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Parthia

historical region located in north-eastern Iran

72 dated entries naming Parthia, drawn from 65 separate years between 323 BCE and 379 CE. Nothing here is written by us: each line is the sentence a Wikipedia year article used, and the link beside it opens the exact revision.

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4th century BC

3rd century BC

  • 250 BCEAndragoras, a Seleucid satrap of the province of Partahia (Parthia), tries to gain independence from the Seleucid Kingdom under Antiochus II.source
  • 239 BCEDiodotus of Bactria defeats an army of Parthians. He dies shortly thereafter and is succeeded by his son Diodotus II.source
  • 238 BCEAndragoras, Seleucid governor (satrap) of Parthiasource
  • 232 BCEThe Seleucid king Seleucus II Callinicus undertakes an expedition into the interior of Iran to try to regain Parthia, but his efforts come to nothing. According to some sources, he is even taken prisoner for several years by the Parthian king, Arsaces I. Other sources mention that he establishes a peace with Arsaces I by recognising his sovereignty over Parthia.source
  • 211 BCEArsaces II succeeds his father Arsaces I as King of Parthia.source
  • 211 BCEArsaces I, king of Parthia from 250 BC and son of Phriapites, a chief of the seminomadic Parni tribe from the Caspian steppessource
  • 209 BCEThe King of the Parthians, Arsaces II, is attacked by the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who takes Hecatompylos (southeast of the Caspian Sea), the Arsacid capital and Syrinx in Hyrcania. Antiochus III defeats Arsaces II at the Battle of Mount Labus and then forces Arsaces II to enter into an alliance with the Seleucids.source
  • 206 BCEArsaces II, king of the Parthians, loses territory in battles with Euthydemus I, ruler of Bactria.source
  • 205 BCEAntiochus III returns from his eastern campaigns, after having defeated the Bactrians and subjugated the Parthians and thus being able to partly restore Seleucid power in these provinces by crushing the revolting governors of Media, Persia and Anatolia. Having established a system of vassal states in the East, Antiochus now adopts the ancient Achaemenid title of "great king", and the Greeks, comparing him to Alexander the Great, surname him "the Great", that is to say Antiochus III Megas.source

2nd century BC

  • 195 BCEMithridates I (or Mithradates), "Great King" of Parthia from about 171 BC who turned Parthia into a major political power and expanded the empire westward into Mesopotamia (d. 138 BC)source
  • 191 BCEArsaces II, king of Parthia is succeeded by his cousin Phriapatius.source
  • 191 BCEArsaces II, King of Parthia, who had reigned from about 211 BCsource
  • 176 BCEKing Phriapatius of Parthia dies and is succeeded by his son Phraates I.source
  • 175 BCETimarchus is appointed governor of Media in western Persia by Antiochus IV to deal with the growing threat from the Parthians. At the same time, Timarchus' brother, Heracleides, becomes minister of the royal finances.source
  • 171 BCEMithradates I succeeds his brother Phraates I as king of Parthia.source
  • 171 BCEPhraates I, King of Parthia, who has ruled the country since 176 BCsource
  • 167 BCEThe Parthians capture the key central Asian city of Herat. This victory effectively chokes off the movement of trade along the Silk Road to China and means that the Hellenic kingdom of Bactria is doomed.source
  • 166 BCEThe Seleucid king Antiochus IV mounts a campaign against the Parthians who are threatening his empire in the east. He leaves his chancellor, Lysias, with responsibility for the government of southern Syria and the guardianship of his son.source
  • 161 BCEThe rebel Seleucid general and ruler of Media, Timarchus, who has distinguished himself by defending Media against the emergent Parthians, treats Demetrius I's violent accession to the Seleucid throne as the excuse to declare himself an independent king and extend his realm from Media into Babylonia.source
  • 160 BCEThe Parthian King, Mithradates I, seizes Media from the Seleucids following the death of Timarchus.source
  • 159 BCEWhile Eucratides I is in north west India to claim possession of the previous Bactrian King Demetrius I's territory there, the Parthians, under Mithradates I, annex two Bactrian provinces. Returning from India to reconquer them, Eucratides is murdered by his son.source
  • 157 BCESanatruces (also known as Sinatruces or Sanatruk), King of Parthia who will rule the Parthian Empire from around 77 BC (approximate date) (d. c. 70 BC)source
  • 141 BCEDemetrius II of Syria made prisoner of Mithridates, king of the Parthians. Antiochus VII Sidetes becomes king of the Seleucid Empire in his absence.source
  • 138 BCEPhraates II becomes emperor of Parthia.source
  • 138 BCEMithridates I, king of Parthia (b. c. 195 BC)source
  • 129 BCEBattle of Ecbatana: the Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes is defeated and killed by the Parthians under Phraates II, ending Seleucid control over Media or Mesopotamia.source
  • 128 BCEArtabanus I becomes king of Parthia (approximate date)source
  • 128 BCEPhraates II, king of Parthia (approximate date)source
  • 124 BCEMithridates II succeeds Artabanus I as King of Parthia.source
  • 115 BCEParthia makes a trade treaty with China.source

