World leaders in 1999

Everyone who held a state’s top posts at some point in 1999, in the order they held them. Names are from Wikipedia’s list of state leaders and appear only where the person’s Wikidata record agrees on the post and the years. What happened in 1999 →

Major powers in 1999

United StatesUnited States history

President: Bill Clinton

United KingdomUnited Kingdom history

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Tony Blair

RussiaRussia history

President: Boris Yeltsin
Acting President: Vladimir Putin
Prime minister: Yevgeny Primakov, then Sergei Stepashin, then Vladimir Putin

People's Republic of ChinaChina history

General Secretary; Paramount Leader: Jiang Zemin
President: Jiang Zemin
Premier: Zhu Rongji

FranceFrance history

President: Jacques Chirac
Prime minister: Lionel Jospin

Federal Republic of GermanyGermany history

President: Roman Herzog, then Johannes Rau
Chancellor: Gerhard Schröder

JapanJapan history

Emperor: Akihito
Prime minister: Keizō Obuchi

Republic of IndiaIndia history

President: K. R. Narayanan
Prime minister: Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Africa

Arab Republic of EgyptEgypt history

President: Hosni Mubarak
Prime minister: Kamal Ganzouri, then Atef Ebeid

Central African Republic

President: Ange-Félix Patassé
Prime minister: Michel Gbezera-Bria, then Anicet-Georges Dologuélé

Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe

President: Miguel Trovoada
Prime minister: Raul Bragança Neto, then Guilherme Posser da Costa

Democratic Republic of the Congo

President: Laurent-Désiré Kabila

Equatorial Guinea

President: Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
Prime minister: Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan

EritreaEritrea history

President: Isaias Afwerki

Federal Democratic Republic of EthiopiaEthiopia history

President: Negasso Gidada
Prime minister: Meles Zenawi

Federal Republic of Nigeria: Fourth RepublicNigeria history

Military Head of State: Abdulsalami Abubakar
President of the Fourth Republic: Olusegun Obasanjo

GabonGabon history

President: Omar Bongo
Prime minister: Paulin Obame-Nguema

Guinea-Bissau

President: João Bernardo Vieira
Chairman of the Supreme Command of the Military Junta: Ansumane Mané
Acting President: Malam Bacai Sanhá
Prime minister: Francisco Fadul

Islamic Republic of MauritaniaMauritania history

President: Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya
Prime minister: Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna

KenyaKenya history

President: Daniel arap Moi

Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland)

King: Mswati III
Prime minister: Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini

Kingdom of LesothoLesotho history

King: Letsie III
Prime minister: Pakalitha Mosisili

LiberiaLiberia history

President: Charles Taylor

Libyan Arab Republic / Socialist People's Libyan Arab JamahiriyaLibya history

Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution: Muammar Gaddafi
Secretary-General: Muhammad az-Zanati
Prime minister: Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush

Madagascar: Third RepublicMadagascar history

President: Didier Ratsiraka
Prime minister: Tantely Andrianarivo

NamibiaNamibia history

President: Sam Nujoma
Prime minister: Hage Geingob

People's Democratic Republic of AlgeriaAlgeria history

President: Liamine Zéroual, then Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Prime minister: Smail Hamdani, then Ahmed Benbitour

Republic of AngolaAngola history

President: José Eduardo dos Santos
Prime minister: Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem

Republic of BeninBenin history

President: Mathieu Kérékou

Republic of BotswanaBotswana history

President: Festus Mogae

Republic of Burkina FasoBurkina Faso history

President: Blaise Compaoré
Prime minister: Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo

Republic of BurundiBurundi history

President: Pierre Buyoya

Republic of CameroonCameroon history

President: Paul Biya
Prime minister: Peter Mafany Musonge

Republic of Cape VerdeCape Verde history

President: António Mascarenhas Monteiro
Prime minister: Carlos Veiga

Republic of ChadChad history

President: Idriss Déby
Prime minister: Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido, then Nagoum Yamassoum

Republic of DjiboutiDjibouti history

President: Hassan Gouled Aptidon, then Ismaïl Omar Guelleh
Prime minister: Barkat Gourad Hamadou

Republic of GhanaGhana history

President of the Fourth Republic: Jerry Rawlings

Republic of GuineaGuinea history

President: Lansana Conté
Prime minister: Sidya Touré, then Lamine Sidimé

Republic of Ivory CoastIvory Coast history

President: Henri Konan Bédié, then Robert Guéï
Prime minister: Daniel Kablan Duncan

