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Augustus

first emperor of the Roman Empire and founder of the Julio-Claudian dynasty

91 dated entries naming Augustus, drawn from 64 separate years between 85 BCE and 167 CE. Nothing here is written by us: each line is the sentence a Wikipedia year article used, and the link beside it opens the exact revision.

Also written as Augustus Caesar, Caesar Augustus, Octavian in the source articles; Wikipedia redirects those to the same subject, so their entries are on this page.

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1st century BC

  • 85 BCEAtia, niece of Julius Caesar and mother of Augustus (died 43 BC)source
  • 80 BCEScribonia, wife to the Roman Emperor Augustus (approximate date) (died AD 16)source
  • 63 BCESeptember 23 – Augustus, first Roman Emperor (died AD 14)source
  • 59 BCELivia, Roman empress as the second wife of Augustussource
  • 59 BCEGaius Octavius, father of Caesar Augustussource
  • 46 BCECaesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir.source
  • 44 BCEApril – Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to take up Caesar's inheritance, against advice from Atia (his mother and Caesar's niece) and consul Antony.source
  • 44 BCEDecember – Antony besieges Brutus Albinus in Mutina (Modena), with Octavian, an ally of Decimus, who is one of his uncle's assassins, close by.source
  • 43 BCEConsuls: Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius. The Roman Senate confirms Octavian as propraetor with joint responsibility for the campaign against Antony. Hirtius and Octavian mobilize troops for the march to Mutina, while Pansa continues the levy. Embassy dispatched to treat with Antony.source
  • 43 BCEAtia, niece of Julius Caesar and mother of Augustus (born 85 BC)source
  • 43 BCEJanuary 7 – Octavian is given imperium, marking the start of his public career.source
  • 43 BCEApril 21 – Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus Brutus, and the two consuls of the year.source
  • 43 BCEAugust 19 – Octavian takes office as consul. He's prevailed to pass the lex Pedia, a law establishing the murder of Caesar as a capital crime.source
  • 42 BCEOctavian returns to Rome and arranges for ± 40,000 veterans' settlements in Campania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria, and in northern Italy.source
  • 42 BCEMarcus Claudius Marcellus, nephew of Augustus (died 23 BC)source
  • 42 BCEJuly – Mark Antony lands with an army (28 legions) in Illyria, leaving Octavian ill at Dyrrachium, and marches to Amphipolis. Admiral Ahenobarbus, with the Republican fleet (130 warships), blockades the Adriatic Sea.source
  • 42 BCEOctober 3 – First Battle of Philippi: The Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. The Roman forces including 2,000 Spartans, who have just arrived, are routed. Octavian takes refuge in the marsh. Cassius' camp is captured by Antony's men and, wrongly fearing that Brutus is dead, Cassius commits suicide. He orders his freedman Pindarus to kill him. Brutus, fearing the impact on morale, secretly buries his beheaded body on Thasos. The Republican navy, in the Adriatic, intercept and destroy the supply ships with two legions of the Triumvirs.source
  • 41 BCELucius Antonius occupies Perusia. He accepts the appeal of the local population. Lucius and Fulvia are defeated by Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian in the Battle of Perugia.source
  • 41 BCEGaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus, Roman consul under Caesar Augustus (died AD 33)source
  • 40 BCETreaty of Brundisium: The Triumvirs agrees to divide the Roman Republic into spheres of influence. Gaius Octavian styles himself "Imperator Caesar" and takes control of the Western provinces. Mark Antony is given the Eastern provinces; the River Drin, the boundary between the provinces Illyricum and Macedonia, is to serve as their frontier. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus controls Hispania and Africa. The treaty is cemented by the marriage of Antony and Octavia the Younger.source
  • 40 BCESiege of Perusia: trying a last attempt to break the siege, which fails; Lucius Antonius surrenders to Octavian. His life is spared, but the citizens are executed or sold into slavery. Fulvia flees with her children and is exiled to Sicyon, where she dies of a sudden illness.source
  • 39 BCEJulia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus (died AD 14)source
  • 38 BCEJanuary 14 – Nero Claudius Drusus, Roman politician and military commander, future stepson of Augustus Caesar (died 9 BC)source
  • 37 BCECaesar Augustus (Octavian) engineers the "Second Pact of Tarentum" which renews the Triumvirate for an additional five years. Mark Antony exchanges 120 ships, for service against Sextus Pompeius. Octavian Caesar donates 1,000 troops from the Praetorian Guard and 20,000 legionaries for the Parthian campaign in Syria.source
  • 36 BCEAugust – Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, an admiral of Octavian Caesar, secures the Lipari Islands and harasses the coast from Mylae to Tyndaris. Octavian transports his legions, via Leucopetra, to Tauromenium (modern Taormina).source
  • 35 BCEIllyria becomes a Roman province. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian conducts a rendezvous with the Roman fleet under Agrippa, which is engaged in clearing the Dalmatian coast of piracy.source
  • 34 BCEGaius Julius Caesar Octavian pacifies Dalmatia and Pannonia forming the province of Illyricum, while Antony regains Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona, sets up siege works and forces its surrender.source
  • 33 BCEGaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes consul for the second time. His partner is Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavian delivers a speech; de summa Republica in the Roman Senate, in which he subjects the Donations.source
  • 33 BCEThe Kinambroi surrender to Octavian.source
