1700 CE

This calendar, being ten days behind the Gregorian and one day ahead of the Julian, lasts until 1712.

In the 1700s, the 18th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

March 24 – The Treaty of London is signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic.source
24 March – Treaty of London signed between France, England and the Dutch Republic.England source
May – In Rhode Island (American colony), Walter Clarke, three-term former Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is elected deputy governor for the second time, serving under his brother-in-law Samuel Cranston.source
13 July - Treaty of Constantinople, Russian tsardom relieved from paying the annual tribute to the Crimean Khanate paid since the occupation of Muscovy by the Golden Horde.Russia source
17 August – The Peace of Travendal is concluded when Denmark signs a peace treaty at Traventhal House in Holstein. Denmark has to withdraw from Holstein and Sweden withdraws from Denmark. The peace will last for the next 10 years.Denmark source
August 18 (August 7 O.S.) – The Peace of Travendal is concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark–Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden.source
18 August – The Peace of Travendal is concluded when Denmark–Norway signs a peace treaty at Traventhal House in Holstein. Denmark-Norway has to withdraw from Holstein and Sweden withdraws from Denmark. The peace will last for the next 10 years.Norway source
August 18 (August 7 OS) – Peace of Travendal concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark-Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden.Sweden source
December 28 – Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, Lord President of the Council in charge of the Privy Council, is appointed to the additional job of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the highest Crown official in charge of administration of Ireland.source
December 30 (December 19, O.S.) – The 4th Parliament of King William III in England is dissolved and new elections are ordered by the King.source
By now, it is clear that New France is not going to be self-sufficient.Canada source
Approximate date about which the independent pro-Union group later known as the Squadrone Volante forms around John Hay, 2nd Marquess of Tweeddale.Scotland source
Quaker emigrant Rowland Ellis is elected to represent Philadelphia in the provincial assembly.Wales source

Conflict & Security

February 12 – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the "Swedish Meteor".Sweden source
February 22 (Gregorian), February 12 (Julian) – The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia, by Denmark and Poland/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the "Swedish Meteor".source
22 February – Great Northern War starts.Norway source
February – The Great Northern War breaks out and will last until 1721. Russia has joined a Danish-Polish coalition the previous year against Sweden which forms an alliance with Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.Denmark source
12 March – The Swedish troops marches from Humlebæk towards Copenhagen to siege the city.Denmark source
April 21 – In India, the siege of the fortress of Sajjangad (located in the Maharashtra state) is begun by an army led by Fateullahakhan. The fortress falls on June 6.source
July 24 – Charles XII of Sweden counter-attacks his enemies by invading Zealand (Denmark), assisted by an Anglo-Dutch naval squadron under Sir George Rooke, rapidly compelling the Danes to submit to peace.source
4 August – The Landing at Humlebæk: The Swedish King Charles XII lands with an army at Humlebæk north of Copenhagen.Denmark source
September – A Russian army invades Swedish Estonia, and besieges the town of Narva.source
October 3 – The Battle of Jouami' al-Ulama takes place in Algeria with a surprise attack and ambush on the army of Murad III Bey of Tunis by two Algerian defenders, Hadj Mustapha, Dey of Algiers and Ahmed ben Ferhat, Beylik of Constantine.source
November 18 – Lithuanian Civil War: Battle of Valkininkai – The anti-Sapieha coalition is victorious.source
November 30 (November 19 O.S.; November 20 Swedish calendar) – Battle of Narva in Estonia: Having led his army of 8,000 on a forced march from Denmark to Estonia, Charles XII of Sweden routs the huge Russian army.source
30 November - Battle of Narva, an early battle in the Great Northern War where a Russian siege force was defeated by a Swedish relief army under Charles XII of Sweden.Russia source
November 30 (November 19 OS; November 20 Swedish calendar) – Battle of Narva in Estonia. Having led his army of 8,000 on a forced march from Denmark to Estonia, Charles XII of Sweden routs the huge Russian army at Narva.Sweden source
Summer – Charles XII of Sweden counter-attacks his enemies by invading Zealand (Denmark), assisted by an Anglo-Dutch naval squadron under Sir George Rooke, rapidly compelling the Danes to submit to peace.Sweden source

Exploration & Expansion

February 27 – The island of New Britain is discovered by William Dampier, in the western Pacific.source
27 February – The island of New Britain is discovered by William Dampier in the western Pacific.England source
30 March – second Darien expedition abandoned.Scotland source
20 November – First boats reach Leeds from the tideway by way of the Aire and Calder Navigation.England source
Mission San Xavier del Bac is founded in New Spain near Tucson, as a Spanish Roman Catholic mission. Its location had first been scouted by the Spanish in 1692.source
The value of sales of English manufactured products to the Atlantic economy is £3.9 million.source
Scottish American settler Isaac Magoon establishes the town of Scotland, Connecticut.Scotland source

