItalyItaly history
- King
- Umberto I
- Prime minister
- Agostino Depretis
Kingdom of PortugalPortugal history
- King
- Luís I
Kingdom of RomaniaRomania history
- King
- Charles I
Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia history
- President of the ministry
- Milutin Garašanin
Kingdom of the NetherlandsNetherlands history
- King
- William III
- Prime minister
- Jan Heemskerk
Liechtenstein
- Prince
- Johann II
LuxembourgLuxembourg history
- Grand Duke
- William III
- Prime minister
- Félix de Blochausen, then Édouard Thilges
Monaco
- Prince
- Charles III
Papal States
- Pope
- Leo XIII
Principality of MontenegroMontenegro history
- President
- Božo Petrović-Njegoš
Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
- Prince
- George Victor
Russian EmpireRussia history
- Emperor
- Alexander III
Sweden–Norway
- King
- Oscar II
- Prime minister
- Robert Themptander, then Ole Richter, then Johan Sverdrup
SwitzerlandSwitzerland history
- President of the Confederation
- Karl Schenk
United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandUnited Kingdom history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- William Ewart Gladstone, then Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
Oceania
Hawaiian KingdomUnited States history
- King
- Kalākaua
Kings of Uvea (Wallis)
Tuʻi Kanokupolu of TongaTonga history
- Prime minister
- Shirley Waldemar Baker