World leaders in 1901

Everyone who held a state’s top posts at some point in 1901, in the order they held them. Names are from Wikipedia’s list of state leaders and appear only where the person’s Wikidata record agrees on the post and the years. What happened in 1901 →

Major powers in 1901

United StatesUnited States history

President: William McKinley, then Theodore Roosevelt

United KingdomUnited Kingdom history

Queen: Victoria
King: Edward VII
Prime minister: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil

Russian EmpireRussia history

Emperor: Nicholas II

Qing dynastyChina history

Emperor: Guangxu

French Third RepublicFrance history

President: Émile Loubet
President of the Council of ministers: Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau

German EmpireGermany history

Emperor: Wilhelm II
Chancellor: Bernhard von Bülow

Empire of JapanJapan history

Emperor: Meiji
Prime minister: Itō Hirobumi, then Katsura Tarō
Acting Prime minister: Saionji Kinmochi

Africa

Beylik of TunisTunisia history

Bey: Ali III ibn al-Husayn

Congo Free State

Sovereign: Leopold II of Belgium

Ethiopian Empire

Emperor: Menelik II

Khedivate of EgyptEgypt history

Khedive: Abbas II
Prime minister: Mostafa Fahmy Pasha

Kingdom of AshantiGhana history

Asantehene: Prempeh I

Kingdom of Rwanda

King: Yuhi V Musinga

LiberiaLiberia history

President: Garretson W. Gibson

Sokoto CaliphateNigeria history

Sultan: Abdur Rahman Atiku

Sultanate of Morocco: Alaouite dynasty

Sultan: Abdelaziz

Sultanate of Mwali

Queen/Sultan: Salima Machamba bint Saidi Hamadi Makadara

Sultanate of Zanzibar

Sultan: Hamoud

Americas

Argentine RepublicArgentina history

President: Julio Argentino Roca

BoliviaBolivia history

President: José Manuel Pando

CanadaCanada history

Prime minister: Wilfrid Laurier

EcuadorEcuador history

President: Eloy Alfaro, then Leónidas Plaza

El SalvadorEl Salvador history

President: Tomás Regalado

First Brazilian RepublicBrazil history

President: Campos Sales

GuatemalaGuatemala history

President: Manuel Estrada Cabrera

HondurasHonduras history

President: Terencio Sierra

MexicoMexico history

President: Porfirio Díaz

NicaraguaNicaragua history

President: José Santos Zelaya

Parliamentary Era ChileChile history

President: Federico Errázuriz Echaurren, then Germán Riesco

Republic of ColombiaColombia history

President: José Manuel Marroquín

Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)Haiti history

President: Tirésias Simon Sam

Republic of ParaguayParaguay history

President: Emilio Aceval

Republic of PeruPeru history

Constitutional President: Eduardo López de Romaña

United StatesUnited States history

President: William McKinley, then Theodore Roosevelt

United States of VenezuelaVenezuela history

President: Cipriano Castro

Asia

Aceh SultanateIndonesia history

Sultan: Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II

Emirate of Abu DhabiTurkey history

ruler: Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan

Emirate of Afghanistan: Barakzai dynastyAfghanistan history

Emir: Abdur Rahman Khan, then Habibullah Khan

Emirate of AjmanTurkey history

ruler: Abdulaziz bin Humaid Al Nuaimi

Emirate of BukharaUzbekistan history

Amir: Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din

Emirate of DubaiTurkey history

ruler: Maktoum bin Hasher Al Maktoum

Emirate of FujairahTurkey history

ruler: Hamad bin Abdullah Al Sharqi

Emirate of SharjahTurkey history

ruler: Saqr bin Khalid Al Qasimi

Empire of JapanJapan history

Emperor: Meiji
Prime minister: Itō Hirobumi, then Katsura Tarō
Acting Prime minister: Saionji Kinmochi

First Philippine RepublicPhilippines history

President of the First Republic: Emilio Aguinaldo

French Protectorate of Luang PhrabangLaos history

King: Zakarine

Hakims of BahrainBahrain history

Hakim: Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa

Kedah SultanateMalaysia history

Sultan: Abdul Hamid Halim Shah ll

Khanate of KhivaUzbekistan history

., Khan (Feruz Khan), Khan: Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II

