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Golden Horde

medieval state in Eurasia

34 dated entries naming Golden Horde, drawn from 32 separate years between 1205 CE and 1783 CE. Nothing here is written by us: each line is the sentence a Wikipedia year article used, and the link beside it opens the exact revision.

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13th century

  • 1205Batu Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (died 1255)source
  • 1208Berke Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (died 1266)source
  • 1223Battle of Samara Bend: A Volga-Bulgarian army under Ghabdula Chelbir defeats the Mongols, probably led by Subutai, Jebe and Jochi. The Bulgars retreat during the battle but the Mongols pursue them. Then the main Bulgar forces ambush the Mongols. Subutai and Jebe retreat their forces near the city of Sarai (future capital of the Golden Horde), not far from where the Volga River empties into the Caspian Sea.source
  • 1227Autumn – Prince Tolui, Mongol regent and youngest son of Genghis Khan, assembles a Kurultai in the homelands of Mongolia. He persuades the chieftains of the clan to carry out Genghis' wishes. Ögedei Khan receives the Great Khanate. Genghis' eldest son, Jochi, dies before him, and his lands are divided between his two sons Batu Khan and Orda Khan, who rule the Western provinces (the Golden Horde and White Horde). Genghis' second son, Chagatai Khan, inherits the former Uigur and Kara-Khanid Khanate (now called the Chagatai Khanate). Tolui receives the Mongol homelands.source
  • 1255Batu Khan, Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Hordesource
  • 1259Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania, and Poland.source
  • 1262Berke–Hulagu war: Mongol forces under Berke Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde, raid territory in the Caucasus belonging to his cousin Hulagu Khan, ruler of the Ilkhanate. Berke supports the Georgian rebels and allies with the Mamluks. He defeats the Ilkhanate forces on the Terek River, together with the Mamluk army led by Baibars (or Abu al-Futuh), saving Palestine and Arabia from Ilkhanate occupation.source
  • 1282Daniel of Moscow, youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, is mentioned during this year as an independent Prince of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. This Duchy will be a vassal state of the Golden Horde until 1471, later evolving into the Tsardom of Russia.source
  • 1282Özbeg Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (died 1341)source
  • 1285Winter – The Mongol Golden Horde led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga attacks Hungary for the second time. They successfully subdue Slovakia and sack territory north of the Carpathian Mountains.source
  • 1294February 18 – Kublai Khan dies; by this time the separation of the four khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Golden Horde in Russia, the Ilkhanate in Persia, and the Yuan Dynasty in China) has deepened.source

14th century

  • 1304Ambassadors from the Mongol rulers of Central Asia and the Yuan Dynasty announce to Toqta Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde, their general peace proposal. Toqta accepts the supremacy of Emperor Temür Khan and all yams (postal relays) and commercial networks across the Mongol khanates reopen. In response, Toqta solidifies his rule upon the Rus' princes, who pledge allegiance to him at an assembly in Pereyaslavl.source
  • 1318November 22 – Grand Prince Mikhail of Tver is summoned by Özbeg Khan at Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde. After his arrival, he is executed.source
  • 1319June 20 – Within the Mongol Empire, Özbeg Khan of the Golden Horde (the Mongol-controlled area of what is now Uzbekistan and Russia) fights a battle against the Ilkhanate (the Mongol-controlled Middle East) in an attempt to expand the Golden Horde's territory, with a confrontation in Ilkhanate territory at Mianeh (now in Iran). The troops of Özbeg Khan are supplemented with rebels led by an Ilkhanate prince, Yasa'ur. The Ilkhan Sultan, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan and his general, Amir Chupan, lead the defenders to victory and take many of the rebel officers prisoner. Afterward, 36 emirs and seven viceroys are executed for treason, including Qurumushi of Georgia and Irinjin of Anatolia.source
  • 1326September 15 – Dmitry, Grand Prince of Tver, is executed for the murder of Grand Duke Yuri of Moscow at Sarai on orders of Özbeg Khan, ruler of the Golden Horde that controls much of modern-day Asian Russia.source
  • 1362Autumn 1362 or 1363 – Battle of Blue Waters: Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas defeats the Tatars, and takes over Kyiv.source
  • 1377August 2 – In the Battle on Pyana River, part of the Golden Horde Dynastic War, an alliance of five Russian principalities is defeated by the Mongol Blue Horde (a part of the Golden Horde), led by Arapsha Khan. According to a later Russian account, Chronicle On The Slaughter at Pyana River, the Russian troops had been drinking mead and beer while waiting at the river for the Golden Horde attack and are intoxicated when Arapsha's troops attacked from five directions. The Russian commander, Prince Ivan Dmitriyevich of Nizhny Novgorod and staff attempt to retreat across the Pyana River and drown, and the river itself, Arapsha Khan and his troops then take over Nizhny-Novgorod with no opposition. The name of the river itself derives from the Russian language word for "drunk", пьяный (pyanyy).source
  • 1379February 28 – In what is now part of Kazakhstan and Russia, Tulak Khan of Borjigin is confirmed by the Beylerbey Mamai of the Golden Horde, with the approval of the ruler Tokhtamysh, after Mamai arranges the assassination of Tulak's cousin, the former khan.source
  • 1380Khan Tokhtamysh of the White Horde dethrones Mamai of the Blue Horde. The two hordes unite to form the Golden Horde.source
  • 1382Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde overruns Muscovy, as punishment for Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy's resistance to Khan Mamai of the Blue Horde in the 1370s. Dmitry Donskoy pledges his loyalty to Tokhtamysh, and is allowed to remain as ruler of Moscow and Vladimir.source
  • 1382August 23 – The Siege of Moscow begins as Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde attacks the capital of the Principality of Muscovy while its ruler, Prince Dmitry Donskoy, is away seeking assistance from other Russian princes.source
  • 1385Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts of the Jalayirid Sultanate in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.source
  • 1387Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde invades the Timurid Empire, but has to withdraw soon after, due to heavy snow.source
  • 1391July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.source
  • 1395April 14 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – At the Battle of the Terek River, the Mongol conqueror Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler, Quyurchuq, on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.source
  • 1397Temür Qutlugh is crowned as the Khan of Golden Horde with the help of general Edigu, although Edigu continues to hold the real power.source
  • 1399August 12 – At the Battle of the Vorskla River, Golden Horde forces, led by Mongol Khan Temür Qutlugh and Emir Edigu, annihilate a crusading army led by former Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania..source

15th century

  • 1408December 5 – Emir Edigu of the Golden Horde reaches Moscow.source
  • 1441With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Hacı I Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.source
  • 1470August 20 – Battle of Lipnic: Stephen the Great defeats the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde, led by Ahmed Khan.source
  • 1480October 8 – The Great Stand on the Ugra River begins as troops of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, led by the Grand Duke Ivan III and General Ivan Molodoy battle against the invading Mongol armies of the Golden Horde, led by their ruling monarch, Akhmat Khan. The invasion began after Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde. The Theotokos of Vladimir icon is credited with saving Moscow. The standoff between the troops lasts five weeks before Akhmat and the Mongol troops retreat.source

16th century

  • 1502Meñli I Giray defeats the Golden Horde and sacks their capital, Sarai.source

17th century

  • 170013 July - Treaty of Constantinople, Russian tsardom relieved from paying the annual tribute to the Crimean Khanate paid since the occupation of Muscovy by the Golden Horde.source

18th century

  • 1783April 8 – The Crimean Khanate, which has existed since 1441 and is a late remnant of the Mongol Golden Horde, is annexed by the Russian Empire of Catherine the Great.source

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