Religion & Belief

January 1 – Protestant nations in Western Europe, except England, start using the Gregorian calendar. Catholic nations have been using the Gregorian calendar since its introduction in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.source
May 5 – Within a few days of poet John Dryden's death in London (May 1 O.S.), his last written work (The Secular Masque) is performed as part of Vanbrugh's version of The Pilgrim.source
June 8 (May 28 O.S.) – The legislature for the Province of Massachusetts Bay (the modern-day Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States) passes into law "An Act against Jesuits & Popish Priests" making a finding that Roman Catholic clerics have attempted to incite American Indians into a rebellion against the Crown, and declaring "That all and every Jesuit, Seminary Priest, Missionary, or other Spiritual or Ecclesiastical Person made or ordained by any Authority, Power or Jurisdiction derived, challenged or pretended from the Pope or See of Rome, now residing within this Province or any part thereof, shall depart from and out of the same, at or before the tenth day of September next, in this present year, One Thousand and Seven Hundred." The Province of New York enacts similar legislation later in the year.source
September 12 – Antioh Cantemir is deposed as the voivode of Moldavia and replaced by his predecessor Constantine Ducas.source
November 23 – Cardinal Giovanni Francesco Albani, having been ordained as a Roman Catholic priest only two months earlier, is elected by the Papal conclave to succeed Pope Innocent XII, and becomes the 243rd pope, taking the name of Clement XI.source
December 8 – The formal coronation of Pope Clement XI takes place in Rome.source
25 December – First Christmas hymn authorised to be sung in the Anglican church, "While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks", the words by Nahum Tate having been first published this year, in a supplement to "Tate and Brady".England source
Arweiniwr cartrefol i'r iawn a'r buddiol dderbyniad o Swperyr ArglwyddWales source
The Promised Reed; a sermon preach'd ... for the support of weak ChristiansWales source
Evan Evans travels from Wales to become rector of Christ Church, PhiladelphiaWales source

Technology & Infrastructure

Sir Stephen Evans is Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company between the years 1700 to 1712.Canada source
The Kvitsøy bucket light is established.Norway source
Stjärnsunds manufakturverk is founded.Sweden source

Science & Discovery

18 February – Instigated by Ole Rømer, Denmark adopts the Gregorian calendar, although not the Catholic Church's lunar cycle, in place of the Julian calendar.Denmark source
March 1 (Gregorian) – Protestant Germany and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar.source
An inventory made for the House of Medici of Florence is the first documentary evidence for a piano, invented by their instrument keeper Bartolomeo Cristofori.source
The first Danish census takes place from 1700 to 17001 but only statistical information about adult men is included. Only about half of it still exists.Denmark source
c. March – the Yellow Book of Lecan is acquired by antiquary Edward Lhuyd.Ireland source
John Jones – The Mysteries of Opium RevealedWales source

Health & Medicine

Population of Acadia is 1,400.Canada source

Crime & Justice

5 January – Moffat schoolteacher Robert Carmichael is scourged through the streets of Edinburgh and banished for killing a pupil during punishment for misbehaviour.Scotland source
April 18 – Hungarian freedom activist Ferenc Rákóczi is arrested by Austrian authorities and charged with sedition. Imprisoned near Vienna and facing a death sentence, he escapes and later leads the overthrow of the Habsburg control of Hungary.source
24 June – Responsibility for vagrants passes from churchwardens to parish constables under terms of the Vagrant Removal Costs Act (1698).England source
An edition of the late 16th-century Scots poet Alexander Montgomerie's The Cherrie and the Slae is printed in Ulster.Ireland source
Possible approximate date at which the last wolf in Scotland is shot, north of Brora in Sutherland.Scotland source

Disasters & Accidents

February 3 – The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland.source
3 February – "Lesser Great Fire" around Parliament Close, Edinburgh, leaves 400 families homeless.Scotland source
April – Fire destroys many buildings in Gondar, the capital of Ethiopia, including two in the palace complex.source

Climate & Environment

January 26 – At approximately 9 p.m., the Cascadia earthquake occurs in the Pacific Northwest, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. This megathrust earthquake ruptures about 1,000 km of the Cascadia Subduction Zone and causes a tsunami that strikes the coast of Japan approximately 10 hours later.source
January 26 – The Mw 8.7–9.2 Cascadia earthquake takes place off the west coast of North America, as evidenced by Japanese tsunami records.Japan source
September 13-14 – The Rising-sun hurricane of 1700 strikes the coast of South Carolina, killing 98.source
Approximate date – Lions become extinct in Libya.source

