/year

August 4 in history

206 sourced entries recorded on August 4, from 221 CE to 2022 CE. Every line is quoted from the revision it came from.

Events

  • 367Gratian receives the title of Augustus under his father, Valentinian I.source
  • 598Goguryeo War: Emperor Wéndi orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo (Korea) during the rainy season, with a Chinese army (300,000 men).source
  • 1096August 2–6 – The People's Crusade reorganize their forces and gather supplies. Alexios I advises Peter the Hermit to wait for reinforcements but he ignores the advice. The People's army (some 30,000 men) is transported across the Bosporus – by the Byzantine fleet to Civetot (modern Turkey).source
  • 1167Amalric I accepts a peace treaty and enters Alexandria at the head of the Crusader army. Saladin and his troops are escorted out with full military honours, and retreats to Syria.source
  • 1265Second Barons' War in England: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.source
  • 1307King Edward II abandons the campaign against Scotland and returns home. He recalls his friend and favourite, Piers Gaveston, who is in exile, and makes him Earl of Cornwall, before arranging his marriage to the wealthy 13-year-old Margaret de Clare.source
  • 1320William II de Soules confesses to treason before the Scottish Parliament at a hearing at the "Black Parliament" session held at Scone. For the crime of conspiring against King Robert, Soules is sentenced to life imprisonment at Dumbarton Castle.source
  • 1329Wittelsbach possessions are divided by the Treaty of Pavia into those of the Bavarian line and those of Palatinate line. Both lines will be reunited in 1777.source
  • 13324 August Justicer de Lucy ordered to stay execution against magnates imprisoned for felonies; Roger Outlaw commissioned to treat with English and Irish at war with Edward IIIsource
  • 1373Hundred Years' War: John of Gaunt launches a new invasion of France, setting out with 15,000 men from Calais and marching through Picardy, Champagne and Burgundy, "burning and destroying as he advancedsource
  • 1377The members of England's House of Commons and House of Lords are directed, in the name of the new King Richard II, to assemble at Westminster on October 13.source
  • 1378Gian Galeazzo Visconti succeeds his father, Galeazzo II Visconti, as ruler of Milan.source
  • 1392King Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania appoints his cousin Vytautas the Great as regent of Lithuania, in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brother Skirgaila as regent.source
  • 1411Parameswara of Malacca (also identified as Bai-li-mi-su-la or Iskandar Shah), Sultan of Malacca in modern-day Malaysia, is hosted by the Ming court in China for the first of three banquets to honor his visit.source
  • 1427Hussite Wars: Battle of Tachov – The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.source
  • 1435The Battle of Podraga is fought to a draw between the two claimants to the throne of Moldavia, Iliaș and Stephen II, sons of the late voivode Alexander the Good, begin joint rule of Moldavia after intervention by the King of Poland.source
  • 1455Prince Sejo, son of the late King Sejong, becomes the new monarch of Korea in Hanseong following the forced abdication of King Danjong.source
  • 1477Martin Truchsess von Wetzhausen is elected as the new Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights to succeed the late Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg as ruler of a few territories in Prussia.source
  • 1482Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão and his crew arrive at Loango Bay in West Africa on Saint Dominic's Day, and Cão names the body of water Praia Formosa de São Domingos; from there he and the crew become the first Europeans to enter the Congo River.source
  • 1498Columbus begins eight days of exploring the Gulf of Paria between Trinidad and Venezuela.source
  • 1528The "Peace of St. Ambrose" is signed in Milan at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, bringing an end to the civil strife between the Milanese nobility and the local merchants.source
  • 1586Conspirator John Ballard is the first person to be arrested by English security agents for the plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth. Under torture, he implicates Anthony Babington.source
  • 1590In Japan, the siege of Odawara, part of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to eliminate the clan of samurais led by Hōjō Ujinao, ends with the surrender of Odawara, part of Toyotomi's unification of the country.source
  • 1617The Sharp Resolution is passed in the States of Holland and West Friesland, authorizing city governments to create their own mercenary armies, the waardgelders, to maintain public order.source
  • 1624The Dutch East India Company agrees to Chinese demands to withdraw its operations from the Penghu islands, and relocates its trading post to Fort Zeelandia and the Dutch-controlled island of Formosa, now Tainan on Taiwan.source
  • 1628Thirty Years' War: With the help of Danish and Swedish reinforcements, Stralsund is able to resist Wallenstein's siege until the landing of a Danish army, led by Christian IV of Denmark, forces Wallenstein to raise the siege, and move his army to confront the new threat.source
  • 1635second writ for ship money is issued, extending the payments to inland towns.source
  • 1642Irish Confederate Wars: Lord Forbes relieves Forthill, and besieges Galway.source
  • 1666August 4 (July 25 Julian calendar) – In the St. James's Day Battle of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English Royal Navy, under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine and George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, defeats the Dutch Republic navy off the North Foreland of England. The victory comes 6 weeks after the British fleet had sustained a heavy loss in the Four Days' Battle. The Dutch ships Sneek and Tholen are sunk, with the loss of 800 men, while 300 Englishmen die in the sinking of HMS Resolution.source
  • 1671Viscount Ranelagh undertakes to manage revenues of the Crown in Ireland.source
  • 1675August 2–4 – The Nipmucks attack Massachusetts troops and besiege Brookfield, Massachusetts.source
  • 1686Portuguese soldiers hired by the East India Company mutiny rather than follow orders to join the war in Bengal. The ringleaders are quickly arrested and executed, and the mutiny ends.source
  • 1700The Landing at Humlebæk: The Swedish King Charles XII lands with an army at Humlebæk north of Copenhagen.source
  • 1701The Great Peace of Montreal is signed, ending 100 years of war between the Iroquois Confederacy and New France, and its Huron and Algonquian allies. Formerly allied with the English, the treaty assures the Iroquois will be neutral, if France and England ever resume hostilities.source
  • 1706War of the Spanish Succession: The Spanish Bourbon armies of King Philip V retake Madrid from the Portuguese and Habsburg Austria troops that had entered the city in June.source
  • 1712Claus Henrik Vieregg was appointed Vice Steward of Norway.source
  • 1716George Seton, 5th Earl of Winton, under sentence of death for his part in the Jacobite rising of 1715, escapes from the Tower of London and flees into exile on the continent.source
  • 1716George Seton, 5th Earl of Winton, under sentence of death for his part in the Jacobite rising of 1715, escapes from the Tower of London and flees into exile on the continent.source
  • 1737Austria's army is defeated by the Ottoman Army and Bosnian defenders in the Battle of Banja Luka.source
  • 1741August 4–5 – War of Jenkins' Ear: Invasion of Cuba – British Admiral Edward Vernon captures Guantánamo Bay in Cuba, which he renames Cumberland Bay, but which his forces are forced to abandon on December 9.source
  • 1757August 3–9 – French and Indian War: A French army under Louis-Joseph de Montcalm forces the English to surrender Fort William Henry. The French army's Indian allies slaughter the surviving men, women and children.source
  • 1783Mount Asama, the most active volcano in Japan, begins a climactic eruption, killing roughly 1,400 people directly and exacerbating a famine, resulting in another 20,000 deaths (Tenmei eruption).source
  • 1789In France, members of the Constituent Assembly take an oath to end feudalism and abandon their privileges.source
  • 1790Lord North becomes Earl of Guilford upon the death of his father and moves from the House of Commons to the House of Lords.source
  • 1790A newly passed U.S. tariff act creates the system of cutters for revenue enforcement (later named the United States Revenue Cutter Service), the forerunner of the Coast Guard.source
  • 1790A newly passed U.S. tariff act creates the United States Revenue Cutter Service, the forerunner of the Coast Guard.source
  • 1791The Treaty of Sistova is signed, ending the Ottoman–Habsburg wars.source
  • 1796French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Lonato – The French Army of Italy under Napoleon crushes an Austrian brigade.source
  • 1800The 2nd United States Census is conducted. It finds 5,308,483 people living in the U.S. of which 893,602 are slaves.source
  • 18181818 United Kingdom general election for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, retains its control of the government but loses some seats.source
  • 1823Felipe Enrique Neri, Baron de Bastrop, the Mexican government administrator in charge of Anglo-American immigration into Mexico's state of Coahuila y Tejas, allows Stephen F. Austin to put together an 11-man police force, that will later be expanded to become the Texas Ranger Division.source