Republic of MalawiMalawi history

President: Bakili Muluzi

Republic of MaliMali history

President: Alpha Oumar Konaré
Prime minister: Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta

Republic of MauritiusMauritius history

President: Cassam Uteem

Republic of MozambiqueMozambique history

President: Joaquim Chissano
Prime minister: Pascoal Mocumbi

Republic of RwandaRwanda history

President: Pasteur Bizimungu
Prime minister: Pierre-Célestin Rwigema

Republic of SenegalSenegal history

President: Abdou Diouf
Prime minister: Mamadou Lamine Loum

Republic of Seychelles

President: France-Albert René

Republic of Sierra LeoneSierra Leone history

President: Ahmad Tejan Kabbah

Republic of SomalilandSomalia history

President: Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal

Republic of South AfricaSouth Africa history

President: Nelson Mandela, then Thabo Mbeki

Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)

President: Denis Sassou Nguesso

Republic of the GambiaGambia history

President: Yahya Jammeh

Republic of the NigerNiger history

President of the Republic: Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, then Mamadou Tandja
Chairman of the National Reconciliation Council: Daouda Malam Wanké
Prime minister: Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki

Republic of the SudanSudan history

President: Omar al-Bashir

Republic of TunisiaTunisia history

President: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
Prime minister: Hamed Karoui, then Mohamed Ghannouchi

Republic of Uganda

President: Yoweri Museveni
Prime minister: Apolo Nsibambi

Republic of ZambiaZambia history

President: Frederick Chiluba

Republic of Zimbabwe

President: Robert Mugabe

Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, has limited recognition: Morocco claims Western SaharaMorocco history

President: Mohamed Abdelaziz
Prime minister: Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun

Sultanate/ Kingdom of MoroccoMorocco history

King: Hassan II, then Mohammed VI
Prime minister: Abderrahmane Youssoufi

Togolese RepublicTogo history

President: Gnassingbé Eyadéma
Prime minister: Kwassi Klutse, then Eugène Koffi Adoboli

Union of the Comoros

President: Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde, then Azali Assoumani
Prime minister: Abbas Djoussouf, then Bianrifi Tarmidi

United Republic of TanzaniaTanzania history

President: Benjamin Mkapa
Prime minister: Frederick Sumaye

Americas

Antigua and Barbuda

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Lester Bird

ArgentinaArgentina history

President: Carlos Menem, then Fernando de la Rúa

BarbadosBarbados history

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Owen Arthur

BelizeBelize history

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Said Musa

Bolivarian Republic of VenezuelaVenezuela history

President: Hugo Chávez

BoliviaBolivia history

President: Hugo Banzer

CanadaCanada history

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Jean Chrétien

Co-operative Republic of GuyanaGuyana history

President: Janet Jagan, then Bharrat Jagdeo
Prime minister: Sam Hinds, then Bharrat Jagdeo

ColombiaColombia history

President: Andrés Pastrana Arango

Dominica

President: Vernon Shaw
Prime minister: Edison James

EcuadorEcuador history

President: Jamil Mahuad

El SalvadorEl Salvador history

President: Armando Calderón Sol, then Francisco Flores Pérez

Federative Republic of BrazilBrazil history

President: Fernando Henrique Cardoso

Fourth Dominican RepublicDominican Republic history

President: Leonel Fernández

Grenada

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Keith Mitchell

GuatemalaGuatemala history

President: Álvaro Arzú

HondurasHonduras history

President: Carlos Roberto Flores

JamaicaJamaica history

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: P. J. Patterson

MexicoMexico history

President: Ernesto Zedillo

NicaraguaNicaragua history

President: Arnoldo Alemán

Oriental Republic of UruguayUruguay history

President: Julio María Sanguinetti

PanamaPanama history

President: Mireya Moscoso

Republic of ChileChile history

President: Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle

Republic of Costa RicaCosta Rica history

President: Miguel Rodríguez Echeverría

Republic of CubaCuba history

President of the Council of State: Fidel Castro
President of the Council of Ministers: Fidel Castro

Republic of ParaguayParaguay history

President: Luis González

Republic of PeruPeru history

Constitutional President: Alberto Fujimori
Prime Minister: Alberto Pandolfi, then Víctor Joy Way, then Alberto Bustamante Belaúnde

