1088 CE

The 6.5 Ms Tmogvi earthquake affects the southern provinces of Georgia, which causes the destruction of the castle of Tmogvi and many deaths. The Dream Pool Essays is published by the Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo. His book represents the earliest known writing about the magnetic compass, movable type printing, experimentation with the camera obscura only decades after Hasan ibn al-Haytham, which includes many different fields of study in essay and encyclopedic form, including geology, astronomy, archaeology, mathematics, pharmacology, magnetism, geography, optics, hydraulics, economics, military strategy, philosophy, etc. Some of Shen's most advanced theories include geomorphology and climate variability, while he improves Chinese astronomy, by fixing the position of the pole star and correcting the lunar error, by plotting its orbital course every night for a continuum of five years. Shen's book is also the first to describe the drydock in China – and discusses the advantages of the recent invention of the canal pound lock, over the old flash lock. William II lays siege to Pevensey Castle on the south coast where Odo of Bayeux has taken shelter with Robert. Odo is forced to surrender, and agrees to go to Rochester to convince the rebels to accept William as the rightful king of England.

In the 1080s, the 11th century.

Conflict & Security

  • The Worcestershire rebellion led by Robert de Lacy (a son of Ilbert de Lacy) is dealt with quickly by Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, who calls on those knights and local landowners still loyal to William II to defend Worcester. Many of the rebels are captured or killed.source
  • Almoravid forces (supported with fighters from local Andalusian provinces), under Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin, besiege Aledo, but are forced to retreat, by the arrival of Spanish troops of King Alfonso VI ("the Brave") of Castile.source
  • Spring – A rebellion led by William the Conqueror's half-brothers Odo of Bayeux and Robert (2nd Earl of Cornwall), begins against King William II with the aim to remove him from the throne. Odo's revolt in Kent and Sussex is supported by nobles across the country.source
  • William II lays siege to Pevensey Castle on the south coast where Odo of Bayeux has taken shelter with Robert. Odo is forced to surrender, and agrees to go to Rochester to convince the rebels to accept William as the rightful king of England.source
  • Catalonian troops, under Count Berenguer Ramon II, reconquer Tarragona (lost again in 1108). He will rule Catalonia with his 6-year-old nephew Ramon Berenguer III, until he comes of age.source
  • Summer – William II lays siege to Rochester Castle and puts down the revolt. Odo of Bayeux and the rebels surrender (agreeing only that their lives will be spared). William takes Odo's lands and exiles him to Normandy.source

Religion & Belief

  • March 12 – Pope Urban II (Urbanus) succeeds Victor III as the 159th pope of the Catholic Church in Rome.source
  • William II calls the representatives of the fyrd to a meeting in London. He promises (with the support of Lanfranc, bishop of Canterbury) the people better laws, and the removal of taxes if they support him against the rebels.source

Science & Discovery

  • April 16 – The 6.5 Ms Tmogvi earthquake affects the southern provinces of Georgia, which causes the destruction of the castle of Tmogvi and many deaths.source
  • The Dream Pool Essays is published by the Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo. His book represents the earliest known writing about the magnetic compass, movable type printing, experimentation with the camera obscura only decades after Hasan ibn al-Haytham, which includes many different fields of study in essay and encyclopedic form, including geology, astronomy, archaeology, mathematics, pharmacology, magnetism, geography, optics, hydraulics, economics, military strategy, philosophy, etc. Some of Shen's most advanced theories include geomorphology and climate variability, while he improves Chinese astronomy, by fixing the position of the pole star and correcting the lunar error, by plotting its orbital course every night for a continuum of five years. Shen's book is also the first to describe the drydock in China – and discusses the advantages of the recent invention of the canal pound lock, over the old flash lock.source
  • Su Song, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, invents the pilot model for his astronomical clock tower constructed in Kaifeng. It features an escapement mechanism – and the world's oldest known power-transmitting chain drive to operate the armillary sphere, opening doors, and mechanical-driven mannequins, that would rotate in shifts to announce the time on plaques.source

Culture & Society

  • The oldest extant university, the University of Bologna, is founded in Italy (approximate date).source

Births

  • January 31 – Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, son of caliph al-Muqtadi and Mah-i Mulk.source
  • July 24 – Ibn al-Arif, Moorish Sufi scholar and writer (died 1141)source
  • November 7 – Hemachandra, Indian Jain poet and polymath (died 1173)source
  • John IV, Byzantine prince and archbishop (approximate date)source
  • William III of Mâcon (or William IV of Burgundy), French nobleman (died 1156)source
  • Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, Irish king of Connacht (died 1156)source
  • Zhenxie Qingliao, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (died 1151)source
  • Bermudo Pérez de Traba, Spanish nobleman (died 1168)source
  • Irene of Hungary, Byzantine empress consort (died 1134)source
  • Lucienne de Rochefort, French crown princess (died 1137)source

Deaths

  • January 6 – Berengar of Tours, French theologiansource
  • April 7 – Burchard II (or Bucco), German bishopsource
  • June 15 – Gebhard of Salzburg, German archbishopsource
  • June 24 – William de Warenne, Norman noblemansource
  • July 27 – Benno II, German bishop and architectsource
  • September 25 – Godfrey, English bishop of Chichestersource
  • September 28 – Hermann of Salm, German noblemansource
  • Ranulf I of Caiazzo (or Rainulf), Italo-Norman noblemansource
  • Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Persian Sufi poet (born 1006)source
  • Nasir ibn Alnas, Berber ruler of the Hammadidssource
  • Nasir Khusraw, Persian poet and philosopher (born 1004) (latest date)source
  • Hugh de Montfort, Lord of Montfort-sur-Risle, Norman nobleman (approximate date)source
  • John Doukas, Byzantine usurper (approximate date)source
  • Nasir ibn Alnas, ruler of the Hammadids, dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Mansur ibn al-Nasir (until 1104).source