  • 1825The U.S. Senate ratifies treaties with the Ricara tribes.source
  • 1833Norderhov Spareindretning, Ringerikes first bank is established (today it is known as SpareBank 1 Ringerike Hadeland).source
  • 1842The Armed Occupation Act is signed, providing for the armed occupation and settlement of the unsettled part of the Peninsula of East Florida.source
  • 1845British emigrant barque Cataraqui is wrecked on King Island (Tasmania) with 400 people killed and only 9 survivors.source
  • 1845The ship Cataraqui is wrecked off the coast of Tasmania, the 406 people on board drown.source
  • 1851The Governor of Western Australia complains of receiving too many convicts as 300 ticket-of-leave men arrive unexpectedly.source
  • 1888Reefton Power Station begins operationsource
  • 1889The Great Fire of Spokane, Washington, destroys some 32 blocks of the city, prompting a mass rebuilding project.source
  • 1892The father and stepmother of Lizzie Borden are found murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home; she will be acquitted of their murder.source
  • 1892The father and stepmother of Lizzie Borden are found violently murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home; she will be acquitted of their murder.source
  • 1899Japan rescinds its policy of extraterritoriality privileges to western nations that had operated consular courts to try cases against western nationals under western law.source
  • 1901Lieutenant-general Paul Methuen destroys the village of Schweizer-Reneke under the British scorched earth policy.source
  • 1903Pope Pius X succeeds Pope Leo XIII as the 257th pope.source
  • 1906The first Imperial German Navy submarine, U-1, is launched.source
  • 1912United States occupation of Nicaragua: U.S. Marines land from the USS Annapolis in Nicaragua, to support the conservative government at its request.source
  • 1913Republic of China: The city of Chongqing (Chungking) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.source
  • 1914World War I: German invasion of Belgium – At 08:02 (local time) Imperial German Army troops enter Belgium, bringing the July Crisis to a climax. At 23:00 (GMT) the British entry into World War I takes place when King George V in London declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality (protected by the Treaty of London (1839)) and especially to defend France. This means a declaration of war by the whole British Empire against the German Empire. The United States declares neutrality.source
  • 1914Ittihad Alexandria sports club is founded in Alexandria, Egypt.source
  • 1916August 3–5 – WWI: Sinai and Palestine Campaign – Battle of Romani: British Imperial troops secure victory over a joint Ottoman-German force.source
  • 1920July 30–August 8 – The 1st World Scout Jamboree is held at Olympia, London.source
  • 1931Holbæk B&I is founded.source
  • 19331933 Florida–Mexico hurricane: Having passed over Florida, the storm regains hurricane status on August 4, a day before striking northern Mexico with winds of 90 mph. It damages buildings and crops in Tamaulipas, while heavy rains lead to flooding that kills at least 31 people, particularly affecting the city of Monterrey.source
  • 1935Launch of Rádio e Televisão de Portugalsource
  • 1936A self-coup is staged by Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas, marking the beginning of the authoritarian 4th of August Regime, which will rule Greece until the Axis occupation of Greece in 1941.source
  • 1940U.S. Gen. John J. Pershing, in a nationwide radio broadcast, urges all-out aid to Britain in order to defend the Americas, while Charles Lindbergh speaks to an isolationist rally at Soldier Field in Chicago.source
  • 1942August 3–15 – WWII: Operation Pedestal – A British convoy of 14 merchant ships with a massive escort of two battleships, 4 aircraft carriers, 7 cruisers, 32 destroyers and smaller ships commanded by Admiral Edward Neville Syfret, sets sail to Malta under relentless attacks by day and night from enemy submarines, aircraft and Axis surface forces. The 55,000 tons of food and fuel (particularly from oil tanker SS Ohio) delivered by this convoy saves Malta from surrender and allows Malta-based aircraft and submarines to resume their attacks against Rommel's supply lines, although over 500 British sea- and airmen are killed and many ships (including carrier HMS Eagle (1918)) are lost.source
  • 1943WWII: The aircraft carrier USS Intrepid is launched at Newport News, Virginia.source
  • 1944The Finnish Parliament, by derogation, elects Marshal C. G. E. Mannerheim as President of Finland to replace Risto Ryti, who has resigned.source