Republic of SurinameSuriname history

President: Jules Wijdenbosch

Republic of Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago history

President: A. N. R. Robinson
Prime minister: Basdeo Panday

Republic of VenezuelaVenezuela history

President: Rafael Caldera

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Denzil Douglas

Saint Lucia

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Kenny Anthony

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: James Fitz-Allen Mitchell

The Bahamas

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Hubert Ingraham

Third Haitian RepublicHaiti history

President: René Préval
Prime minister: Jacques-Édouard Alexis

United StatesUnited States history

President: Bill Clinton

Asia

Ba'athist IraqIraq history

President: Saddam Hussein
Prime minister: Saddam Hussein

BangladeshBangladesh history

President: Shahabuddin Ahmed
Prime minister: Sheikh Hasina

BhutanBhutan history

Druk Gyalpo: Jigme Singye Wangchuck
Prime minister: Jigme Thinley, then Sangay Ngedup

Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri LankaSri Lanka history

President: Chandrika Kumaratunga
Prime minister: Sirimavo Bandaranaike

Emirate of Ras Al KhaimahUnited Arab Emirates history

ruler: Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi

Hakims of Bahrain/ State of BahrainBahrain history

Emir: Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
Prime minister: Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa

Islamic Emirate of AfghanistanAfghanistan history

Supreme leaders: Mullah Omar
Prime ministers: Mohammad Rabbani

Islamic Republic of IranIran history

Supreme Leader: Ali Khamenei
President: Mohammad Khatami

Islamic Republic of PakistanPakistan history

President: Muhammad Rafiq Tarar
Prime minister: Nawaz Sharif

IsraelIsrael history

President: Ezer Weizman
Prime minister: Benjamin Netanyahu, then Ehud Barak

JapanJapan history

Emperor: Akihito
Prime minister: Keizō Obuchi

KazakhstanKazakhstan history

President: Nursultan Nazarbayev
Prime minister: Nurlan Balgimbayev, then Kassym-Jomart Tokayev

Kingdom of CambodiaCambodia history

King: Norodom Sihanouk
Second Prime minister (1993–1998, Prime minister: Hun Sen

Kingdom of JordanJordan history

King: Hussein, then Abdullah II
Prime minister: Fayez al-Tarawneh, then Abdelraouf al-Rawabdeh

Kingdom of NepalNepal history

King: Birendra
Prime minister: Girija Prasad Koirala, then Krishna Prasad Bhattarai

Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia history

King: Fahd

Kyrgyzstan

Prime minister: Jumabek Ibraimov, then Amangeldy Muraliyev
Acting Prime minister: Boris Silayev

Lao People's Democratic RepublicLaos history

Chairman: Khamtai Siphandone
President: Khamtai Siphandone
Prime minister: Sisavath Keobounphanh

LebanonLebanon history

President: Émile Lahoud
Prime minister: Selim Hoss

MalaysiaMalaysia history

Yang di-Pertuan Agong: Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan, then Salahuddin of Selangor
Prime minister: Mahathir Mohamad

MongoliaMongolia history

President: Natsagiin Bagabandi
Prime minister: Janlavyn Narantsatsralt, then Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal
Acting Prime minister: Nyam-Osoryn Tuyaa

North KoreaNorth Korea history

General Secretary: Kim Jong Il
Premier: Hong Song-nam

Northern Alliance of AfghanistanAfghanistan history

President: Burhanuddin Rabbani

People's Republic of ChinaChina history

General Secretary; Paramount Leader: Jiang Zemin
President: Jiang Zemin
Premier: Zhu Rongji

PhilippinesPhilippines history

President: Joseph Estrada

Protectorate of Brunei / Nation of BruneiBrunei history

Sultan: Hassanal Bolkiah

QatarQatar history

Emir: Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
Prime minister: Abdullah bin Khalifa

Republic of China: TaiwanTaiwan history

President: Lee Teng-hui
Premier: Vincent Siew

Republic of CyprusCyprus history

President: Glafcos Clerides

Republic of IndiaIndia history

President: K. R. Narayanan
Prime minister: Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Republic of IndonesiaIndonesia history