Kingdom of ChampasakLaos history

King: Ratsadanay

Korean Empire

Emperor: Gojong

Negeri SembilanMalaysia history

Yamtuan: Muhammad

Ottoman (Turkish) EmpireTurkey history

Sultan: Abdul Hamid II
Grand Vizier: Halil Rifat Pasha, then Mehmed Said Pasha

Perak Sultanate: Siak dynastyMalaysia history

Sultan: Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah

Protectorate of BruneiBrunei history

Sultan: Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin

QatarQatar history

Emir: Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani

Qing dynastyChina history

Emperor: Guangxu

Selangor SultanateMalaysia history

Sultan: Sulaiman

Sheikhdom of KuwaitKuwait history

Sheikh: Mubarak I

Siam/Thailand: Rattanakosin KingdomThailand history

King: Chulalongkorn

Sublime State of Persia: Qajar dynastyIran history

Shah: Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar

Sultanate/ State of Muscat and OmanOman history

Sultan: Faisal

Surakarta SunanateIndonesia history

Sultan: Pakubuwono X

Terengganu SultanateMalaysia history

Sultan: Zainal Abidin III

Umm Al QuwainTurkey history

ruler: Ahmad bin Abdullah Al Mualla

Yogyakarta SultanateIndonesia history

Sultan: Hamengkubuwono VII

Europe

Andorra

Episcopal Co-Prince: Salvador Casañas y Pagés, then Ramon Riu i Cabanes
French Co-Prince: Émile Loubet

Austria-Hungary: Austrian Empire and Kingdom of HungaryAustria history

Emperor: Franz Joseph I
Prime Minister: Kálmán Széll

BelgiumBelgium history

King: Leopold II
Prime minister: Paul de Smet de Naeyer

Bourbon Restoration of SpainSpain history

King: Alfonso XIII
Prime minister: Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero, then Práxedes Mateo Sagasta

Fascist Italy (1922–1943)Italy history

King: Victor Emmanuel III

French Third RepublicFrance history

President: Émile Loubet
President of the Council of ministers: Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau

German EmpireGermany history

Emperor: Wilhelm II
Chancellor: Bernhard von Bülow

Grand Duchy of FinlandFinland history

Grand Prince: Nicholas II

Grand Duchy of LuxembourgLuxembourg history

Grand Duke: Adolphe
Prime minister: Paul Eyschen

Kingdom of BavariaGermany history

King: Otto

Kingdom of Bohemia

King: Franz Joseph I

Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia

King: Franz Joseph
Ban: Karoly Khuen-Héderváry

Kingdom of DenmarkDenmark history

King: Christian IX
Council president: Hannibal Sehested, then Johan Henrik Deuntzer

Kingdom of Galicia and LodomeriaUkraine history

King: Francis Joseph I

Kingdom of GreeceGreece history

King: George I
Prime minister: Georgios Theotokis

Kingdom of ItalyItaly history

King: Victor Emmanuel III
Prime minister: Giuseppe Saracco, then Giuseppe Zanardelli

Kingdom of PortugalPortugal history

King: Carlos I

Kingdom of RomaniaRomania history

King: Charles I
Prime minister: Petre P. Carp, then Dimitrie Sturdza

Kingdom of SwedenSweden history

King of Sweden: Oscar II
Prime minister: Fredrik von Otter

Kingdom of WürttembergGermany history

King: William II

Liechtenstein

Prince: Johann II
Governor: Carl von In der Maur

Monaco

Prince: Albert I

NetherlandsNetherlands history

Queen: Wilhelmina
Prime minister: Nicolaas Pierson, then Abraham Kuyper

Principality of BulgariaBulgaria history

Prince: Ferdinand I
Prime minister: Todor Ivanchov, then Racho Petrov, then Petko Karavelov

Principality of Montenegro

President: Božo Petrović-Njegoš

Principality of Waldeck and PyrmontGermany history

Prince: Friedrich

Russian EmpireRussia history

Emperor: Nicholas II

Saxe-Coburg and GothaGermany history

Duke: Charles Edward

SwitzerlandSwitzerland history

President of the Confederation: Ernst Brenner

Union between Sweden and Norway

King of Norway: Oscar II
Prime minister: Otto Blehr, then Johannes Steen, then Fredrik von Otter

United Kingdom of Great Britain and IrelandUnited Kingdom history

Queen: Victoria
King: Edward VII
Prime minister: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil

Oceania

AustraliaAustralia history

Queen: Victoria
King: Edward VII
Prime minister: Edmund Barton

Kings of Uvea (Wallis)

King: Vito Lavelua II

Tuʻi Kanokupolu of TongaTonga history

King: George Tupou II