  • 1946The 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake (magnitude 8.0) hits the northern Dominican Republic, killing 100 and leaving 20,000 homeless.source
  • 1948Émile Raus, Lambert Schaus, and André Origer are appointed to the Council of State, replacing Michel Rasquin and Pierre Frieden.source
  • 1955July 25-August 4: Bishops from all over Latin America meet in Rio de Janeiro for the first Episcopal Conference of Latin America.source
  • 1955The newspaper El Tiempo is closed.source
  • 1957Juan Manuel Fangio, driving for Maserati, wins the Formula One German Grand Prix, clinching (with 4 wins this season) his record 5th world drivers championship, including his 4th consecutive championship (also a record); these 2 records endure for nearly half a century.source
  • 1959Martial law is declared in Laos.source
  • 1964Alexandru Todea has his life sentence remitted and is released from prison. He goes on to become Archbishop of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia.source
  • 1964August 2–4 – Vietnam War – Gulf of Tonkin incident: United States destroyers USS Maddox and USS C. Turner Joy are attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin. Air support from the carrier USS Ticonderoga sinks one gunboat, while the other two leave the battle.source
  • 1969Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. They eventually fail since the two sides cannot agree to any terms.source
  • 1969The Zodiac Killer adopts his persona in a letter in which he introduces himself with the phrase, "This is the Zodiac speaking."source
  • 1972Expulsion of Asians from Uganda: Dictator Idi Amin declares that Uganda will expel 50,000 Asians with British passports to Britain within 3 months. Most of their property is confiscated.source
  • 1972August 1972 solar storms: A huge solar flare (one of the largest ever recorded) knocks out cable lines in the U.S. It begins with the appearance of sunspots on August 2; an August 4 flare kicks off high levels of activity until August 10.source
  • 1974A bomb explodes in a train between Italy and West Germany, killing twelve and wounding 48.source
  • 1975According to Decree Law 1123, the official currency of the country becomes again the Chilean Peso, with the equivalence $ 1 (peso) = Eº 1000 (escudos).source
  • 1977U.S. president Jimmy Carter signs legislation creating the United States Department of Energy.source
  • 1978President Ernesto Geisel signs a national decree, that prohibits strikes in the sectors of national security and public services.source
  • 1979Opening game of the American Football Bundesliga played between Frankfurter Löwen and Düsseldorf Panther, first-ever league game of American football in Germany.source
  • 1980July 31–August 11: Hurricane Allen.source
  • 1980Hurricane Allen (category 5) pounds Haiti, where it kills more than 200 people.source
  • 1981August 3–6. Negotiations between the government and Solidarity in Warsaw. Food supply situation, economic reform and trade unions bills are discussed. The negotiations end in a fiasco; the government accuses Solidarity of terminating the talks.source
  • 1982The United Nations Security Council votes to censure Israel because its troops are still in Lebanon.source
  • 1982Hallvard Rieber-Mohn, writer and Dominican priest (born 1922)source
  • 1983Thomas Sankara becomes President of Upper Volta.source
  • 1983Bettino Craxi is sworn in as Italy's first prime minister from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI).source
  • 1984The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso.source
  • 1984Singapore Press Holdings is formed from a merger of four companies, namely Times Publishing Berhad, The Straits Times Press (1975) Limited, Singapore News and Publications Limited and Singapore Newspaper Services Pte Ltd, completed on 30 November.source
  • 1984Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets reaches a record submergence depth of 1,020 meters.source
  • 1987The Federal Communications Commission rescinds the Fairness Doctrine, which had required radio and television stations to present alternative views on controversial issues.source
  • 1987The World Commission on Environment and Development, also known as the Brundtland Commission, publishes its report, Our Common Future.source
  • 1991The cruise liner MTS Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa, leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board by SAAF helicopters.source
  • 1993The Arusha Accords are signed between President Juvénal Habyarimana and leaders of the RPF in Arusha, Tanzania, ending the Rwandan Civil War.source
  • 1995Croatian forces, with the cooperation of the ARBiH, launch Operation Storm against rebel forces of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, which subsequently ceases to exist as a political entity.source
