/year

July 21 in history

209 sourced entries recorded on July 21, from 356 BCE to 2025 CE. Every line is quoted from the revision it came from.

Events

  • 356 BCEJuly 21 (traditional date) – The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus is burned down by a madman named Herostratus, destroying one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The great temple was built by Croesus, king of Lydia, in about 550 BC and was famous not only for its great size (110 metres by 55 metres), but also for the magnificent works of art that adorned it.source
  • 64July 18- 27 – Great Fire of Rome: A fire begins which destroyed three of fourteen of the administrative regions of Rome, more commonly known as the Palatine Hill, the Circus Maximus, and the Oppian hill. