World leaders in 1878
Everyone who held a state’s top posts at some point in 1878, in the order they held them. Names are from Wikipedia’s list of state leaders and appear only where the person’s Wikidata record agrees on the post and the years. What happened in 1878 →
Major powers in 1878
United StatesUnited States history
- President
- Rutherford B. Hayes
United KingdomUnited Kingdom history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- Benjamin Disraeli
Russian EmpireRussia history
- Emperor
- Alexander II
Qing dynastyChina history
- Emperor
- Guangxu
French Third RepublicFrance history
- President
- Patrice de Mac-Mahon
- President of the Council of ministers
- Jules Armand Dufaure
German EmpireGermany history
- Emperor
- William I
- Chancellor
- Otto von Bismarck
Empire of JapanJapan history
- Emperor
- Meiji
Africa
Beylik of TunisTunisia history
- Grand vizier
- Mohammed Khaznadar, then Mustapha Ben Ismaïl
Ethiopian Empire
- Emperor
- Yohannes IV
Khedivate of EgyptEgypt history
- Khedive
- Isma'il Pasha
- Prime minister
- Nubar Pasha
Kingdom of AshantiGhana history
- Asantehene
- Mensa Bonsu
Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland)
- King
- Dlamini IV
Kingdom of Rwanda
LiberiaLiberia history
- President
- James Spriggs Payne, then Anthony W. Gardner
Merina Kingdom
- Queen
- Ranavalona II
- Prime minister
- Rainilaiarivony
Morocco: Alaouite dynasty
- Sultan
- Hassan I
Oyo EmpireNigeria history
- Alaafin
- Adeyemi I Alowolodu
Sultanate of Zanzibar
- Sultan
- Barghash
Americas
Argentine RepublicArgentina history
- President
- Nicolás Avellaneda
CanadaCanada history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- Alexander Mackenzie, then John A. Macdonald
El SalvadorEl Salvador history
- President
- Rafael Zaldívar
Empire of BrazilBrazil history
- Emperor
- Pedro II
HondurasHonduras history
- President
- Marco Aurelio Soto
Liberal Republic of ChileChile history
- President
- Aníbal Pinto
NicaraguaNicaragua history
- President
- Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro
Oriental Republic of UruguayUruguay history
- President
- Lorenzo Latorre
Republic of BoliviaBolivia history
- President
- Hilarión Daza
Republic of ParaguayParaguay history
- President
- Higinio Uriarte, then Cándido Bareiro
Republic of PeruPeru history
- President
- Mariano Ignacio Prado
Second Dominican RepublicDominican Republic history
- Acting President
- Jacinto de Castro
Second Haitian RepublicHaiti history
- President
- Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal
United StatesUnited States history
- President
- Rutherford B. Hayes
United States of ColombiaColombia history
- President
- Julián Trujillo Largacha
United States of VenezuelaVenezuela history
- President
- Francisco Linares Alcántara
Asia
Aceh SultanateIndonesia history
Bruneian EmpireBrunei history
- Sultan
- Abdul Momin
Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynastyAfghanistan history
- Emir
- Sher Ali Khan
Emirate of BukharaUzbekistan history
Empire of JapanJapan history
- Emperor
- Meiji
Hakims of BahrainBahrain history
Joseon
- King
- Gojong
Kedah SultanateMalaysia history
Kingdom of ChampasakLaos history
- King
- Kham Souk
Konbaung dynasty
Negeri SembilanMalaysia history
- Yamtuan
- Antah
Ottoman EmpireTurkey history
- Sultan
- Abdul Hamid II
- Grand Vizier
- Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, then Ahmed Hamdi Pasha, then Ahmed Vefik Pasha, then Mehmed Sadık Pasha, then Mehmed Rushdi Pasha, then Saffet Pasha, then Hayreddin Pasha
QatarQatar history
Qing dynastyChina history
- Emperor
- Guangxu
Rattanakosin Kingdom of SiamThailand history
- King
- Chulalongkorn
Selangor SultanateMalaysia history
- Sultan
- Abdul Samad
Sheikhdom of Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of AjmanUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of DubaiUnited Arab Emirates history
- ruler
- Hasher bin Maktoum
Sheikhdom of KuwaitKuwait history
- Sheikh
- Abdullah II
Sheikhdom of Ras Al KhaimahUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of SharjahUnited Arab Emirates history
Sheikhdom of Umm Al QuwainUnited Arab Emirates history
Surakarta SunanateIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Pakubuwono IX
Yogyakarta SultanateIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Hamengkubuwono VII
Europe
Andorra
- Episcopal Co-Prince
- Josep Caixal i Estradé
- French Co-Prince
- Patrice de Mac-Mahon
Austria-Hungary: Archduchy/ Austrian Empire/ Kingdom of Hungary
- Emperor and King
- Franz Joseph I
BelgiumBelgium history
- King
- Leopold II
- Prime minister
- Jules Malou, then Walthère Frère-Orban
Bourbon Restoration of SpainSpain history
- King
- Alfonso XII
- Prime minister
- Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
DenmarkDenmark history
- King
- Christian IX
- Council president
- Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup
French Third RepublicFrance history
- President
- Patrice de Mac-Mahon
- President of the Council of ministers
- Jules Armand Dufaure
German EmpireGermany history
- Emperor
- William I
- Chancellor
- Otto von Bismarck
Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
- Grand Duke
- Peter II
Kingdom of Bavaria
- King
- Ludwig II
Kingdom of Bohemia
- King
- Francis Joseph
Kingdom of Croatia-SlavoniaCroatia history
- King
- Franz Joseph
Kingdom of Galicia and LodomeriaUkraine history
- King
- Francis Joseph I
Kingdom of GreeceGreece history
- King
- George I
- Prime minister
- Alexandros Koumoundouros, then Charilaos Trikoupis
Kingdom of ItalyItaly history
- King
- Victor Emmanuel II, then Umberto I
- Prime minister
- Agostino Depretis, then Benedetto Cairoli
Kingdom of PortugalPortugal history
- King
- Luís I
- Prime minister
- António José de Ávila
Kingdom of the NetherlandsNetherlands history
- King
- William III
- Prime minister
- Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello
Liechtenstein
- Prince
- Johann II
LuxembourgLuxembourg history
- Grand Duke
- William III
- Prime minister
- Félix de Blochausen
Monaco
- Prince
- Charles III
Papal States
Principality of SerbiaSerbia history
- President of the ministry
- Jovan Ristić
Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
- Prince
- George Victor
Russian EmpireRussia history
- Emperor
- Alexander II
San Marino
- Captains Regent
- Domenico Fattori
Sweden–Norway
- King
- Oscar II
- Prime minister
- Otto Richard Kierulf, then Frederik Stang, then Louis Gerhard De Geer
SwitzerlandSwitzerland history
- President of the Confederation
- Karl Schenk
United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandUnited Kingdom history
- Queen
- Victoria
- Prime minister
- Benjamin Disraeli
United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia/ Romanian United Principalities/ RomaniaRomania history
- Domnitor
- Carol I
- Prime minister
- Ion C. Brătianu
Oceania
Hawaiian KingdomUnited States history
- King
- Kalākaua
Kings of Uvea (Wallis)
Malietoa dynasty
- Malietoa
- Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe'a
Tuʻi Kanokupolu of TongaTonga history
- Prime minister
- Tēvita ʻUnga