  • 1996The 1996 Summer Olympics conclude.source
  • 1997August 3–11 – Two of the three islands of the Union of the Comoros – Anjouan and Mohéli – attempt to revert to colonial rule by France. The plan fails when the French government of President Jacques Chirac refuses to recolonize them, resulting in the two islands being reintegrated into the Comoros over the next two years.source
  • 1998The Second Congo War begins; 5.4 million people die before it ends in 2003, making it the bloodiest war, to date, since World War II.source
  • 2002July 25–August 4 – The 2002 Commonwealth Games are held in Manchester, England.source
  • 2007Opposition party protests against government to denounce "impunity"source
  • 2007The Phoenix spacecraft is launched toward Mars to study its north pole.source
  • 2010Phạm Thanh Bình was arrested because Vinashin owed 86 trillion đồng.source
  • 2020An explosion caused by unsafely stored ammonium nitrate kills at least 218 people, injures thousands, and severely damages the port in Beirut, Lebanon. Damage is estimated at $10–15 billion, and an estimated 300,000 people are left homeless. The following day, the Lebanese government declares a two-week state of emergency.source
  • 20212020 Summer Olympics: Belarusian sprinter Krystsina Tsimanouskaya is given political asylum in Poland through a humanitarian visa after attempts by the Belarus Olympic Committee to repatriate her against her will.source
  • 2022The Prime Minister of Peru, Aníbal Torres, resigns following multiple criminal investigations against the President of Peru, Pedro Castillo.source
  • 2022July 28–August 8 – The 2022 Commonwealth Games is held in Birmingham, England.source
  • 2022July 29 – August 8: Guyana at the 2022 Commonwealth Gamessource

Births

  • 1222Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (died 1262)source
  • 1281Külüg Khan (or Wuzong), Mongol emperor (died 1311)source
  • 1290Leopold I, Duke of Austria ("the Glorious"), German nobleman (died 1326)source
  • 1324Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini, Egyptian scholar (died 1403)source
  • 1463Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, Florentine patron of the arts (died 1503)source
  • 1469Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1528)source
  • 1470Bernardo Dovizi, Italian Catholic cardinal (died 1520)source
  • 1470Lucrezia de' Medici, Italian noblewoman (died 1553)source
  • 1521Pope Urban VII (died 1590)source
  • 1522Udai Singh II, King of Mewar (died 1572)source
  • 1522Maharana Udai Singh, king of Mewar and the founder of the city of Udaipur, (died 1572)source
  • 1623Friedrich Casimir, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1641–1680) and Hanau-Münzenberg (1642–1680) (died 1685)source
  • 1666Maria Sophia of Neuburg, Queen consort of Portugal (died 1699)source
  • 1701Thomas Blackwell, Scottish classical scholar (died 1757)source
  • 1701Thomas Blackwell, classical scholar (died 1757)source
  • 1703Louis, Duke of Orléans, member of the royal family of France (died 1752)source
  • 1721Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford, English politician (died 1803)source
  • 1792Percy Bysshe Shelley, English poet (died 1822)source
  • 1805William Rowan Hamilton, Irish physicist (died 1865)source
  • 1817Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, 29th United States Secretary of State (died 1885)source
  • 1823Oliver P. Morton, American politician (died 1877)source
  • 1825Domingo Santa María (died 1889)source
  • 1839Walter Pater, English essayist, critic (died 1894)source
  • 1840Richard von Krafft-Ebing, German sexologist (died 1902)source
  • 1848Domingo M. Almenara Butler (Died 1931)source
  • 1861Daniel Edward Howard, President of Liberia (1912–1920), in Buchanan (died 1935)source
  • 1871Enrique Molina Garmendia (died 1964)source
  • 1897José Nucete Sardi (died 1972) — historian, journalist and diplomat.source
  • 1900Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, British queen consort of George VI (died 2002)source
  • 1900Arturo Umberto Illia, President of Argentina 1963–66 (died 1983)source
  • 1901Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (died 1971)source
  • 1910Nematollah Nassiri, Persian politician.source
  • 1912Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish humanitarian (died 1947)source
  • 1955Alberto Gonzales, American lawyer and 80th United States Attorney Generalsource
  • 1961Barack Obama, 44th President of the United Statessource
  • 1962Lori Lightfoot, African-American lawyer and politiciansource
  • 1978Kurt Busch, American race car driversource

Deaths

  • 221Lady Zhen, Chinese noblewoman (born 183)source