President: B. J. Habibie, then Abdurrahman Wahid

Republic of TurkeyTurkey history

President: Süleyman Demirel
Prime minister: Mesut Yılmaz, then Bülent Ecevit

Republic of YemenYemen history

Prime minister: Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani

Second Republic of Maldives

President: Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

SingaporeSingapore history

President: Ong Teng Cheong, then S. R. Nathan
Prime minister: Goh Chok Tong

Socialist Republic of Vietnam (1976–present)Vietnam history

General Secretary: Lê Khả Phiêu
President: Trần Đức Lương
Prime minister: Phan Văn Khải

South KoreaSouth Korea history

President: Kim Dae-jung

State of KuwaitKuwait history

Emir: Jaber III
Prime minister: Saad Al-Abdullah

State of PalestinePalestine history

President: Yasser Arafat

Sultanate of Oman: Al Busaidi dynastyOman history

Sultan: Qaboos bin Said

Syrian Arab RepublicSyria history

President: Hafez al-Assad
Prime minister: Mahmoud Zuabi

TajikistanTajikistan history

President: Emomali Rahmon
Prime minister: Yahyo Azimov, then Oqil Oqilov

ThailandThailand history

King: Bhumibol Adulyadej
Prime minister: Chuan Leekpai

Turkish Republic of Northern CyprusCyprus history

President: Rauf Denktaş

Turkmenistan

President: Saparmurat Niyazov

Union of Burma/Myanmar

Chairmen: Than Shwe
Prime minister: Than Shwe

United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates history

President: Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan
Prime minister: Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum

UzbekistanUzbekistan history

President: Islam Karimov
Prime minister: Utkir Tukhtamurodovich Sultonov

Europe

Abkhazia, has limited recognition: Georgia claims AbkhaziaGeorgia history

President: Vladislav Ardzinba
Prime minister: Sergei Bagapsh, then Viacheslav Tsugba

Andorra

Episcopal Co-Prince: Joan Martí i Alanis
French Co-Prince: Jacques Chirac
Prime minister: Marc Forné Molné

ArmeniaArmenia history

President: Robert Kocharyan
Prime minister: Armen Darbinyan, then Vazgen Sargsyan, then Aram Sargsyan

AustriaAustria history

President: Thomas Klestil
Chancellor: Viktor Klima

AzerbaijanAzerbaijan history

President: Heydar Aliyev
Prime minister: Artur Rasizade

BelgiumBelgium history

King: Albert II
Prime minister: Jean-Luc Dehaene, then Guy Verhofstadt

Bosnia and Herzegovina

High Representative: Carlos Westendorp, then Wolfgang Petritsch
Chairmen: Živko Radišić, then Ante Jelavić
Member: Alija Izetbegović, then Ante Jelavić, then Živko Radišić

Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

President: Aslan Maskhadov

Czech Republic

President: Václav Havel
Prime minister: Miloš Zeman

DenmarkDenmark history

Queen: Margrethe II
Prime minister: Poul Nyrup Rasmussen

Federal Republic of GermanyGermany history

President: Roman Herzog, then Johannes Rau
Chancellor: Gerhard Schröder

FinlandFinland history

President: Martti Ahtisaari
Prime minister: Paavo Lipponen

France: Fifth RepublicFrance history

President: Jacques Chirac
Prime minister: Lionel Jospin

GeorgiaGeorgia history

President: Eduard Shevardnadze
State minister: Vazha Lortkipanidze

Greece: Third RepublicGreece history

President: Konstantinos Stephanopoulos
Prime minister: Costas Simitis

Hungary: Third RepublicHungary history

President: Árpád Göncz
Prime minister: Viktor Orbán

IcelandIceland history

President: Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson
Prime minister: Davíð Oddsson

ItalyItaly history

President: Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, then Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
Prime minister: Massimo D'Alema

