Judea

region of ancient Israel

73 dated entries naming Judea, drawn from 61 separate years between 444 BCE and 616 CE. Nothing here is written by us: each line is the sentence a Wikipedia year article used, and the link beside it opens the exact revision.

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5th century BC

444 BCENehemiah, the Jewish cupbearer to Artaxerxes I at Susa, is given permission by Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem as governor of Judea, in order to rebuild parts of it.source

4th century BC

360 BCEJerusalem has been rebuilt and the power of Judaism's hereditary priesthood is firmly established.source
320 BCEJudea and Syria are annexed by Ptolemy and he gives Judea a large measure of self-government.source
301 BCEIn the Battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, the armies of Antigonus, the ruler of Syria, Asia Minor, Phoenicia and Judea, and his son Demetrius Poliorcetes are defeated by the forces of Lysimachus and Seleucus. Antigonus is killed in the battle.source

3rd century BC

246 BCEEgypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy III. At the time of Ptolemy II's death, Egypt comprises the ancient kingdom of Egypt in the Nile Valley, Cyrene, Judea and the coast of southern Syria, Cyprus and a number of cities on the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. The Macedonian Ptolemies maintain their authority over their territories with a small mercenary army made up of Macedonians and other Greeks.source

2nd century BC

170 BCEThe usurped high priest of Judea, Jason, does not abandon his claims to being the high priest which he has lost to Menelaus two years earlier. While Antiochus IV is waging war against Egypt, he succeeds in making himself master of Jerusalem once more and forces Menelaus to seek refuge in the citadel.source
167 BCEKing Antiochus IV Epiphanes, believing Judea to be in revolt, returns there after the failure of his Egyptian campaign.source
166 BCEThe Battle of Emmaus takes place between the Jewish rebels led by Judas Maccabeus and Seleucid forces sent by Antiochus IV and led by Lysias and his general, Gorgias. In the ensuing battle, Judas Maccabeus and his men succeed in repelling Gorgias and forcing his army out of Judea and down to the coastal plain in what is an important victory in the war for Judea's independence.source
166 BCEMattathias, father of Judas Maccabaeus, Jewish priest from Modi'in, near Jerusalem, who has started and briefly led a rebellion by the Jews in Judea against the Seleucid kingdom of Syriasource
164 BCEAntiochus IV Epiphanes ("God Manifest"), Seleucid king of the Syrian kingdom who has reigned since 175 BC, and has encouraged Greek culture and institutions but also attempted to suppress Judaism, which has led to the uprisings in Judea towards the end of his reign (b. c. 215 BC)source
163 BCERegent Lysias tries to make peace with the Jews in Judea. He offers them full religious freedom if they will lay down their arms. Moderates including the Hasideans consent, but Judas Maccabeus argues for full political as well as religious freedom.source
162 BCEThe Maccabees, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, continue their struggle against the Seleucids and persecute the Hellenising faction in Judea.source
161 BCEWith the restoration of peace in Judea, an internal struggle breaks out between the supporters of Judas Maccabeus and the Hellenic party. The influence of the Hellenic Party all but collapses in the wake of the Seleucid defeat.source
160 BCEIn response to the Jewish high priest, Alcimus', request for assistance, the Seleucid general Bacchides leads an army into Judea with the intent of reconquering this now independent kingdom. Bacchides rapidly marches through Judea after carrying out a massacre of the Assideans in Galilee. He quickly makes for Jerusalem, besieging the city and trapping Judas Maccabeus, the spiritual and military leader of the Maccabees, inside. However, Judas and many of his supporters manage to escape the siege.source
159 BCEWith the Seleucid victory in Judea over the Maccabees, Alcimus is re-established as the High Priest of Israel, and a strong force is left in Jerusalem to support him. However, he does not enjoy his triumph for long, as he dies soon after from a paralytic stroke.source
159 BCEAlcimus, high priest of Judea.source
153 BCEAs a result of the rise of the pretender, Alexander Balas, Demetrius I Soter is forced to recall most of his garrisons in Judea. To retain control of Judea, he makes a bid to gain the loyalty of Jonathan Maccabeus, whom he permits to recruit an army and to take back the hostages that the Syrians are holding in the city of Acre. Jonathan gladly accepts these terms, takes up residence in Jerusalem and begins to fortify the city, becoming High Priest of Jerusalem until 143 BC.source
142 BCESimon Maccabaeus succeeds his brother Jonathan as High Priest of Judea until 135 BC.source
141 BCEThe Seleucid garrison negotiates the surrender of Jerusalem. Simon Maccabaeus assumes control of the city. He becomes prince (ruler) of Judea until 135 BC.source
141 BCESalome Alexandra, queen and regent of Judea (d. 67 BC)source
140 BCESimon Maccabaeus crowned king of Judea.source
134 BCEJohn Hyrcanus becomes high priest and prince (ruler) of Judea, until 104 BC, following the murder of his father Simon Maccabaeus by Ptolemy the son of Abubus in 135 BC.source
104 BCEAristobulus I succeeds John Hyrcanus, becoming king and high priest of Judea, until 103 BC.source
104 BCEJohn Hyrcanus, prince and high priest of Judea (b. 164 BC)source
103 BCEAlexander Jannaeus succeeds his brother Aristobulus I as king and high priest of Judea, until 76 BC.source

