1233 CE

Mongol–Jin War: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan captures Kaifeng, capital of the Jin dynasty ('Great Jin'), after the 13-month Siege of Kaifeng (1232). The Mongols plunder the city, while Emperor Aizong of Jin flees for the town of Caizhou. Meanwhile, Ögedei departs and leaves the final conquest to his favoured general, Subutai. Oath of Bereg: King Andrew II of Hungary vows to the Holy See that he will not employ Jews and Muslims to administer royal revenues, which causes diplomatic complaints and ecclesiastical censures. Henry III's army camped at Grosmont Castle is attacked in the night, by a force of Welsh and English rebels. Several of Henry's supporters are captured, and the castle is returned to Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, one of the rebels.

In the 1230s, the 13th century.

Conflict & Security

  • May 29 – Mongol–Jin War: The Mongol army led by Ögedei Khan captures Kaifeng, capital of the Jin dynasty ('Great Jin'), after the 13-month Siege of Kaifeng (1232). The Mongols plunder the city, while Emperor Aizong of Jin flees for the town of Caizhou. Meanwhile, Ögedei departs and leaves the final conquest to his favoured general, Subutai.source
  • August – Richard Marshal, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, signs an alliance with Llywelyn the Great, to join forces to revolt against King Henry III. Richard is faced by demands from royal bailiffs in September – where the garrison of Usk Castle is forced to surrender.source
  • November – Henry III's army camped at Grosmont Castle is attacked in the night, by a force of Welsh and English rebels. Several of Henry's supporters are captured, and the castle is returned to Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, one of the rebels.source
  • December – Siege of Caizhou: The Mongols under Ögedei Khan besiege Caizhou and ally themselves with the Chinese Song dynasty to eliminate the Jin Dynasty.source
  • Winter – Reconquista: King Ferdinand III of Castile ("the Saint") conquers the cities of Trujillo and Úbeda. The Castilian army besieges the city of Peniscola. Ferdinand forces Ibn Hud, ruler of the Taifa of Zaragoza, to sign a truce.source
  • Gendt receives its city rights from Otto II ("the Lame"), count of Guelders (modern Netherlands).source
  • War of the Lombards: Lombard forces at Kyrenia surrender to John of Beirut, after a 10-month siege. The defenders, with their personal belongings, are allowed to retire to Tyre. Captured prisoners are exchanged for those held by Richard Filangieri, commander of the Lombards, at Tyre. Cyprus is wholly restored under the rule of the 16-year-old King Henry I ("the Fat"). His vassals are rewarded, and loans that they have made are repaid.source

Religion & Belief

  • August 20 – Oath of Bereg: King Andrew II of Hungary vows to the Holy See that he will not employ Jews and Muslims to administer royal revenues, which causes diplomatic complaints and ecclesiastical censures.source
  • Pope Gregory IX establishes the Papal Inquisition, to regularize the persecution of heresy.source

Births

  • June/July – Ibn Manzur, Arab lexicographer and writer (died 1312)source
  • August 15 – Philip Benizi de Damiani, Italian religious leader (died 1285)source
  • October – Al-Nawawi, Syrian scholar, jurist and writer (died 1277)source
  • Choe Ui, Korean military leader and dictator (died 1258)source
  • Sancho of Castile, archbishop of Toledo (died 1261)source
  • Adelaide of Burgundy, duchess of Brabant (died 1273)source
  • Ibn al-Quff, Ayyubid physician and surgeon (died 1286)source

Deaths

  • January 6 – Matilda of Chester, Countess of Huntingdon (or Maud), English noblewoman (born 1171)source
  • January 18 – Yang (or Gongsheng), Chinese empress (born 1162)source
  • February 12 – Ermengarde de Beaumont, queen of Scotlandsource
  • March 1 – Thomas I (or Tommaso), count of Savoy (born 1178)source
  • May – Simon of Joinville, French nobleman and knight (born 1175)source
  • June – Yolanda de Courtenay, queen consort of Hungarysource
  • July 8 – Konoe Motomichi, Japanese nobleman (born 1160)source
  • July 26 – Wilbrand of Oldenburg, prince-bishop of Utrechtsource
  • July 27 – Ferdinand (or Ferrand), count of Flanders (born 1188)source
  • July 29 – Savari de Mauléon, French nobleman (born 1181)source
  • July 30 – Konrad von Marburg, German priest (born 1180)source
  • November 27 – Shi Miyuan, Chinese politician (born 1164)source
  • Gökböri ("Blue-Wolf"), Ayyubid general and ruler (born 1154)source
  • Bohemond IV ("the One-Eyed"), prince of Antioch (born 1175)source