1276 CE
Pope Gregory X dies after a 4-year pontificate at Arezzo. He is succeeded by Innocent V as the 185th pope of the Catholic Church. Augsburg is granted the status of a free imperial city. Later this year, Ravensburg also receives the status. Innocent V dies after a 5-month reign at Rome. He is succeeded by Adrian V (or Hadrian) as the 186th pope of the Catholic Church.
In the 1270s, the 13th century.
Geopolitics & Diplomacy
Conflict & Security
- June – King Rudolf I of Germany declares war on his rival Ottokar II of Bohemia. After 6 months of campaigning, Ottokar surrenders all his lands (including Austria and Styria) except Bohemia and Moravia. Rudolf makes Vienna his capital, marking the beginning of the House of Habsburg, which will last until 1918.source
- Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq and Muhammad II, ruler of Granada, agree to a truce with King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") for two years. Before Abu Yusuf leaves, Muhammad's secretary addresses a poem to Abu Yusuf, expressing fear of Castile's power and appealing for Marinid's continued support. Later, Abu Yusuf lands at Alcázar Seguir on January 19. This ending the first Marinid invasion in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).source
- Battle of Dongola: Mamluk forces led by Sultan Baibars gain a decisive victory against the Kingdom of Makuria. They capture the Makurian capital of Dongola and force King David of Makuria to flee upstream on the Nile. He seeks refuge in the Kingdom of Al-Abwab, but is handed over to Baibars, who has him executed. Later, Baibars conquers Al-Maris (Lower Nubia), previously a part of Makuria, and annexes it into Egypt.source
- Spring – The court of the Southern Song dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from Hangzhou to Fujian, and then Guangdong, in an effort to escape a Mongol invasion under Kublai Khan.source
- The mountain fortress Alamut Castle ("Eagle's Nest") is again captured by the Mongols from a Nizari force under Shams al-Din Muhammad.source
- King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") orders the people of Bayonne in Gascony (as part of the only English possessions in France) to provide Castile with warships "to resist the Saracens by sea", but excuses himself from personal participation against the Marinid invasion in Spain because of his wars in Wales and his plan to lead a Crusade to the Holy Land.source
Religion & Belief
- The foundation stone of the Minoritenkirche in Vienna is laid by Ottokar II.source
Economy & Finance
- Henry of Ghent (or Henricus) becomes the last major theologian openly to consider annuities as a usurious contract. The end of the debate allows for the expansion of the budding practice of renten emission, to become a staple of public finance in northwestern Europe.source
Climate & Environment
- A severe 23-year drought begins to affect the Grand Canyon area, eventually forcing the agriculture-dependent Puebloans (or Anasazi) to migrate out of the region.source
Culture & Society
- June 15 – Remnants of the Chinese Song court in Fuzhou province conduct the coronation ceremony for Prince Zhao Shi to become Emperor Emperor Duanzong (until 1278).source
- Merton College, Oxford, is first recorded as having a collection of books, making its Library the world's oldest in continuous daily use.source
Births
- February 21 – Thomas de Multon, 1st Baron Multon of Gilsland, English nobleman (died 1313)source
- May 3 – Louis, Count of Évreux, son of Philip III of France (died 1319)source
- September 14 – Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon, English nobleman (died 1340)source
- September 29 – Christopher II, king of Denmark (died 1332)source
- October 4 – Margaret of Brabant, queen consort of Germany (died 1311)source
- October 19 – Hisaaki, Japanese prince and shogun (died 1328)source
- Diederik II, German count of Limburg-Hohenlimburg (died 1364)source
- Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, English nobleman and knight (died 1322)source
- Maurice de Moravia, Earl of Strathearn (or Moray), Scottish nobleman (died 1346)source
- Vakhtang III, king of Georgia (House of Bagrationi) (died 1308)source
- Thomas Dagworth, English nobleman and knight (died 1350)source
- Robert of Anjou, king of Naples (House of Capet) (died 1343)source
- Najm ad-Din al-Tufi, Persian scholar and theologian (died 1316)source
- Matilda of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German co-ruler (died 1318)source
Deaths
- January 10 – Pope Gregory X dies after a 4-year pontificate at Arezzo. He is succeeded by Innocent V as the 185th pope of the Catholic Church.source
- January 10 – Gregory X, pope of the Catholic Church (born 1210)source
- January 24 – Walram II, Count of Nassau, German nobleman (born 1220)source
- March 26 – Margaret of Holland, Countess of Henneberg, Dutch noblewoman (born 1234)source
- May 11 – Zaynaddin Ibn al-Ajami, Ayyubid scholar (born 1195)source
- June 22 – Innocent V dies after a 5-month reign at Rome. He is succeeded by Adrian V (or Hadrian) as the 186th pope of the Catholic Church.source
- June 22 – Innocent V, pope of the Catholic Church (born 1220)source
- June 27 – Henry of Antioch, Outremer nobleman (born 1217)source
- July 27 – James I ("the Conqueror"), king of Aragon (born 1208)source
- August 18 – Adrian V, pope of the Catholic Church (born 1215)source
- August 18 – Adrian V (Hadrian) dies after a 2-month reign at Viterbo. He is succeeded by John XXI as the 187th pope of Rome (until 1277).source
- September 6 – Vicedomino de Vicedominis, Italian cardinalsource
- November 30 – Hōjō Sanetoki, Japanese nobleman (born 1224)source
- Benedict III, Hungarian priest, vice-chancellor and archbishopsource