1265 CE

End of the Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) – Battle of Isaszeg: Younger King Stephen decisively defeats his father's army. A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno. Second Barons' War in England: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.

In the 1260s, the 13th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (called Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.source
  • June 18 – A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zenosource
  • The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.source

Conflict & Security

  • March – End of the Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) – Battle of Isaszeg: Younger King Stephen decisively defeats his father's army.source
  • May 28 – Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.source
  • August 4 – Second Barons' War in England: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.source
  • Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.source
  • In the first major battle in five years (since the Song dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River, after Möngke Khan's failed invasion in 1259), Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song dynasty naval ships.source
  • The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.source

Disasters & Accidents

  • Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.source

Culture & Society

  • February 5 – Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV, as the 183rd pope.source
  • The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.source
  • Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later for papal bulls.source
  • India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.source
  • The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.source

Births

  • May 10 – Emperor Fushimi of Japan (died 1317)source
  • December 17 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (died 1324)source
  • approximate date – Maria de Molina, regent of Castile (died 1321)source
  • approximate date – Beatrice Portinari, Dante Alighieri's beloved and guide through Heaven in The Divine Comedy (died 1290)source
  • approximate date – Dante Alighieri, Italian poet (died 1321)source

Deaths

  • January 20 – John Maunsell, Lord Chancellor of Englandsource
  • February 8 – Hulagu Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1217)source
  • May 16 – Simon Stock, English prior, canonized (born c. 1165)source
  • June 26 – Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia (born 1203 or 1204)source
  • August 4 – Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (born 1223) — Killed in the Battle Of Eveshamsource
  • August 4 – Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (born 1208) — Killed in the Battle Of Eveshamsource
  • August 4 – Henry de Montfort (born 1238) — Killed in the Battle Of Eveshamsource
  • November 24 – Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Islessource
  • December 3 – Odofredus, Italian juristsource
  • Al-Abharī, Persian philosopher and mathematician (born 1200)source