Culture & Society

January 1 (Julian) (January 11, Gregorian) – The Tsardom of Russia begins numbering its calendar from the birth of Christ (Anno Domini), instead of since the Creation (Anno Mundi).source
March 1 (Swedish), March 11 (Gregorian), February 29 (Julian) – The Swedish calendar is adopted.source
1 March – The Gregorian calendar is adopted.Norway source
March 3 – Shivaji II accedes to the throne of the Maratha Empire as the 4th Chhatrapati after his father Rajaram I's death.source
March (early) – William Congreve's comedy The Way of the World is first performed in London.source
5 April – The coronation of Frederick IV and Queen Louise at Frederiksborg Castle.Denmark source
April 15 – The coronation of King Frederick IV of Denmark takes place at Frederiksborg Castle in Copenhagen.source
19 April – Campbeltown is erected a royal burgh.Scotland source
July 11 – The Prussian Academy of Sciences is founded, with Gottfried Leibniz as president.source
September 6 – Edmond Halley returns to England after a voyage of almost one year on HMS Paramour, from which he has observed the Antarctic Convergence, and publishes his findings on terrestrial magnetism in General Chart of the Variation of the Compass.source
September – While in the Netherlands, William III meets his cousin Sophia at Het Loo Palace. This is a precursor to the Act of Settlement of the following year that opens the way to the future succession of the House of Hanover.England source
November 15 – Louis XIV of France accepts the Spanish crown on behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou of the House of Bourbon, who becomes Philip V of Spain (reigning for 44 years – with a short break – to 1746), thus triggering the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714).source
15 November – Louis XIV of France accepts the Spanish crown on behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou of the House of Bourbon, who becomes Philip V of Spain (in accordance with the will of Charles II of Spain), thus triggering the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714).France source
28 December – Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.England source
December 28 – Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.Ireland source
An English translation of the novel Don Quixote, "translated from the original by many hands and published by Peter Motteux", begins publication in London. While popular among readers, it will eventually come to be known as one of the worst translations of the novel, totally betraying the spirit of Miguel de Cervantes's masterpiece.source
The poem Stolt Anne is written by Hans Paus.Norway source

Births

February 8 – Daniel Bernoulli, Dutch-born Swiss mathematician (died 1782)source
8 March – William Morgan the elder, of Tredegar, politician (died 1731)Wales source
April 30 – Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Swedish nobleman (died 1739)source
May 7 – Gerard van Swieten, Dutch-born physician (died 1772)source
May 12 – Luigi Vanvitelli, Italian architect (died 1773)source
May 14 – Mary Delany, English artist (died 1788)source
May 26 – Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf, German religious and social reformer (died 1760)source
May 31 – Stephen Bayard, 39th Mayor of New York City from 1744 to 1747 (died 1757)source
June 17 - François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes, explorer and soldier. (died 1736)Canada source
July 20 – Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau, French physician (died 1782)source
August 13 – Heinrich, count von Brühl, German statesman (died 1763)source
August 18 – Baji Rao I, general of the Maratha Empire in India (died 1740)source
18 August – Lars Pinnerud, woodcarver (died 1762).Norway source
September 11 – James Thomson, Scottish poet (died 1748)source
October 20 – Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (died 1761)source
November 19 – Jean-Antoine Nollet, French abbot and physicist (died 1770)source
November 28 – Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (died 1770)source
Anastasija Trubetskaya, courtier (died 1755)Russia source

Deaths

January 12 – Marguerite Bourgeoys, French founder of the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal, in the colony of New France (born 1620)source
January 12 - Marguerite Bourgeoys (born Troyes, France on April 17, 1620), a first school teacher in Montreal and founder of the congregation of Notre Dame (the first order of uncloistered nuns in North America).Canada source
January 21 – Henry Somerset, 1st Duke of Beaufort, English politician (born 1629)source
March 3 – Chhatrapati Rajaram Raje Bhonsale, 3rd Maratha Emperor (born 1670)source
15 March – Hugh Owen, independent ministerWales source
30 March - Peter Artemiev, converted to catholicismRussia source
May 12 – John Dryden, English poet and dramatist (born 1631)source
July 30 – Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, member of the English royal family (born 1689)source
July 30 – Eleven-year-old Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, dies of "a malignant fever" at Windsor Castle, leaving the Protestant succession to the British throne in doubt.source
August 22 – Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Mexican academic (born 1645)source
September 27 – Pope Innocent XII dies at the age of 85 after a tenure of more than nine years. Fabrizio Spada, the Cardinal Secretary of State, assumes administration of the Roman Catholic Church in order to oversee the election of a new Pope.source
September 27 – Pope Innocent XII, born Antonio Pignatelli (born 1615)source
October 16 – Adrian, Patriarch of All Russia, dies after more than 10 years as head of the Russian Orthodox Church. He is replaced by the hand-picked choice of Tsar Peter the Great with the appointment of Simeon Ivanovich Yavorsky as Patriarch Stefan.source
November 1 – Charles II of Spain, King of Spain; last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire (born 1661)source
November 1 – Charles II, the last Spanish king of the House of Habsburg, dies at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid aged 38, leaving no children; his last will makes Philip of Anjou his heir.source
November 5 – Edward Cranfield, English colonial official; Governor of New Hampshire (born circa 1640s)source
December 18 – Edward Harley, English politician (born 1624)source
Johannes Skraastad, woodcarver (born c.1648).Norway source