World leaders in 1889

Everyone who held a state’s top posts at some point in 1889, in the order they held them. Names are from Wikipedia’s list of state leaders and appear only where the person’s Wikidata record agrees on the post and the years. What happened in 1889 →

Major powers in 1889

United StatesUnited States history

President: Grover Cleveland, then Benjamin Harrison

United KingdomUnited Kingdom history

Queen: Victoria
Prime minister: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil

Russian EmpireRussia history

Emperor: Alexander III

Qing dynastyChina history

Emperor: Guangxu

French Third RepublicFrance history

President: Marie François Sadi Carnot
President of the Council of ministers: Charles Floquet, then Pierre Tirard

German EmpireGermany history

Emperor: Wilhelm II
Chancellor: Otto von Bismarck

Empire of JapanJapan history

Emperor: Meiji
Prime minister: Kuroda Kiyotaka, then Yamagata Aritomo
Acting Prime minister: Sanjō Sanetomi

Africa

Beylik of TunisTunisia history

Bey: Ali III ibn al-Husayn

Buganda

Kabaka: Mwanga II

Congo Free State

Sovereign: Leopold II of Belgium

Ethiopian Empire

Emperor: Yohannes IV, then Menelik II

Khedivate of EgyptEgypt history

Khedive: Tewfik Pasha
Prime minister: Riaz Pasha

Kingdom of AshantiGhana history

Asantehene: Prempeh I

Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland)

King: Dlamini IV

Kingdom of Rwanda

King: Kigeli IV Rwabugiri

LiberiaLiberia history

President: Hilary R. W. Johnson

Merina Kingdom

Queen: Ranavalona III
Prime minister: Rainilaiarivony

Morocco: Alaouite dynasty

Sultan: Hassan I

Sultanate of Mwali

Queen/Sultan: Salima Machamba

Sultanate of Zanzibar

Sultan: Khalifa I

Americas

Argentine RepublicArgentina history

President: Miguel Juárez Celman

CanadaCanada history

Queen: Victoria
Prime minister: John A. Macdonald

El SalvadorEl Salvador history

President: Francisco Menéndez

Empire of BrazilBrazil history

Emperor: Pedro II

First Brazilian RepublicBrazil history

President: Deodoro da Fonseca

First Costa Rican RepublicCosta Rica history

President: Bernardo Soto Alfaro

HondurasHonduras history

President: Luis Bográn

Liberal Republic of ChileChile history

President: José Manuel Balmaceda

NicaraguaNicaragua history

President: Evaristo Carazo
Acting President: Nicolás Osorno, then Roberto Sacasa

Republic of BoliviaBolivia history

President: Aniceto Arce

Republic of ColombiaColombia history

President: Rafael Núñez

Republic of EcuadorEcuador history

President: Antonio Flores Jijón

Republic of ParaguayParaguay history

President: Patricio Escobar

Republic of PeruPeru history

Constitutional President: Andrés Avelino Cáceres

Second Dominican RepublicDominican Republic history

President: Ulises Heureaux
Acting President: Manuel María Gautier

Second Haitian RepublicHaiti history

President: François Denys Légitime, then Florvil Hyppolite
Provisional President: Monpoint Jeune

United Mexican StatesMexico history

President: Porfirio Díaz

United StatesUnited States history

President: Grover Cleveland, then Benjamin Harrison

United States of VenezuelaVenezuela history

President: Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl

Asia

Aceh SultanateIndonesia history

Sultan: Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II

Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynastyAfghanistan history

Emir: Abdur Rahman Khan

Emirate of BukharaUzbekistan history

Amir: Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din

Emirate of NejdSaudi Arabia history

Imam: Abdul Rahman bin Faisal

Empire of JapanJapan history

Emperor: Meiji
Prime minister: Kuroda Kiyotaka, then Yamagata Aritomo
Acting Prime minister: Sanjō Sanetomi

