1215 CE
First Barons' War: The Barons offer the English crown to Prince Louis VIII of France and invite him to England. 30 – The Fourth Council of the Lateran (or "Great Council") convened by Innocent III ends at Rome and approves the papal proposal for a Fifth Crusade in Palestine. The Pope promulgates a canon against clerical participation in trial by ordeal, replacing it by compurgation. Echdonn Mac Gilla Uidir, Archbishop of Armagh, attends the Fourth Council of the Lateran in Rome.
In the 1210s, the 13th century.
Conflict & Security
- May 5 – Robert Fitzwalter is elected by the Barons as their general, with the title of "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church". He solemnly renounces his homage to John of England and begins to siege Northampton Castle. While this fails, Robert consolidates his forces. He turns to Prince Louis of France, son and heir apparent of King Philip II for support.source
- May 17 – The gates to London are opened by supporters of the rebellious Barons. The houses of Jews are targeted for ransacking and burning. The rebels, under Robert Fitzwalter, call for the English nobles still on the side of King John to join them, and repair the walls. The Tower of London, held by John's supporters, is too well defended to fall into the hands of the rebels.source
- June 1 – Mongol conquest of Jin China: After the long Battle of Zhongdu, the Mongol forces capture Zhongdu (modern-day Beijing). Meanwhile, Genghis Khan has decamped to the edge of the grasslands and is on his way back to the Kherlen River. Without his restraining influence, the Mongols run wild. They devastate and ransack the city, killing thousands. The royal palace goes up in flames, and a part of the capital burns for a month.source
- August – King John of England rejects Magna Carta and writes to Innocent III – asking him to cancel the charter on grounds that he signed it against his will. At the same time, John continues to build up his mercenary army.source
- October – The Barons offer the English crown to Louis of France and invite him to England. King John England confiscates the Barons' land and besieges Rochester Castle; the garrison is starved out and surrenders to him.source
- October – First Barons' War: The Barons offer the English crown to Prince Louis VIII of France and invite him to England.Francesource
- November – First Barons' War: Louis VIII of France sends the barons a contingent of knights to protect London. Louis agrees to an open invasion, despite the discouragement from his father King Philip II of France and from Pope Innocent III.Francesource
- December – First Barons' War: King John of England campaigns successfully in the Midlands and captures Nottingham Castle, on December 24. King Alexander II of Scotland joins the Barons and invades Northern England.source
- King Kalinga Magha, from Kalinga Province in India, lands in Sri Lanka with a force of 24,000 men, to capture the city of Polonnaruwa and depose its king, Parakrama Pandya.source
- At Narbonne, Louis VIII of France ordered the destruction of the town's fortifications in response to a disagreement between Simon de Montfort and Arnaud Amalric and forced the viscount of Narbonne Aimery III of Narbonne and other authorities to swear loyalty to Simon.Francesource
Exploration & Expansion
Religion & Belief
- January 8 – Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, is elected lord of Languedoc in a council at Montpellier (Southern France), after his campaign against the Cathar heretics during the Albigensian Crusade. The Crusaders capture Château de Castelnaud-la-Chapelle and enter Toulouse; the town pays an indemnity of 30,000 marks and is gifted to Montfort.source
- January 8 – Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, is elected lord of Languedoc in a council at Montpellier, after his campaign against the Cathar heretics during the Albigensian Crusade. The Crusaders capture Château de Castelnaud-la-Chapelle and enter Toulouse; the town pays an indemnity of 30,000 marks and is gifted to Montfort.Francesource
- March 4 – John, King of England ("Lackland"), hoping to gain the support of Pope Innocent III against the Barons, takes the oath to go on Crusade. By doing so, Innocent declares John to be his vassal and claims ownership of the whole kingdom (with political protection under church law). On April 1, Innocent sends a letter to the Barons, asking them to halt their actions against John.source
- June 15 – A large number of barons, led by Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, meet King John of England on an island in the Thames at Runnymede. They force John to sign Magna Carta, a document that grants liberties to the "free men" – the Barons, the church and the towns. He is subjected to the rule of law, by confirming the status of trial by jury, on June 19.source
- August 24 – Pope Innocent III annuls Magna Carta, freeing King John from its limitations. He annuls the charter on the grounds that John signed it because he is forced and that the document is illegal.source
- September 13 – King John of England seeks help from Innocent III in his fight against the Barons. In a letter, written while staying at Dover Castle, he states that the defense of England is the responsibility of God and the Pope.source
- November 11–30 – The Fourth Council of the Lateran (or "Great Council") convened by Innocent III ends at Rome and approves the papal proposal for a Fifth Crusade in Palestine. The Pope promulgates a canon against clerical participation in trial by ordeal, replacing it by compurgation.source
- 11 November – Echdonn Mac Gilla Uidir, Archbishop of Armagh, attends the Fourth Council of the Lateran in Rome.Irelandsource
- Summer – Emperor Otto IV is excommunicated and forced to abdicate as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. The German nobles, supported by Innocent III, again elect the 20-year-old Frederick II as King of the Romans who is crowned in Aachen, on July 25. The same day, Frederick takes the Cross and promises to go on Crusade.source
- Louis VIII of France, fulfilling his father's vow to crusade against the Albigensians, is cautioned by a papal legate not to impede the crusade.Francesource
Technology & Infrastructure
Crime & Justice
Culture & Society
- 1215–1216 – The Macy Jug, from Iran, is made. It is now kept at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.source
Births
- September 23 – Kublai Khan, Mongol emperor (died 1294)source
- Otto III, Margrave of Brandenburg ("the Pious"), German nobleman (died 1267)source
- Robert Kilwardby, archbishop of Canterbury (died 1279)source
- Henry III, Margrave of Meissen ("the Illustrious"), German nobleman (died 1288)source
- Ibn Kammuna, Arab Jewish philosopher (died 1284)source
- Catherine Sunesdotter, queen of Sweden (died 1252)source
- Roger de Leybourne, English landowner (died 1271)source
- John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa and Ascalon (died 1266)source
- Celestine V, pope of the Catholic Church (died 1296)source
- David VII (or David Ulugh), king of Georgia (died 1270)source
- Mécia Lopes de Haro, queen of Portugal (died 1270)source
- John XXI, pope of the Catholic Church (died 1277)source
- Agnes of Merania, German noblewoman (died 1263)source
- Eleanor of England, countess of Leicester (died 1275)source
- (Disputed) — Pope St. Celestine V, pope between July and December 1294, last pope not elected through a papal conclave.Italysource
Deaths
- February 3 (or February 4) – Eustace, bishop of Elysource
- February 6 – Hōjō Tokimasa, Japanese nobleman (born 1138)source
- June 9 – Manegold of Berg, German abbot and bishopsource
- August 1 – Eisai, Japanese Buddhist priest (born 1141)source
- September 1 – Otto I, bishop of Utrecht (born 1194)source
- November 5 – Philip de Valognes, Norman noblemansource
- November 17 – Giles de Braose, bishop of Herefordsource
- December 21 – Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid, Arab theologiansource
- Theodore Apsevdis, Byzantine painter (born 1150)source
- Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi, Persian traveller and explorersource
- Sicard of Cremona, Italian bishop and writer (born 1155)source
- Esclarmonde of Foix, French noblewoman and Catharsource
- Bertran de Born, French nobleman, poet and troubadoursource
- Giraut de Bornelh (or de Borneil), French troubadoursource
- Giraut de Bornelh (or de Borneil), French troubadour (born 1138)Francesource
- Bertran de Born, French nobleman, poet and troubadour (c. 1140)Francesource
- Manfred II, Marquess of SaluzzoItalysource