World leaders in 1938
Everyone who held a state’s top posts at some point in 1938, in the order they held them. Names are from Wikipedia’s list of state leaders and appear only where the person’s Wikidata record agrees on the post and the years. What happened in 1938 →
Major powers in 1938
United StatesUnited States history
- President
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
United KingdomUnited Kingdom history
- King
- George VI
- Prime minister
- Neville Chamberlain
Soviet UnionRussia history
- General Secretary
- Joseph Stalin
- Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
- Mikhail Kalinin
- Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
- Vyacheslav Molotov
Republic of China (1916–1949)China history
- Premier
- Chiang Kai-shek, then H. H. Kung
French Third RepublicFrance history
- President
- Albert François Lebrun
- President of the Council of ministers
- Camille Chautemps, then Léon Blum, then Édouard Daladier
Nazi GermanyGermany history
- Führer
- Adolf Hitler
- Chancellor
- Adolf Hitler
Empire of JapanJapan history
- Emperor
- Hirohito
- Prime minister
- Fumimaro Konoe
Africa
Beylik of TunisTunisia history
- Prime minister
- Hédi Lakhoua
Ethiopian Empire
- Emperor
- Haile Selassie I
Kingdom of EgyptEgypt history
- King
- Farouk I
- Prime minister
- Mohamed Mahmoud Pasha
Kingdom of Rwanda
LiberiaLiberia history
- President
- Edwin Barclay
Sultanate of Morocco: Alaouite dynasty
- Sultan
- Mohammed V
Sultanate of Zanzibar
- Sultan
- Khalifa II
Union of South AfricaSouth Africa history
- King
- George VI
- Prime minister
- J. B. M. Hertzog
Americas
Argentine RepublicArgentina history
- President
- Agustín Pedro Justo, then Roberto María Ortiz
BoliviaBolivia history
- Chairman of the Government Junta; President
- Germán Busch
CanadaCanada history
- King
- George VI
- Prime minister
- William Lyon Mackenzie King
El SalvadorEl Salvador history
- President
- Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
First Costa Rican RepublicCosta Rica history
- President
- León Cortés Castro
GuatemalaGuatemala history
- President
- Jorge Ubico
HondurasHonduras history
- President
- Tiburcio Carías Andino
MexicoMexico history
- President
- Lázaro Cárdenas
NicaraguaNicaragua history
- President
- Anastasio Somoza García
Presidential Republic (1925–1973) of ChileChile history
- President
- Arturo Alessandri, then Pedro Aguirre Cerda
Republic of ColombiaColombia history
- President
- Eduardo Santos Montejo
Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)Haiti history
- President
- Sténio Vincent
Republic of ParaguayParaguay history
- President
- Félix Paiva
Republic of PeruPeru history
- Constitutional President
- Óscar Benavides
Third Dominican RepublicDominican Republic history
- President
- Rafael Trujillo
United StatesUnited States history
- President
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
United States of VenezuelaVenezuela history
- President
- Eleazar López Contreras
Vargas Era BrazilBrazil history
- President
- Getúlio Vargas
Asia
Emirate of Abu DhabiTurkey history
Emirate of AjmanTurkey history
Emirate of DubaiTurkey history
Emirate of FujairahTurkey history
Emirate of Nejd and HasaSaudi Arabia history
- King
- Ibn Saud
Emirate of Ras Al KhaimahTurkey history
Emirate of SharjahTurkey history
Emirate of TransjordanJordan history
- Prime minister
- Tawfik Abu al-Huda
Empire of JapanJapan history
- Emperor
- Hirohito
- Prime minister
- Fumimaro Konoe
French Protectorate of CambodiaCambodia history
French Protectorate of Luang PhrabangLaos history
- King of Luang Phrabang
- Sisavang Vong
Hakims of BahrainBahrain history
Imperial State of Iran: Pahlavi dynastyIran history
- Shah
- Reza Pahlavi
Kedah SultanateMalaysia history
Kingdom of AfghanistanAfghanistan history
- Prime minister
- Mohammad Hashim Khan
Kingdom of IraqIraq history
- King
- Ghazi I
- Prime minister
- Jameel Al-Madfaai, then Nuri al-Said
ManchukuoChina history
- Emperor
- Puyi
- Prime minister
- Zhang Jinghui
Negeri SembilanMalaysia history
- Yamtuan
- Abdul Rahman
Nguyễn dynastyVietnam history
- Emperor
- Bảo Đại
North Yemen: Mutawakkilite Kingdom of YemenYemen history
PakualamanIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Pakualam VIII
Perak Sultanate: Siak dynastyMalaysia history
- Sultan
- Iskandar, then Abdul Aziz al-Mu’tasim Billah Shah
PhilippinesPhilippines history
- President
- Manuel L. Quezon
Protectorate of BruneiBrunei history
- Sultan
- Ahmad Tajuddin
QatarQatar history
Republic of China (1916–1949)China history
- Premier
- Chiang Kai-shek, then H. H. Kung
Republic of TurkeyTurkey history
- President
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, then İsmet İnönü
- Prime minister
- Celâl Bayar
Selangor SultanateMalaysia history
- Sultan
- Hisamuddin
Sheikhdom of KuwaitKuwait history