Hakims of BahrainBahrain history

Hakim: Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa

Joseon

King: Gojong

Kedah SultanateMalaysia history

Sultan: Abdul Hamid Halim Shah ll

Kingdom of ChampasakLaos history

King: Kham Souk

Negeri SembilanMalaysia history

Yamtuan: Muhammad

Ottoman EmpireTurkey history

Sultan: Abdul Hamid II
Grand Vizier: Kâmil Pasha

Perak Sultanate: Siak dynastyMalaysia history

Sultan: Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah

Protectorate of BruneiBrunei history

Sultan: Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin

QatarQatar history

Emir: Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani

Qing dynastyChina history

Emperor: Guangxu

Rattanakosin Kingdom of SiamThailand history

King: Chulalongkorn

Selangor SultanateMalaysia history

Sultan: Abdul Samad

Sheikhdom of Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates history

ruler: Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan

Sheikhdom of AjmanUnited Arab Emirates history

ruler: Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi II

Sheikhdom of DubaiUnited Arab Emirates history

ruler: Rashid bin Maktoum

Sheikhdom of FujairahUnited Arab Emirates history

ruler: Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi

Sheikhdom of KuwaitKuwait history

Sheikh: Abdullah II

Sheikhdom of Ras Al KhaimahUnited Arab Emirates history

ruler: Humaid bin Abdullah Al Qasimi

Sheikhdom of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates history

ruler: Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi

Sheikhdom of Umm Al QuwainUnited Arab Emirates history

ruler: Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Mualla

Sultanate of Muscat and Oman: Al Busaidi dynastyOman history

Sultan: Faisal

Surakarta SunanateIndonesia history

Sultan: Pakubuwono IX

Terengganu SultanateMalaysia history

Sultan: Zainal Abidin III

Yogyakarta SultanateIndonesia history

Sultan: Hamengkubuwono VII

Europe

Andorra

Episcopal Co-Prince: Salvador Casañas y Pagés
French Co-Prince: Marie François Sadi Carnot

Austria-Hungary: Archduchy/ Austrian Empire/ Kingdom of Hungary

Emperor and King: Franz Joseph I

BelgiumBelgium history

King: Leopold II
Prime minister: Auguste Beernaert

Bourbon Restoration of SpainSpain history

King: Alfonso XIII
Prime minister: Práxedes Mateo Sagasta

DenmarkDenmark history

King: Christian IX
Council president: Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup

French Third RepublicFrance history

President: Marie François Sadi Carnot
President of the Council of ministers: Charles Floquet, then Pierre Tirard

German EmpireGermany history

Emperor: Wilhelm II
Chancellor: Otto von Bismarck

Grand Duchy of Oldenburg

Grand Duke: Peter II

Kingdom of Bohemia

King: Francis Joseph

Kingdom of Croatia-SlavoniaCroatia history

King: Franz Joseph
Ban: Karoly Khuen-Héderváry

Kingdom of Galicia and LodomeriaUkraine history

King: Francis Joseph I

Kingdom of GreeceGreece history

King: George I
Prime minister: Charilaos Trikoupis

Kingdom of ItalyItaly history

King: Umberto I
Prime minister: Francesco Crispi

Kingdom of PortugalPortugal history

King: Luís I, then Carlos I

Kingdom of RomaniaRomania history

King: Charles I

Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia history

President of the ministry: Kosta Protić

Kingdom of the NetherlandsNetherlands history

King: William III
Prime minister: Æneas Mackay

Liechtenstein

Prince: Johann II

LuxembourgLuxembourg history

Grand Duke: William III
Prime minister: Paul Eyschen

Monaco

Prince: Charles III, then Albert I

Papal States

Pope: Leo XIII

Principality of BulgariaBulgaria history

Prince: Ferdinand I

Principality of MontenegroMontenegro history

President: Božo Petrović-Njegoš

Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont

Prince: George Victor

Russian EmpireRussia history

Emperor: Alexander III

San Marino

Captains Regent: Domenico Fattori

Sweden–Norway

King: Oscar II
Prime minister: Johan Sverdrup, then Gillis Bildt, then Hans Georg Jacob Stang, then Gustaf Åkerhielm, then Gregers Gram, then Emil Stang

SwitzerlandSwitzerland history

President of the Confederation: Bernhard Hammer

United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandUnited Kingdom history

Queen: Victoria
Prime minister: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil

Oceania

Hawaiian KingdomUnited States history

King: Kalākaua

Kings of Uvea (Wallis)

Queen: Amelia Tokagahahau Aliki

Tuʻi Kanokupolu of TongaTonga history

King: George Tupou I/ Tāufaʻāhau
Prime minister: Shirley Waldemar Baker