/year

Caledonians

Celtic tribal confederacy in present-day Scotland during the Iron Age and Roman era

9 dated entries naming Caledonians, drawn from 8 separate years between 77 CE and 209 CE. Nothing here is written by us: each line is the sentence a Wikipedia year article used, and the link beside it opens the exact revision.

JSONWikipedia articleWikidata Q379394

1st century

  • 77The Caledonian tribes in Scotland form a confederacy of 30,000 warriors, under the leadership of Calgacus.source
  • 82Calgacus unites the Picts (30,000 men) in Scotland, and is made chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy.source
  • 82Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet, and encircles the Celtic tribes beyond the Forth; the Caledonians rise in great numbers against the Romans. They attack the camp of Legio IX Hispana at night, but Agricola sends his cavalry in, and puts them to flight.source
  • 84Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (AD 83 or 84), in which Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeats the Caledonians.source

2nd century

  • 122Emperor Hadrian orders that a 73-mile (117-kilometer) wall be built to mark the northern Roman Empire while personally visiting the area. Hadrian's Wall, as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts and other tribes at bay.source
  • 142Emperor Antoninus Pius orders the construction of the Antonine Wall. The wall stretches 39 miles (63 km), from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde, to Carriden near Bo'ness on the Firth of Forth (Scotland). The Romans build 19 forts and smaller fortlets (milecastles), to protect the border against the Caledonians.source

3rd century

  • 205Hadrian's Wall is restored, after heavy raids by Caledonian tribes had overrun much of northern Britain.source
  • 208Emperor Septimius Severus leads an expedition (20,000 men) into Britannia, crosses Hadrian's Wall and moves through eastern Scotland. The Roman army pushes the Caledonians back to the River Tay and Severus signs a peace treaty. He repairs the Antonine Wall (his repairs are sometimes called the Severan Wall).source
  • 209Septimius Severus makes plans to subdue the land to the north of Scotland, ravaging it severely. Road-building and forest-clearing, the Roman army reaches Aber; Scottish tribes begin guerrilla warfare.source

Named in the same entries