- Sheikh
- Ahmad I
Siam/Thailand: Rattanakosin KingdomThailand history
- King
- Ananda Mahidol
- Prime minister
- Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena, then Plaek Phibunsongkhram
Sultanate of Siak Sri IndrapuraIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Syarif Kasim II
Sultanate/ State of Muscat and OmanOman history
- Sultan
- Said III
Surakarta SunanateIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Pakubuwono X
Terengganu SultanateMalaysia history
Umm Al QuwainTurkey history
Yogyakarta SultanateIndonesia history
- Sultan
- Hamengkubuwono VIII
Europe
Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)Albania history
- Prime minister
- Kostaq Kota
Andorra
- Episcopal Co-Prince
- Justí Guitart i Vilardebó
- French Co-Prince
- Albert François Lebrun
BelgiumBelgium history
- King
- Leopold III
- Prime minister
- Paul-Émile Janson, then Paul-Henri Spaak
Czechoslovakia: First Republic
- President
- Edvard Beneš
- Prime Minister
- Milan Hodža, then Jan Syrový
Czechoslovakia: Second Republic
- President
- Emil Hácha
- Prime Minister
- Jan Syrový, then Rudolf Beran
Fascist Italy (1922–1943)Italy history
- Prime Minister
- Benito Mussolini
First Austrian Republic/ Federal State of AustriaAustria history
- Chancellor
- Kurt Schuschnigg, then Arthur Seyss-Inquart
French Third RepublicFrance history
- President
- Albert François Lebrun
- President of the Council of ministers
- Camille Chautemps, then Léon Blum, then Édouard Daladier
Grand Duchy of LuxembourgLuxembourg history
- Grand Duchess
- Charlotte
- Prime minister
- Pierre Dupong
Kingdom of BulgariaBulgaria history
- Tsar
- Boris III
- Prime minister
- Georgi Kyoseivanov
Kingdom of DenmarkDenmark history
- King
- Christian X
- Prime minister
- Thorvald Stauning
Kingdom of Greece: 4th of August RegimeGreece history
- King
- George II
- Prime minister
- Ioannis Metaxas
Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)Hungary history
- Regent
- Miklós Horthy
- Prime minister
- Kálmán Darányi, then Béla Imrédy
Kingdom of IcelandIceland history
- King
- Christian X
- Prime minister
- Hermann Jónasson
Kingdom of ItalyItaly history
- Prime minister
- Benito Mussolini
Kingdom of NorwayNorway history
- King
- Haakon VII
- Prime minister
- Johan Nygaardsvold
Kingdom of RomaniaRomania history
- King
- Carol II
- Prime minister
- Octavian Goga, then Miron Cristea
Kingdom of Serbia / Yugoslavia: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia
- Prime minister
- Milan Stojadinović
Kingdom of SwedenSweden history
- King
- Gustaf V
- Prime minister
- Per Albin Hansson
Liechtenstein
- Prince
- Franz I, then Franz Josef II
- Prime Minister
- Josef Hoop
Monaco
- Prince
- Louis II
- Minister of state
- Émile Roblot
Nazi GermanyGermany history
- Führer
- Adolf Hitler
- Chancellor
- Adolf Hitler
NetherlandsNetherlands history
- Queen
- Wilhelmina
- Prime minister
- Hendrikus Colijn
Republic of EstoniaEstonia history
- President-Regent
- Konstantin Päts
- President
- Konstantin Päts
- Prime minister
- Kaarel Eenpalu
Republic of FinlandFinland history
- President
- Kyösti Kallio
- Prime minister
- Aimo Cajander
Republic of IrelandIreland history
- President
- Douglas Hyde
- Taoiseach
- Éamon de Valera
Republic of LatviaLatvia history
- President
- Kārlis Ulmanis
- Prime minister
- Kārlis Ulmanis
Republic of LithuaniaLithuania history
- President
- Antanas Smetona
Second Polish RepublicPoland history
- President
- Ignacy Mościcki
- Prime minister
- Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
Second Portuguese RepublicPortugal history
- President
- Óscar Carmona
- President of the Council of Minister
- António de Oliveira Salazar
Second Spanish RepublicSpain history
- President
- Manuel Azaña
- Prime minister
- Juan Negrín
Soviet UnionRussia history
- General Secretary
- Joseph Stalin
- Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets; Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
- Mikhail Kalinin
- Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
- Vyacheslav Molotov
Spanish State (Francoist Spain)Spain history
- Caudillo
- Francisco Franco
- Prime minister
- Francisco Franco
SwitzerlandSwitzerland history
- President of the Confederation
- Johannes Baumann
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUnited Kingdom history
- King
- George VI
- Prime minister
- Neville Chamberlain
Vatican City
- Sovereign
- Pius XI
Yugoslavia: Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
- King
- Peter II
Oceania
AustraliaAustralia history
- King
- George VI
- Prime minister
- Joseph Lyons
Dominion of New ZealandNew Zealand history
- King
- George VI
- Prime minister
- Michael Joseph Savage
Kingdom of Tonga (1900–70)Tonga history
- King
- Sālote Tupou III
- Prime minister
- Viliami Tungi Mailefihi