Parthian Empire

second ancient Iranian Empire (247 BC–224 AD)

42 dated entries naming Parthian Empire, drawn from 38 separate years between 165 BCE and 226 CE. Nothing here is written by us: each line is the sentence a Wikipedia year article used, and the link beside it opens the exact revision.

JSON Wikipedia article Wikidata Q1986139

2nd century BC

165 BCEPhraates I, king of Parthia (Arsacid dynasty)source
129 BCEThe Han diplomat Zhang Qian escapes Xiongnu custody and resumes his mission of forming an anti-Xiongnu alliance with the Yuezhi. He reaches the State of Dayuan in the Ferghana Valley, whose trade with the Han had been prevented by the Xiongnu and who supply Zhang with guides. Zhang then travels to the states of Kangju, Greater Yuezhi and Daxia (Bactria). He also learns of the Parthian Empire, Daqin, the Caspian Sea and the source of the Yellow River.source
127 BCEThe Scythians defeat the Parthians in a battle around Media.source
126 BCEPhraates II, king of the Parthian Empiresource

1st century BC

87 BCEGotarzes I, ruler (shah) of the Parthian Empiresource
69 BCEParthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.source
54 BCECrassus arrives in Syria as proconsul and invades the Parthian Empire, initiating the Roman–Persian Wars, which were to last nearly seven centuries.source
53 BCEThe Parthian Empire achieved a decisive victory against Rome at the Battle of Carrhae, where General Surena defeated and killed Roman triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus. According to some historical interpretations, the Mahestan (Parthian noble council) supported preparations for the defense of the empire and advised the king during the military mobilization.source
40 BCEParthians conquer Jerusalem. Hyrcanus II is removed from power, while Antigonus the Hasmonean becomes king of Judea under Parthian rule. Herod the Great flees Jerusalem to Rome. There he is titled king of Judea by Mark Antony.source
39 BCEMarcus Antonius dispatches Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor. Labienus retreats into Syria, where he receives Parthian reinforcements. Ventidius finally defeats him in the battle at the Taurus Mountains.source
38 BCEPacorus I, crown prince of Parthia (b. c. 63 BC)source
37 BCERomans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest; both positions are seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews are slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod.source
37 BCEOrodes II, king of the Parthian Empire (b. 95 BC)source
36 BCEJune – Mark Antony launches a major offensive against the Parthians, in which he marches with 10 legions and 10,000 cavalry to Carana in Anatolia.source
35 BCEPhraates IV ascended the Parthian throne after eliminating his father Orodes II and several royal rivals. The Mahestan (the noble council of the Parthian Empire) initially opposed his rise due to concerns about his violent methods. However, Phraates IV consolidated power by executing or exiling many council members, significantly weakening the influence of the Mahestan.source
22 BCEKing Artaxias II returns, with the support of the Parthians, to Armenia and claims the throne. Artavasdes I escapes to Rome, where Caesar Augustus receives him.source
2 BCEPhraates V and his mother Musa become rulers of the Parthian Empire following the murder of Phraates IV.source
2 BCEPhraates IV, king of the Parthian Empiresource

1st century

6AD 6 – Orodes III, king (shah) of the Parthian Empiresource
45Vardanes I, king of the Parthian Empire (approximate date)source
47Vardanes I, king of the Parthian Empiresource
51Gotarzes II, king of the Parthian Empiresource
60Abdagases I, king of the Parthian Empire (approximate date)source
78Pacorus II becomes king of the Parthian Empire (r. 78–115).source
81Artabanus III, king of the Parthian Empiresource

2nd century

105Pacorus II, king of the Parthian Empiresource
109Osroes I of Parthia succeeds his brother Pacorus II, and rules over the western Parthian Empire.source
110Pacorus II, ruler (King of Kings ) of the Parthian Empiresource
116Emperor Trajan completes his invasion of Parthia by capturing the cities of Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Susa, marking the high-water mark of the Roman Empire's eastern expansion.source
117Hadrian returns large parts of Mesopotamia to the Parthians as part of a peace settlement. He inaugurates a policy of retrenchment and cultural integration, giving up the policy of conquest of his predecessor in order to consolidate the empire.source
129King Osroes I of the Parthian Empiresource
140King Mithridates V dies; Vologases IV claims the throne and extends his rule throughout the Parthian Empire.source
147King Vologases IV, son of Mithridates V of Parthia, unites the Parthian Empire under his rule.source
147Vologases III, king of the Parthian Empiresource
161Autumn – The Parthians invade Armenia, and install their own candidate on the throne. A legion (perhaps Legio IX Hispana) is destroyed at Elegeia.source
190Osroes II, controlling Media, claims the throne of the Parthian Empire. King Vologases IV of Parthia puts down the rebellion and restores order.source
191Vologases IV, king of the Parthian Empiresource

3rd century

208Vologases V, king of the Parthian Empiresource
218Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus, escapes to the Parthian court, but is captured at Zeugma and also put to death.source
224April 28 – Battle of Hormozdgan: King Ardashir I defeats Artabanus V, destroying the Parthian Empire, and establishing the Sassanid Dynasty. Artabanus V's brother Vologases VI will continue to rule, with Armenian and Kushan support, over outlying parts of Parthia.source
224April 28 – Artabanus IV, king of Parthiasource
226Ctesiphon, until now capital of the Parthian Empire, falls into the hands of the Sasanian Empire, who also make it their capital, after putting an end to the Parthian Dynasty in Iran.source