Kingdom of SpainSpain history

King: Juan Carlos I
Prime minister: José María Aznar

Kingdom of the NetherlandsNetherlands history

Queen: Beatrix
Prime minister: Wim Kok

Liechtenstein

Prince: Hans-Adam II
Prime minister: Mario Frick

LuxembourgLuxembourg history

Grand Duke: Jean
Prime minister: Jean-Claude Juncker

Monaco

Prince: Rainier III
Minister of state: Michel Lévêque

NorwayNorway history

King: Harald V
Prime minister: Kjell Magne Bondevik

Republic of AlbaniaAlbania history

President: Rexhep Meidani
Prime minister: Pandeli Majko, then Ilir Meta

Republic of ArtsakhAzerbaijan history

President: Arkadi Ghukasyan
President of the National Assembly: Oleg Yesayan

Republic of BelarusBelarus history

President: Alexander Lukashenko
Prime minister: Sergey Ling

Republic of BulgariaBulgaria history

President: Petar Stoyanov
Prime minister: Ivan Yordanov Kostov

Republic of Croatia

Acting President: Vlatko Pavletić
Prime minister: Zlatko Mateša

Republic of EstoniaEstonia history

President: Lennart Meri
Prime minister: Mart Siimann, then Mart Laar

Republic of IrelandIreland history

President: Mary McAleese
Taoiseach: Bertie Ahern

Republic of KosovaKosovo history

President: Ibrahim Rugova
Prime minister: Bujar Bukoshi
Interim Prime minister: Hashim Thaçi

Republic of LatviaLatvia history

President: Guntis Ulmanis, then Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga
Prime minister: Vilis Krištopans, then Andris Šķēle

Republic of LithuaniaLithuania history

President: Valdas Adamkus
Prime minister: Gediminas Vagnorius, then Rolandas Paksas, then Andrius Kubilius
Acting Prime minister: Irena Degutienė

Republic of Macedonia

President: Kiro Gligorov, then Boris Trajkovski
Prime minister: Ljubčo Georgievski

Republic of MaltaMalta history

President: Ugo Mifsud Bonnici, then Guido de Marco
Prime minister: Eddie Fenech Adami

Republic of MoldovaMoldova history

President: Petru Lucinschi
Prime minister: Ion Ciubuc, then Ion Sturza, then Dumitru Braghiș
Acting Prime minister: Serafim Urechean

Republic of PolandPoland history

President: Aleksander Kwaśniewski
Prime minister: Jerzy Buzek

Republic of RomaniaRomania history

President: Emil Constantinescu
Interim Prime minister: Gavril Dejeu, then Alexandru Athanasiu
Prime minister: Radu Vasile, then Mugur Isărescu

RussiaRussia history

President: Boris Yeltsin
Acting President: Vladimir Putin
Prime minister: Yevgeny Primakov, then Sergei Stepashin, then Vladimir Putin

San Marino

Captains Regent: Paolo Bollini, then Antonello Bacciocchi, then Rosa Zafferani, then Marino Bollini, then Giuseppe Arzilli

Slovakia

President: Rudolf Schuster
Prime minister: Mikuláš Dzurinda

Slovenia

President: Milan Kučan
Prime minister: Janez Drnovšek

South Ossetia, has limited recognition: Georgia claims South OssetiaGeorgia history

Head of state; President: Lyudvig Chibirov
Prime minister: Merab Chigoev

SwedenSweden history

King: Carl XVI Gustaf
Prime minister: Göran Persson

SwitzerlandSwitzerland history

President of the Confederation: Ruth Dreifuss

Third Republic of PortugalPortugal history

President: Jorge Sampaio
Prime minister: António Guterres

UkraineUkraine history

President: Leonid Kuchma
Prime minister: Valeriy Pustovoitenko, then Viktor Yushchenko

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUnited Kingdom history

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Tony Blair

Vatican City

Sovereign: John Paul II

Yugoslavia: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/ Serbia and Montenegro

President: Slobodan Milošević
Prime minister: Momir Bulatović

Oceania

AustraliaAustralia history

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: John Howard

Federated States of Micronesia

President: Jacob Nena, then Leo Falcam

Kiribati

President: Teburoro Tito

Marshall Islands

President: Imata Kabua

Nauru

President: Bernard Dowiyogo, then René Harris

New ZealandNew Zealand history

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Jenny Shipley, then Helen Clark

Palau

President: Kuniwo Nakamura

Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea history

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Bill Skate, then Mekere Morauta

Republic of FijiFiji history

President: Kamisese Mara
Prime minister: Sitiveni Rabuka, then Mahendra Chaudhry

Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands history

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Bartholomew Ulufa'alu

TongaTonga history

King: Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV
Prime minister: Baron Vaea

Tuvalu

Queen: Elizabeth II
Prime minister: Bikenibeu Paeniu, then Ionatana Ionatana

VanuatuVanuatu history

President: Jean-Marie Léyé, then John Bani
Acting President: Edward Natapei
Prime minister: Donald Kalpokas, then Barak Sopé

Wallis and Futuna

King: Tomasi Kulimoetoke II

Western Samoa/ Independent State of Samoa

O le Ao o le Malo: Malietoa Tanumafili II
Prime minister: Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi