1292 CE

Nicholas IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in Rome. The cardinals assemble at Perugia to elect a new pope (1292–1294 papal election). Castilian forces led by King Sancho IV ("the Brave") begin the siege of Tarifa: eleven newly built engines bombard the city constantly by land and sea. Meanwhile, Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, provides the army of Sancho with men, arms and also aids the blockade in the Strait of Gibraltar. Muhammad attacks Marinid outposts and his forces seize Estepona on the coast to the west of Málaga. Sancho conquers Tarifa after a siege of four months, on October 13. John Balliol is selected by King Edward I of England as ruler of Scotland at Berwick from among 13 competitors for the Crown of Scotland. Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296. John is crowned at Scone on November 30 (Saint Andrew's Day). Scotland's castles are returned to the powerful magnates.

In the 1290s, the 13th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • November 17 – John Balliol is selected by King Edward I of England as ruler of Scotland at Berwick from among 13 competitors for the Crown of Scotland. Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296. John is crowned at Scone on November 30 (Saint Andrew's Day). Scotland's castles are returned to the powerful magnates.source
  • Shanghai County is established.source

Conflict & Security

  • June 24 – Castilian forces led by King Sancho IV ("the Brave") begin the siege of Tarifa: eleven newly built engines bombard the city constantly by land and sea. Meanwhile, Muhammad II, Nasrid ruler of Granada, provides the army of Sancho with men, arms and also aids the blockade in the Strait of Gibraltar. Muhammad attacks Marinid outposts and his forces seize Estepona on the coast to the west of Málaga. Sancho conquers Tarifa after a siege of four months, on October 13.source
  • December – John Balliol is summoned by Edward I to Westminster to answer an appeal by Macduff of Fife against a judgment imposed on him by the Scottish Parliament. John refuses to answer Macduff's appeal, 'without consulting the people of his realm'. Edward asks for compensation for the violation of English law and demands to hand him over three Scottish castles as repayment for the crime committed.source
  • December – Muhammad II sends ambassadors to the Castilian court to ask Sancho IV to surrender Tarifa. Sancho refuses to yield the city to Granada and Muhammad, feeling betrayed, switches sides to form an alliance with the Marinids.source
  • Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Damascus and assembles an army to attack Sis, the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. An Armenian embassy arrives in Damascus, and reaches a settlement with Khalil. The cities of Til Hemdun, Marash and Behesni are given to the Mamluks in order to maintain peace.source
  • King Mangrai the Great of Ngoenyang conquers and annexes the Mon kingdom of Hariphunchai, creating a political union in the form of the Lan Na Kingdom.source
  • Kublai Khan sends a Mongol expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) to Java. He collects an invasion fleet with some 500–1,000 ships and enough provisions for a year from Fujian, Jiangxi and Huguang in southern China. The fleet travels past Champa (modern Vietnam) and the Karimata Islands. The Mongols land on Java, taking the capital of Kediri, but it proves impossible to hold.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • The Vaghela dynasty in Gujarat (located along the western coast of India) is subjugated by the Deccan Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Daulatabad.source

Religion & Belief

  • November – Michael II becomes Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (until 1312).source
  • Spring – The Taxatio Ecclesiastica, compiled in 1291–1292, is completed under the order of Pope Nicholas IV. It is a detailed database valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English, Welsh and Irish churches.source
  • Mamluk forces under Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil accompanied by his vizier Ibn al-Sal'us arrive in Damascus. Khalil travels via Aleppo to besiege the castle of Rumkale (Qal'at ar-Rum, "Castle of the Romans"), the official seat of Stephen IV, patriarch of Armenia. The Mamluks besiege the castle with more than 30 catapults and capture it after 30 days.source
  • Thomas Cantock, Bishop of Emly became Lord Chancellor of IrelandIrelandsource
  • Custody of rents, homages and services of all Crown tenants English and Irish in the Decies and Desmond is granted to Thomas fitz Maurice of Desmond.Irelandsource

Births

  • January 20 – Elizabeth of Bohemia, queen consort of Bohemia (died 1330)source
  • January 29 – Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Syrian polymath (died 1350)source
  • May 28 – Philip of Castile, Spanish nobleman and prince (died 1327)source
  • June 24 – Otto the Mild, German nobleman and knight (died 1344)source
  • August 25 – Chu Văn An, Vietnamese physician and mandarin (died 1370)source
  • October 3 – Eleanor de Clare, English noblewoman (died 1337)source
  • Henry IV the Faithful, Polish nobleman and knight (died 1342)source
  • Richard of Wallingford, English mathematician (died 1336)source
  • John Marmion, Norman nobleman and knight (died 1335)source
  • John VI Kantakouzenos, Byzantine emperor (died 1383)source
  • Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, Tibetan religious leader (died 1361)source
  • Elisenda of Montcada, queen consort and regent of Aragon (died 1364)source
  • John Grandisson, English chaplain and bishop (died 1369)source
  • Gerhard III ("the Great"), German nobleman and prince (died 1340)source

Deaths

  • February 6 – William VII, Italian nobleman and knight (born 1240)source
  • February 28 – Hugh de Courtenay, English nobleman (born 1251)source
  • April 4 – Nicholas IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in Rome. The cardinals assemble at Perugia to elect a new pope (1292–1294 papal election).source
  • April 4 – Nicholas IV, Italian pope of the Catholic Church (born 1227)source
  • April 16 – Thibaud Gaudin, French nobleman and Grand Mastersource
  • May 2 – Conrad II, German nobleman (House of Teck) (born 1235)source
  • May 5 – The College of Electors select Adolf, count of Nassau, as the new King of the Romans and successor of Habsburg Rudolf I who had died the previous year. Adolf is forced to make wide-ranging concessions to the Electors to get elected. He is crowned king on June 24 in Aachen by the Archbishop of Cologne.source
  • May 8 – Amato Ronconi, Italian monk, hermit and saint (born 1226)source
  • June 2 – Rhys ap Maredudd, Welsh nobleman and prince (born 1250)source
  • July 24 – Kinga of Poland, Hungarian princess and abbess (born 1224)source
  • October 3 – Benvenuta Bojani, Italian nun, mystic and saint (born 1254)source
  • October 25 – Robert Burnell, English bishop and chancellor (born 1239)source
  • December 8 – John Peckham, English archbishop and writer (born 1230)source
  • Roger Bacon, English monk, philosopher and scientist (born 1220)source