  • 32 BCEJuly – The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West - Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia - swear an oath (sacramentum) of loyalty to him. In order to assure this oath, Octavian forces the high priest of the Vestal Virgins in Rome to hand over Antony's will, which contains information about the Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms and plans to build a tomb in Alexandria for him and Cleopatra.source
  • 31 BCEAugustus, then known as Imperator Caesar, becomes Roman Consul for the third time. Antony was designated as his colleague but is deposed from office, an action that Antony does not recognise. Elected in Antony's place is Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus; Antony's consulship is not recorded in some sources, as Valerius is marked instead as consul ordinarius.source
  • 30 BCEGaius Julius Caesar Octavianus becomes consul for the fourth time. His partner is Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger.source
  • 30 BCEJuly 31 – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.source
  • 29 BCEOctavian Caesar becomes Roman Consul for the fifth time. His partner is Sextus Appuleius. He is granted the title of imperator, and for the third time in Roman history the doors of the Temple of Janus are closed, signalling peace.source
  • 28 BCEGaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the sixth time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the second time.source
  • 28 BCEAugustus initiates a census of the Roman Republic for the first time since 69 BC.source
  • 27 BCEGaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the seventh time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the third time.source
  • 27 BCEAugustus' first census of the Roman Empire (formerly the Roman Republic) reports a total of 4,063,000 citizens.source
  • 26 BCEImperator Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the eighth time. His partner Titus Statilius Taurus becomes Consul for the second time and refounds the old Contestanian Iberian capital of Ilici (Elche), known since then as "Colonia Iulia Ilici Augusta".source
  • 25 BCEImperator Caesar Augustus becomes Consul for the ninth time. His partner is Marcus Junius Silanus.source
  • 24 BCECaesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the tenth time. His partner is Gaius Norbanus Flaccus.source
  • 23 BCECaesar Augustus becomes Roman consul for the eleventh time. His co-consul is Aulus Terentius Varro Murena.source
  • 23 BCEMarcus Claudius Marcellus, son of Octavia and nephew of Augustus (born 42 BC)source
  • 22 BCEKing Artaxias II returns, with the support of the Parthians, to Armenia and claims the throne. Artavasdes I escapes to Rome, where Caesar Augustus receives him.source
  • 21 BCEMarcus Vipsanius Agrippa divorces Claudia Marcella Major, and marries Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus.source
  • 20 BCEGaius Caesar, grandson of Augustus Caesar (died AD 4)source
  • 20 BCEMay 12 – Emperor Augustus Caesar negotiates a peace with Parthia, making Armenia a buffer zone between the two major powers. The captured eagles of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony are returned.source
  • 18 BCECornelia, daughter of Scribonia (second wife of Augustus)source
  • 17 BCEEmperor Augustus adopts Gaius and Lucius Caesar.source
  • 16 BCECaesar Augustus reorganizes the German provinces, making Trier their capital.source
  • 15 BCEVedius Pollio, Roman equestrian (friend of Augustus)source
  • 14 BCECaesar Augustus makes Beeroth (modern Beirut) a colonia, named Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus.source
  • 14 BCEDrusus Julius Caesar, son of the Emperor Tiberius and step-grandson of the Emperor Augustus (died AD 23)source
  • 13 BCEThe Ara Pacis Augustae ("Altar of Augustan Peace") is commissioned by the Roman Senate to honor the triumphal return of Emperor Augustus from Hispania and Gaul.source
  • 12 BCEEmperor Augustus is given the title Pontifex Maximus.source
  • 12 BCEAgrippa Postumus, son of Julia the Elder and grandson of Augustus (died AD 14)source
  • 11 BCEBattle of Arbalo: Roman forces under Augustus's stepson Nero Claudius Drusus beat off a German ambush.source
  • 11 BCEBattle of the Lupia River: Roman forces under Augustus's stepson Nero Claudius Drusus win a victory in Germania.source
  • 11 BCEOctavia the Younger, sister of Augustus (born 69 BC)source
  • 10 BCEThe Obelisk of Montecitorio is brought from Egypt to Rome by Emperor Augustus to be erected as a sundial gnomon of the Solarium Augusti. It is now in the Piazza Montecitorio.source
  • 9 BCENero Claudius Drusus, son of Livia and stepson of Augustus (born 38 BC)source
  • 9 BCENero Claudius Drusus, Emperor Augustus' stepson, begins a campaign against the Marcomanni, but dies soon after, due to a fall from his horse.source
  • 8 BCEAfter 20 years, Emperor Augustus initiates his second census of the Roman Empire.source
  • 7 BCEAugustus' second census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,233,000 citizens. However, the specific criteria of the census are still not clear.source
  • 6 BCETiberius retires to Rhodes, to the inconvenience of Emperor Augustus. He is recalled to Rome years later in AD 4, becoming Augustus' adopted son and heir following the deaths of Lucius and Gaius Caesar.source
  • 5 BCEAcme (enslaved woman), Jewish slave and personal maid in the service of the Empress Livia Drusilla, wife of Augustussource
  • 2 BCEFebruary 5 – Augustus is proclaimed pater patriae ("father of the country") by the Roman Senate. This bestowed title is the logical consequence and final proof of Augustus' supreme position as princeps, the first in charge over the Roman state.source
  • 1 BCEAulus Caecina Severus was appointed consul by Emperor Augustus, succeeding Cossus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus and Lucius Calpurnius Piso.source