1st century BC

  • 100 BCETigranes II of Armenia is placed on the Armenian throne by the Parthians in exchange for the cession of "seventy valley" (approximate date).source
  • 92 BCEIn the first diplomatic contact between Rome and Parthia, Sulla meets with a Parthian envoy, resulting in the parties recognizing the Euphrates as a common frontier.source
  • 70 BCEPhraates III becomes the king of Parthia.source
  • 70 BCESanatruces (or Sanatruk), king of Parthiasource
  • 55 BCEMithridates IV, claimant to the throne of Parthia, supported by Aulus Gabinius, Roman governor of Syria, is defeated by Surena, general under Orodes, in the Battle of Seleucia.source
  • 54 BCEMithridates III, king of Parthia (executed by Orodes II)source
  • 34 BCEGaius Julius Caesar Octavian pacifies Dalmatia and Pannonia forming the province of Illyricum, while Antony regains Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona, sets up siege works and forces its surrender.source
  • 26 BCETiridates II invades Parthia and issues coins dated from March and May, 26 BC.source
  • 20 BCEMay 12 – Emperor Augustus Caesar negotiates a peace with Parthia, making Armenia a buffer zone between the two major powers. The captured eagles of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony are returned.source

1st century

  • 1AD 1 – Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia, on the Euphrates. Rather than invading the Parthians, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with them; Parthia recognizes Roman claims to Armenia.source
  • 7AD 7 – Vonones I becomes ruler of the Parthian Empire (approximate date).source
  • 8AD 8 – Vonones I becomes king (shah) of the Parthian Empire.source
  • 11Artabanus II becomes ruler of Parthia.source
  • 17Emperor Tiberius sends Germanicus to the east, in order to lead a military campaign against Parthia.source
  • 19Vonones I, king of the Parthian Empiresource
  • 35Tiridates III becomes king of Parthia (until AD 36).source
  • 36Lucius Vitellius defeats Artabanus III of Parthia in support of another claimant to the throne, Tiridates III.source
  • 40Vardanes I becomes king of Parthia, opposed by his brother Gotarzes II.source
  • 54Corbulo recruits Syrian auxiliary units in the region and stations them in border forts, with orders from Nero not to provoke the Parthians.source
  • 56War between Rome and Parthia breaks out due to the invasion of Armenia by King Vologases I, who has replaced the Roman-supported ruler with his brother Tiridates I of Armenia. (approximate date)source
  • 58Roman-Parthian War: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, commander in the East, launches his Armenian offensive against Parthia. He leads a Roman army (four legions) through the mountainous country of Armenia, against the fortress at Volandum, to the southwest of Artaxata. After a siege of eight hours Corbulo takes the city; the legionnaires massacre the defenders and plunder Volandum to their hearts' content.source
  • 63Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is restored to command after the Roman debacle at the Battle of Rhandeia. He invades Armenia and defeats Tiridates I, who accepts Roman sovereignty. Parthia withdraws from the war.source
  • 78Vologases I, king of the Parthian Empiresource
  • 80Vologases II, king of the Parthian Empiresource

2nd century

  • 113Emperor Trajan sails from Rome to begin his expedition against Parthia. He arrives in Athens where Parthian envoys greet him with olive branches, a sign of peace.source
  • 114Emperor Trajan defeats the Parthians and overruns Armenia and northern Mesopotamia.source
  • 115Trajan captures the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon.source
  • 123Emperor Hadrian averts a war with Parthia by a personal meeting with Osroes I (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed).source
  • 140Mithridates V, king of the Parthian Empiresource
  • 162Lucius Verus begins a war with the Parthians, due to the invasion of Syria and Armenia by King Vologases IV of Parthia.source
  • 164Avidius Cassius, one of Lucius Verus' generals, crosses the Euphrates and invades Parthia.source
  • 165A Roman military expedition under Avidius Cassius is successful against Parthia, capturing Artaxata, Seleucia on the Tigris, and Ctesiphon. The Parthians sue for peace.source
  • 165Antonine Plague: A pandemic breaks out in Rome, after the Roman army returns from Parthia. The plague significantly depopulates the Roman Empire and China.source
  • 166End of the war with Parthia: The Parthians leave Armenia and eastern Mesopotamia, which both become Roman protectorates.source
  • 197Legio I, II, and III Parthica are levied by Septimius Severus for his Parthian campaign.source

3rd century

  • 208King Vologases VI succeeds his father Vologases V to the throne. His brother Artabanus V begins a rebellion against him in the Parthian Empire.source
  • 216Emperor Caracalla tricks the Parthians by accepting a marriage proposal. He slaughters his bride and the wedding guests after the celebrations.source
  • 217King Artabanus V signs a peace treaty with Rome after he receives 200 million sesterces, for the rebuilding of towns destroyed during the war in Parthia.source
  • 220King Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid dynasty, gains support from some Parthian sub-kings and revolts against the rule of Vologases VI. Ardashir, a grandson of Sasan, had ruled Persis since 208 and six years earlier gained control of the region surrounding Persepolis.source
  • 228King Ardashir I, four years after establishing the Sassanid Persian Empire, completes his conquest of Parthia.source

4th century

  • 379King Shapur II, ruler of the Persian Empire, age 70, dies after a 69-year reign in which he conquered Armenia and transferred multitudes of people from the western lands to Susiana (Khuzistan). The great town Nishapur in Khorasan (eastern Parthia) is also founded by him. His brother Ardashir II, governor-king of Adiabene, is placed by the nobles on the throne.source

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