1st century BC

76 BCESalome Alexandra becomes queen of Judea, after the death of her husband, Alexander Jannaeus, until 67 BC.source
76 BCEAlexander Jannaeus, king and high priest of Judeasource
73 BCEHerod the Great, client king of Judea (d. 4 BC)source
67 BCESalome Alexandra, queen of Judea (b. 139 BC)source
67 BCEHyrcanus II becomes king of Judea, for first time (until 66 BC), upon the death of his mother, Salome Alexandra.source
66 BCEAristobulus II becomes king and high priest of Judea, until 63 BC.source
64 BCEPompey annexes Syria and captures Jerusalem, annexing Judea.source
63 BCEPompey conquers the people of Phonecia, Coele-Syria, and Judea for the Roman Republic.source
50 BCEThe Roman Republic takes control of Judea (approximate date).source
49 BCEAristobulus II, king and high priest of Judeasource
47 BCEBattle at Mount Tabor in Judea: Roman troops, commanded by Gabinius, defeat the forces of Alexander, son of Aristobulus II of Judea, who is attempting to re-establish Judean independence. Some 10,000 Jews die at the hands of the Romans.source
40 BCEParthians conquer Jerusalem. Hyrcanus II is removed from power, while Antigonus the Hasmonean becomes king of Judea under Parthian rule. Herod the Great flees Jerusalem to Rome. There he is titled king of Judea by Mark Antony.source
40 BCEPhasael, prince of the Herodian dynasty of Judeasource
39 BCEPublius Ventidius defeats Pharnastanes with his cataphracts at the Amanus Gates, and goes on to reclaim Syria, Phoenicia and Judea. Labienus flees to Cilicia, where he is captured and executed.source
37 BCERomans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest; both positions are seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews are slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod.source
37 BCEAristobulus II, king and high priest of Judea (66–63 BC; assassinated)source
36 BCEJudea: Aristobulus III, the last of the Hasmoneans, becomes High Priest in Jerusalem, replacing Ananelus, who has only held the position for one year.source
35 BCEAristobulus III, high priest of Judea (drowned) (b. 53 BC)source
31 BCEAristobulus IV, Jewish prince of Judea (d. 7 BC)source
30 BCEHyrcanus II, king and high priest of Judea (until 40 BC)source
23 BCEHerod the Great builds a palace in Jerusalem and the fortress Herodium in Judaea. He also marries his third wife, named Mariamne, the daughter of high priest Simon.source
23 BCEHerod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria (Judea) (d. AD 18)source
15 BCEAlexander, Herodian prince of Judeasource
11 BCEHerod Agrippa, king of Judea (d. AD 44)source
7 BCEAristobulus IV, Jewish prince of Judea (b. 31 BC)source
4 BCEHerod the Great dies, which causes unrest in his client kingdom of Judea. His son, Herod Archelaus, becomes the new ruler. Herod Antipas becomes tetrarch of Galilee and Perea,and the governor of Syria, Publius Quinctilius Varus, marches down to Jerusalem from Antioch to restore order; around 3000 Jews are crucified.source
4 BCEMarch or April – Herod the Great, king of Judea (b. 73 BC); some authors date his death to 1 BC (see Date of Herod's death).source

1st century

2AD 2 – Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor. It is during this period that he meets Glaphyra, a Cappadocian princess and the former wife of Alexandros of Judea, a brother of Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea, and becomes enamoured with her.source
6AD 6 – Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, is deposed and banished to Vienne in Gaul.source
12Quirinius returns from Judea to become a counselor to Tiberius.source
12Annius Rufus is appointed Prefect of Judea.source
26Pontius Pilate is appointed as prefect of the Roman imperial province of Judea.source
27Herod Agrippa II, king of Judeasource
28Julia Berenice, Jewish client queen of the Roman imperial province of Judeasource
39Agrippa I, king of Judaea, successfully accuses Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, of conspiracy against Caligula. Antipas is exiled and Agrippa receives his territory.source
41Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea.source
44Cuspius Fadus (Roman governor of Judea) suppresses the revolt of Theudas, who is decapitated.source
44Herod Agrippa I, king of Judea (b. 11 BC)source
47Ananias becomes high priest in Judaea.source
60Agrippa II of the Herodians rules the northeast of Judea.source
66September 22 – Emperor Nero creates the Legio I Italica. He appoints Titus Flavius Vespasian as General of the army of Judea, and Governor of Judea which gives him command of three legions — V Macedonica, X Fretensis and XV Apollinaris.source
69Judea: The Jewish Revolt – Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem; the city is captured the following year by his son Titus.source
100Herod Agrippa II, Jewish king of Judea (b. AD 27)source

2nd century

132Bar Kokhba revolt: The messianic, charismatic Jewish leader Simon bar Kokhba starts a war of liberation for Judea against the Romans, which is eventually crushed (in 135) by Emperor Hadrian; Rabbi Akiva is supportive of the rebellion.source
133Bar Kokhba Revolt: Sextus Julius Severus, Roman governor of Britain, is sent to Judea (in 136 renamed Syria Palaestina) to quell the revolt. Jewish rebels, led by Simon bar Kokhba and Eleazar, cut off the vital supply lines and Roman garrisons in Palestine. Despite Roman reinforcements from Syria and Egypt, they establish an independent state in Judea.source
134Summer – Sextus Julius Severus, Roman governor of Judea, begins a campaign against the Jewish rebel strongholds in the mountains.source
136Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian expels the Jews from Judea, and receives a triumphal arch near Scythopolis. The Roman province of Iudaea (plus Galilee) becomes Syria Palaestina (the name Palestine as a designation for this land has been used since at least the 5th century BC (mentioned by Herodotus)).source

7th century

616Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628: The Jews of Jerusalem gain complete control over the city; much of Judea and Galilee becomes an autonomous Jewish province of the Persian Empire. The Jewish Temple is rebuilt by Nehemiah ben Hushiel (exilarch of Jerusalem), who establishes a High Priesthood.source