1st century

  • 1AD 1 – Tiberius, under order of Emperor Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (AD 1–5).source
  • 2AD 2 – Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Augustus allows his stepson Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen, after six years of enforced retirement on Rhodes.source
  • 3AD 3 – The rule of Emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period.source
  • 4AD 4 – Emperor Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.source
  • 6AD 6 – The Princeps Augustus sets up a treasury, the aerarium militare (170 million sestertii), with the specific purpose of paying bonuses to retiring legion veterans. This is financed by a 5% tax on inheritances, a system said to have been suggested in Julius Caesar's memoirs.source
  • 6AD 6 – Princeps Augustus banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia.source
  • 6AD 6 – Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system - the vigiles, initially manned only by freedmen - is created by the Princeps Augustus to allow quicker response to outbreaks of fire in the city.source
  • 6AD 6 – A pamphletting campaign in Rome is quashed by the Princeps Augustus. Publius Plautius Rufus is accused but found innocent of the crime.source
  • 8AD 8 – Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced. Augustus breaks off the engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida. An effort is made to betroth Claudius to Livia Medullina Camilla.source
  • 11Emperor Augustus abandons his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe, in order to reinforce the Roman defenses along the Rhine and the Danube.source
  • 12Augustus orders a major invasion of Germany beyond the Rhine.source
  • 13Emperor Augustus initiates his third census of the Roman Empire after 20 years.source
  • 14Augustus' third (and final) 20-year census of the Roman Empire reports a total of 4,973,000 citizens.source
  • 14August 19 – Augustus, Roman emperor (born 63 BC)source
  • 14August 19 – Augustus, the first Roman emperor, dies and is declared to be a god.source
  • 15Nicolaus of Damascus writes a biography of the Emperor Augustus (Bios Kaisaros).source
  • 16Scribonia, second wife of Caesar Augustus (approximate date)source
  • 23Greek geographer Strabo publishes Geographica, a work covering the world known to the Romans and Greeks at the time of Emperor Augustus – it is the only such book to survive from the ancient world.source
  • 27An Arc of Triumph is erected in Rimini, in honor of the former Emperor Augustus.source
  • 29Julia the Younger, granddaughter of Augustus (born 19 BC)source
  • 98January 27 – Nerva dies of a fever at his villa in the Gardens of Sallust and is succeeded by his adopted son Trajan. Trajan is the first Roman Emperor born in Italica, near Seville. A brilliant soldier and administrator, he enters Rome without ceremony and wins over the public. Continuing the policies of Augustus, Vespasian and Nerva, he restores the Senate to its full status in the government and begins a form of state welfare aimed at assuring that poor children are fed and taken care of. He has a specific vision of the Empire, which reaches its maximum extent under his rule, and keeps a close watch on finances. Taxes, without any increase, are sufficient during his reign to pay the considerable costs of the budget. The informers used by Domitian to support his tyranny are expelled from Rome. In order to maintain the Port of Alexandria, Trajan reopens the canal between the Nile and the Red Sea.source

2nd century

  • 101Emperor Trajan starts an expedition against Dacia, exceeding the limits of the Roman Empire set by Augustus.source
  • 167The Marcomanni tribe wages war against the Romans at Aquileia. They destroy aqueducts and irrigation conduits. Marcus Aurelius repels the invaders, ending the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) that has kept the Roman Empire free of conflict since the days of Emperor Augustus.source

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