1095 CE

After attacking four Norwegian merchant ships lying in the River Tyne, Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumberland, is called for by King William II of England to explain his actions. Instead, Mowbray rises up in rebellion against William along with other Norman nobles. William leads an army and besieges Bamburgh Castle; de Mowbray is captured after fleeing the stronghold. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos send envoys to Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza and appeals to the Christian states of Western Europe for military aid against the Seljuk Turks. Urban responds favourably, hoping to heal the Great Schism of 40 years earlier, and to reunite the Catholic Church under papal primacy by helping the Eastern churches. The Council of Clermont begins. The synod is called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land.

In the 1090s, the 11th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • July – Coloman ("the Learned") begins to establish himself as ruler of Hungary, following the death of his uncle, King Ladislaus I (until 1116).source
  • The Second County of Portugal is established by Count Henry of Burgundy. The Almoravids start pushing back the forces of King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") to the positions they occupied a decade earlier. This offensive begins with the re-conquest of Lisbon, which had been given away to Castile in 1091.source

Conflict & Security

  • January – After attacking four Norwegian merchant ships lying in the River Tyne, Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumberland, is called for by King William II of England to explain his actions. Instead, Mowbray rises up in rebellion against William along with other Norman nobles. William leads an army and besieges Bamburgh Castle; de Mowbray is captured after fleeing the stronghold.source
  • The rebellion of Nizar is squashed by al-Afdal. Nizar is immured and his death results in a schism of Ismaili Shia. While Shiites in Egypt, Yemen and parts of Syria remain loyal to the new caliph, Al-Musta'li, the Persian and many other Eastern Shiites under Hasan-i Sabbah break away in the newly formed Nizari Ismaili state.source
  • Summer – The nomadic Cumans cross the River Danube and invade Thrace, to support the pretender Constantine Diogenes (son of the late Emperor Romanos IV). The Cumans occupy the province of Paristrion (located in the Lower Danube). Emperor Alexios I places Byzantine detachments to guard the passes over the Balkan Mountains, but they are bypassed.source

Religion & Belief

  • March – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos send envoys to Pope Urban II at the Council of Piacenza and appeals to the Christian states of Western Europe for military aid against the Seljuk Turks. Urban responds favourably, hoping to heal the Great Schism of 40 years earlier, and to reunite the Catholic Church under papal primacy by helping the Eastern churches.source
  • November 18 – The Council of Clermont begins. The synod is called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land.source
  • November 27 – Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont; Peter the Hermit begins to preach throughout France.source
  • November 28 – Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV of Toulouse ("Saint-Gilles"), to lead the First Crusade.source
  • The Ismaili Shia split into the Musta'li and Nizari branch.source
  • Valence Cathedral is consecrated in Valence (approximate date).source

Births

  • July 4 – Usama ibn Munqidh, Arabian diplomat and poet (died 1188)source
  • December 22 – Roger II, king of Sicily (died 1154)source
  • William II, duke of Apulia and Calabria (died 1127)source
  • William of Malmesbury, English historian (died 1143)source
  • Amadeus III, count of Savoy and Maurienne (died 1148)source
  • Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, English nobleman and advisor (died 1177)source
  • Victor IV (Octavian), antipope of Rome (died 1164)source
  • Geoffrey of Monmouth, English historian (died 1155)source
  • Zishou Miaozong, Chinese Zen master (died 1170)source
  • Hugh Candidus, English monk and historian (died 1160)source
  • Hériman of Tournai, French chronicler (died 1147)source
  • Ulvhild Håkansdotter, twice Swedish queen consort and once Danish queen consort (died 1148)source
  • Robert Fitzharding, English nobleman (died 1170)source
  • Kōgyō-Daishi, Japanese Buddhist priest (died 1143)source

Deaths

  • January 20 – Wulfstan, bishop of Worcestersource
  • March 5 – Judith of Flanders, duchess of Bavariasource
  • June 18 – Sophia of Hungary, duchess of Saxonysource
  • June 26 – Robert the Lotharingian, bishop of Herefordsource
  • July 29 – Ladislaus I, king of Hungarysource
  • August 18 – Olaf I of Denmark ("Hunger") dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Eric I ("the Good") as king of Denmark.source
  • August 18 – Olaf I ("Hunger"), king of Denmarksource
  • October 12 – Leopold II, margrave of Austria (born 1050)source
  • November 22 – Donngus Ua hAingliu, Irish bishopsource
  • Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath scientist and engineer (born 1031)source
  • Vitale Faliero (or Falier de' Doni), doge of Venicesource
  • Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Abbadid emir of Seville (born 1040)source
  • Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Fatimid prince (born September 26 1045)source
  • Godred Crovan, Norse-Gaelic king of Dublinsource