1298 CE

Rintfleisch massacres: The Jews of Röttingen are burned en masse. "Lord Boels von Rindtfleisch" (also referred to as a carnifex, i.e. butcher or executioner) goes from town to town and kills all the Jews that fall under his control. He destroys the Jewish communities at Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Würzburg, Bamberg, Dinkelsbühl, Nördlingen and Forchheim. In the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg, the Jews seek refuge in the Nuremberg Castle, assisted by Christian citizens, but Rintfleisch overcomes the defenders and massacres the Jews on August 1. Spreading from Franconia to Bavaria and Austria, Rintfleisch and his followers destroy 146 communities, and between 20,000 and 100,000 Jews are killed. Battle of Göllheim: German forces of Duke Albert I defeat King Adolf of Nassau at Göllheim over the prince electors' decision, without electoral act – to dethrone Adolf and proclaim Albert the new ruler of Germany at Frankfurt, on July 27. During the battle, Adolf is killed and his army is destroyed with the loss of 3,000 horses. Battle of Curzola: The Genoese fleet (some 80 galleys) led by Admiral Lamba Doria defeats the Venetian fleet at Curzola. The disaster is almost complete for Venice: 83 of the 95 galleys are destroyed and some 7,000 men are killed. During the battle, Marco Polo, commanding one of the Venetian ships, is captured.

In the 1290s, the 13th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • August 30 – Emperor Fushimi abdicates the throne after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son Go-Fushimi as the 93rd emperor of Japan (until 1301).source

Conflict & Security

  • April 20 – Rintfleisch massacres: The Jews of Röttingen are burned en masse. "Lord Boels von Rindtfleisch" (also referred to as a carnifex, i.e. butcher or executioner) goes from town to town and kills all the Jews that fall under his control. He destroys the Jewish communities at Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Würzburg, Bamberg, Dinkelsbühl, Nördlingen and Forchheim. In the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg, the Jews seek refuge in the Nuremberg Castle, assisted by Christian citizens, but Rintfleisch overcomes the defenders and massacres the Jews on August 1. Spreading from Franconia to Bavaria and Austria, Rintfleisch and his followers destroy 146 communities, and between 20,000 and 100,000 Jews are killed.source
  • June 1 – Battle of Turaida: Forces of the Livonian Order are decisively defeated near Turaida Castle by the residents of Riga, allied with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Vytenis. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the Teutonic Order and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near Neuermühlen, on June 28. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King Eric VI of Denmark ("Menved") threatens to invade Livonia, but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by Pope Boniface VIII.source
  • July 2 – Battle of Göllheim: German forces of Duke Albert I defeat King Adolf of Nassau at Göllheim over the prince electors' decision, without electoral act – to dethrone Adolf and proclaim Albert the new ruler of Germany at Frankfurt, on July 27. During the battle, Adolf is killed and his army is destroyed with the loss of 3,000 horses.source
  • July 22 – First War of Scottish Independence: Battle of Falkirk – English forces (some 15,000 men) led by Edward I defeat a Scottish army led by William Wallace at Falkirk. During the battle, the English knights drive off the Scottish horse and archers, but cannot break the pikemen in the center. The Scottish pikemen are formed in four great "hedgehogs" (known as schiltron) but are destroyed by English longbow archers.source
  • September 9 – Battle of Curzola: The Genoese fleet (some 80 galleys) led by Admiral Lamba Doria defeats the Venetian fleet at Curzola. The disaster is almost complete for Venice: 83 of the 95 galleys are destroyed and some 7,000 men are killed. During the battle, Marco Polo, commanding one of the Venetian ships, is captured.source
  • Mongol invasion of India (1297–1298): Mongol forces led by Qutlugh Khwaja invade the Sindh region of the Delhi Sultanate and occupy the castle of Sivistan (modern Pakistan). Sultan Alauddin Khalji sends an army under Zafar Khan, who defeats the Mongols, on February 6. Some 20,000 Mongols are killed in the ensuing battle. The survivors are put into chains and brought to Delhi, where they are trampled to death by elephants.source
  • After a year's siege, the revolting Italian commune of Palestrina near Rome surrenders to the Papal forces, razed to the ground and salted by order of Boniface VIII, in an act of debellatio.source
  • Summer – First War of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") marches from Newcastle upon Tyne with his household to Alnwick and then by way of Chillingham to Roxburgh in Scotland, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at Kirkliston, to the west of Edinburgh, where he remains from July 15 to July 20. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to Leith.source

Religion & Belief

  • Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome and Pope Gregory I are named the first Doctors of the Church. They are known collectively as the Great Doctors of the Western Church.source
  • Pope Boniface VIII issues the decretal Periculoso, requiring all nuns to be in enclosed orders.source

Economy & Finance

  • The foreign creditors of the Sienese Gran Tavola Bank start demanding their deposits back, thus accelerating the liquidity crisis faced by the firm.source

Technology & Infrastructure

  • Wang Zhen, Chinese inventor and politician, invents a wooden movable type printing (Bi Sheng invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century).source

Culture & Society

  • August 1 – The "ideal city" of Marciac in southern France is founded by King Philip IV ("the Fair") and his Seneschal Guichard de Marzé (or Marciac).source

Births

  • August 9 – Robert Ufford, English nobleman and admiral (died 1369)source
  • August 25 – Gongwon, Korean queen consort of Goryeo (died 1380)source
  • December 12 – Albert II, Duke of Austria ("the Lame"), German nobleman (died 1358)source
  • Angelo Acciaioli, Italian nobleman, cleric, friar and bishop (died 1357)source
  • Kunigunde of Poland, Polish princess (House of Piast) (died 1331)source
  • Elizabeth of Carinthia, Sicilian queen consort and regent (died 1352)source
  • Edmond de Burgh, Norman nobleman (House of Burgh) (died 1338)source
  • Qvarqvare I, Georgian nobleman and prince (mtavari) (died 1361)source
  • Zhou Boqi, Chinese magistrate, calligrapher and poet (died 1369)source
  • Peter I of Dreux, French nobleman (House of Dreux) (died 1345)source
  • Everhard II of Limburg, German nobleman and co-ruler (died 1344)source
  • Charles of Calabria, Italian nobleman and Vicar-General (died 1328)source
  • Andrew Murray, Scottish nobleman, knight and politician (died 1338)source
  • Bernat II de Cabrera, Aragonese nobleman and diplomat (died 1364)source

Deaths

  • January 2 – Lodomer, Hungarian prelate and archbishopsource
  • March 14 – Peter John Olivi, French theologian (born 1248)source
  • March 25 – Siegfried I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince (House of Ascania)source
  • March 25 or March 27 – William of Louth (or de Luda), English bishopsource
  • June 11 – Yolanda of Poland, Hungarian princess (born 1235)source
  • July 2 – Adolf of Nassau, king of Germany (House of Nassau)source
  • July 13 or July 16 – Jacobus de Voragine, Italian archbishopsource
  • July 22 – John Stewart, Scottish nobleman (Clan Stewart)source
  • August 1 – Mordechai ben Hillel, German Jewish rabbi (born 1250)source
  • August 25 – Albert II, Duke of Saxony, German nobleman and co-rulersource
  • August 29 – Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar, daughter of Edward I (born 1269)source
  • September 29 – Guido I da Montefeltro, Italian military strategistsource
  • December 31 – Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford, English nobleman (born 1249)source
  • Thomas the Rhymer, Scottish nobleman (laird), knight and poetsource