1295 CE

Treaty of Anagni: Pope Boniface VIII arranges a peace treaty between King Philip IV of France ("the Fair"), Charles II of Naples ("the Lame"), and James II of Majorca. James returns Sicily to the Papal States, seeking to bring peace between the Capetian House of Anjou and the Kingdom of Sicily; the effort is in vain. Boniface is determined to put an end to the War of the Sicilian Vespers, because he wants to declare a new Crusade for the reconquest of the Holy Land. Przemysł II is crowned king of Poland at Gniezno, the first coronation of a Polish ruler in 219 years. Przemysł travels to Pomerelia where he confirms the privileges of the monasteries in Oliwa and Żarnowiec. He also visits other major cities: Gdańsk, Tczew and Świecie. In August, Przemysł returns to Greater Poland but in October he travels again to Gdańsk. Mongol leader Baydu Khan is executed after a 7-month reign at Tabriz. He is succeeded by Ghazan, who becomes ruler of the Ilkhanate. He converts to Islam, ending a line of Vajrayana (Tantric Buddhist) leaders.

In the 1290s, the 13th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • June 20 – Treaty of Anagni: Pope Boniface VIII arranges a peace treaty between King Philip IV of France ("the Fair"), Charles II of Naples ("the Lame"), and James II of Majorca. James returns Sicily to the Papal States, seeking to bring peace between the Capetian House of Anjou and the Kingdom of Sicily; the effort is in vain. Boniface is determined to put an end to the War of the Sicilian Vespers, because he wants to declare a new Crusade for the reconquest of the Holy Land.source
  • October 23 – The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance ("Old Alliance"), between Scotland and France against England, is signed in Paris by Kings John Balliol and Philip IV.source
  • November 13 – King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") summons the Model Parliament to Westminster, the composition of which serves as a model for later parliaments. The parliament agrees that a tax can be raised to allow him to launch campaigns against France and the rebellious Scots for the forthcoming year.source
  • King Jayavarman VIII is overthrown after a 52-year reign. He is succeeded by his son-in-law Indravarman III as ruler of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia).source

Conflict & Security

  • March 5 – Battle of Maes Moydog: English forces led by William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick defeat the Welsh rebels (some 700 men), near the modern-day town of Llanfair Caereinion in Wales. In a night attack on the Welsh infantry, William uses cavalry to drive them into compact formations, which are then shot up by his archers. Madog ap Llywelyn, proclaimed "Prince of Wales", and the remnants of his army are routed and retreat across the Banwy River, in which many drown.source
  • July 22 – War of Curzola: Genoese raids on the Venetian quarter in Constantinople lead to a formal declaration of war with the Republic of Venice. A Venetian fleet (some 40 war galleys) attacks Galata, the quarter of the Genoese merchants. Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos arrests surviving Venetians in the capital and joins the war with the Republic of Genoa.source
  • Marco Polo returns to Venice after 24 years of travel in China. When the Polos arrive, Venice is engaged in a naval war with the rival city of Genoa. Marco joins the war and arms a galley equipped with a trebuchet.source

Religion & Belief

  • June 26 – Przemysł II is crowned king of Poland at Gniezno, the first coronation of a Polish ruler in 219 years. Przemysł travels to Pomerelia where he confirms the privileges of the monasteries in Oliwa and Żarnowiec. He also visits other major cities: Gdańsk, Tczew and Świecie. In August, Przemysł returns to Greater Poland but in October he travels again to Gdańsk.source
  • Matthew M'Catasaid rebuilt St Macartan's Cathedral, ClogherIrelandsource

Technology & Infrastructure

  • Construction begins on Beaumaris Castle in Anglesey under the direction of James of Saint George as part of the conquest of Wales by Edward I.source

Crime & Justice

Culture & Society

  • Roscrea Castle, originally a wooden structure, was completed in stoneIrelandsource

Births

  • March 21 – Henry Suso, German priest, mystic and writer (died 1366)source
  • September 16 – Elizabeth de Clare, English noblewoman (died 1360)source
  • Reinald II of Guelders ("the Black"), Dutch nobleman and regent (died 1343)source
  • Catherine of Austria, German noblewoman and princess (died 1323)source
  • Nijō Tameakira, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (died 1364)source
  • Odo IV of Burgundy (or Eudes), French nobleman and knight (died 1349)source
  • John of Montfort, French nobleman (House of Montfort) (died 1345)source
  • Reynold Cobham, English nobleman and diplomat (died 1361)source
  • Nicephorus Gregoras, Byzantine historian and writer (died 1360)source
  • Egill Eyjólfsson, Icelandic deacon, scholar and bishop (died 1341)source
  • Robert de Eglesfield, English nobleman and chaplain (died 1349)source
  • Vitalis of Assisi, Italian Benedictine monk and hermit (died 1370)source
  • Joanna of Flanders, Flemish noblewoman and regent (died 1374)source
  • Margaret of Valois, French noblewoman and princess (died 1342)source

Deaths

  • January 2 – Agnes of Baden, Duchess of Carinthia, German noblewoman (born 1250)source
  • January 11 – Bayan of the Baarin, Mongol general (born 1236)source
  • March 21 – Gaykhatu, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (born 1259)source
  • March 31 – Robert V de Brus, Scottish nobleman (born 1215)source
  • April 10 – Baldwin of Avesnes, French nobleman (born 1219)source
  • April 25 – King Sancho IV of Castile ("the Brave") dies of a fatal illness (possibly tuberculosis), after a 11-year reign at Toledo. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old son Ferdinand IV ("the Summoned") as ruler of Castile and León. In the Cortes at Valladolid, Henry of Castile the Senator is appointed guardian of Ferdinand, while Queen María de Molina becomes his regent. During the summer, Ferdinand is betrothed to the 5-year-old Princess Constance of Portugal. Hostilities between Castile and King Denis of Portugal ("the Poet King") are ended by a peace agreement.source
  • April 25 – Sancho IV ("the Brave"), king of Castile (born 1258)source
  • August 1 – Pietro Peregrosso, Italian scholar and cardinalsource
  • August 8 – Ottone Visconti, Italian canon and archbishopsource
  • August 12 – Charles Martel, titular king of Hungary (born 1271)source
  • October 4 – Baydu, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (born 1255)source
  • October 4 – Mongol leader Baydu Khan is executed after a 7-month reign at Tabriz. He is succeeded by Ghazan, who becomes ruler of the Ilkhanate. He converts to Islam, ending a line of Vajrayana (Tantric Buddhist) leaders.source
  • December 7 – Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester, English nobleman (born 1243)source
  • December 20 – Margaret of Provence, queen consort of France (born 1221)source
  • Domnall Mór Ua Briain, King of ThomondIrelandsource
  • Domnall Ó Cellaigh, King of Uí Maine and Chief of the NameIrelandsource