1094 CE

June – Duncan, son of the late King Malcolm III of Scotland, gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncle Donald III ("the Fair") for the Kingdom of Scotland. Duncan is crowned king at Scone. El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and begins his rule (in the name of King Alfonso VI) there. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails. Seljuk sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk princes who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.

In the 1090s, the 11th century.

Conflict & Security

  • November 12 – Donald III mobilises his army and kills Duncan II in battle in the Scottish Lowlands, re-taking the Scottish throne.source
  • Spring – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force under General Tatikios to Nicaea, in an attempt to re-capture the city from the Seljuk Turks. However, the arrival of Barkiyaruq's army en route stops the Byzantines. Alexios sends reinforcements; short of supplies, the Seljuk Turks retreat. Abu'l-Qasim, Seljuk governor of Nicaea, is defeated and forced to conclude a truce with Alexios.source

Religion & Belief

  • May 15 – The Cathedral of St. Agatha in Catania (Sicily) is consecrated by the Breton abbot Ansger.source
  • October 8 – Doge Vitale Faliero consecrates the new Basilica of San Marco in Venice.source
  • After the death of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah, his son-in-law and vizier Al-Afdal declares al-Musta'li, a younger son of al-Mustansir, in a coup d'état as new Caliph. Al-Mustansir's designated heir, Nizar, flees to Alexandria.source
  • King Ladislaus I of Hungary founds a diocese (alongside the bishop's see) in Zagreb.source
  • Al-Musta'li becomes the nineteenth imam of Musta'li Ismailismsource

Culture & Society

  • May–June – Duncan, son of the late King Malcolm III of Scotland, gathers a substantial army, chiefly Anglo-Normans from England, and challenges his uncle Donald III ("the Fair") for the Kingdom of Scotland. Duncan is crowned king at Scone.source
  • May – El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar) completes his conquest of Valencia in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and begins his rule (in the name of King Alfonso VI) there. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.source

Births

  • January 14 – Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine princess (died 1129)source
  • Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad caliph (approximate date)source
  • Ibn Zuhr (or Avenzoar), Moorish physician (died 1162)source
  • Malachy, Irish archbishop and saint (died 1148)source
  • Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai (died 1143)source
  • Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (died 1120)source

Deaths

  • January 10 – Al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid caliph (born 1029)source
  • February 3 – Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid caliph (born 1056)source
  • February 3 – Caliph of Baghdad al-Muqtadi dies and is succeeded by his nominated heir Ahmad (al-Mustazhir).source
  • February 3 – Teishi, Japanese empress (born 1013)source
  • June 2 – Nicholas the Pilgrim, Italian shepherd (born 1075)source
  • June 4 – Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplonasource
  • July 28 – William Bertrand, margrave of Provencesource
  • July 28 – William Bertrand dies, and his margravial title of Provence is inherited by Raymond IV ("Saint-Gilles"), who becomes count of Toulouse (until 1105).source
  • October 14 – Bertha of Holland, French queen consortsource
  • October – Seljuk sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk princes who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire.source
  • October – Mahmud I, sultan of the Seljuk Empiresource
  • November 12 – Duncan II, king of Scotlandsource
  • Terken Khatun, Seljuk empress and regentsource
  • Badr al-Jamali, Fatimid vizier and statesmansource