  • 424(Jing'ping era, 2nd year, 6th month ( liùyuè), the guichou day) Former Emperor Shao of China, exiled to Suzhou is murdered by an assassin.source
  • 966Berengar II, margrave and king of Italysource
  • 1060King Henry I of France (of the House of Capet) dies after a 29-year reign in Vitry-aux-Loges. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Philip I ("the Amorous") as king of France. Philip is too young to rule, and his mother, Queen Anne of Kiev becomes regent. France is administered by Count Baldwin V (one of Philip's uncles) who acts as co-regent.source
  • 1060Henry I, king of France (born 1008)source
  • 1093Alan Rufus, Breton/Norman nobleman (approximate year)source
  • 1113Gertrude of Saxony, countess of Hollandsource
  • 1119Landulf II, archbishop of Beneventosource
  • 1156Otto IV, German nobleman (born 1083)source
  • 1265Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (born 1223) — Killed in the Battle Of Eveshamsource
  • 1265Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (born 1208) — Killed in the Battle Of Eveshamsource
  • 1265Henry de Montfort (born 1238) — Killed in the Battle Of Eveshamsource
  • 1266Odo, Count of Nevers (Odo or Eudes of Burgundy), French noblemansource
  • 1306King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia is assassinated at the age of 16 after a reign of only 14 months, being stabbed to death at Olomouc (now in the Czech Republic), bringing an end to the Přemyslid dynasty. His sister Anne of Bohemia administers the nation until her husband Henry of Carinthia is elected as the new King of Bohemia by the Bohemian nobles.source
  • 1306Wenceslaus III, king of Hungary, Croatia and Poland (born 1289)source
  • 1306John de Seton, executed by English by being hanged, drawn and quartered in Newcastle upon Tynesource
  • 1338Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk (born 1300)source
  • 1351Jean de Vienne, French noblemansource
  • 1378Galeazzo II Visconti, Lord of Milan (born c. 1320)source
  • 1430Philip I, Duke of Brabant (born 1404)source
  • 1477Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemourssource
  • 1526Juan Sebastián Elcano, Spanish explorer (born 1476)source
  • 1578Sebastian, King of Portugal (born 1554)source
  • 1578Sebastian, King of Portugal is killed in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in North Africa while fighting the Saadi Sultanate. Sebastian's elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, is named as the heir to the throne, initiating a succession crisis in Portugal.source
  • 1578Thomas Stukley, English adventurer (born 1525)source
  • 1588Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus (born 1555)source
  • 1598William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, English statesman (born 1520)source
  • 1598William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, English statesmen.source
  • 1605Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf, French duke and nobleman (born 1556)source
  • 1609Cecily Bulstrode, English courtier (born 1584)source
  • 1620Karen Roeds, accused witchsource
  • 1639Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Mexican dramatist (born c. 1571)source
  • 1683Turhan, in the powerful role of the Valide sultan of the Ottoman Empire since 1648 as the mother of Sultan Mehmed IV, dies at the age of 56, bringing an end to the era in Ottoman history known as the "Sultanate of Women". Upon the overthrow of Mehmed IV four years later, the role of the mother of the Ottoman Sultan is less powerful.source
  • 1683Turhan Hatice Sultan, Ottoman Valide Sultan, married to Ibrahim and the mother of Sultan Mehmed IV (born 1627)source
  • 1718René Lepage de Sainte-Claire, landlord.source
  • 1730Maria Madlener becomes the last person to be executed after the Galgeninsel witch trials in Bavaria, and is beheaded by sword.source
  • 1741Andrew Hamilton, American lawyer (born 1676)source
  • 1792John Burgoyne, British army officer, playwright and politician (born 1722)source
  • 1818Tom Molineaux, African-American boxer (born 1784)source
  • 1873American Indian Wars: While protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the Seventh Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, clashes for the first time with the Sioux, near the Tongue River (only 1 man on each side is killed).source
  • 1875Hans Christian Andersen, Danish writer (born 1805)source
  • 1886Samuel J. Tilden, 25th Governor of New York, 1876 Democratic Party presidential nominee (born 1814)source
  • 1922Enver Pasha, Ottoman military leader, Turkish revolutionary (born 1881)source
  • 1962Marilyn Monroe, American actress (born 1926)source
  • 1993John Elmer, 88, Australian rules footballer.source
  • 1997Jeanne Calment, the verified oldest person to have ever lived, dies at 122 years and 164 days.source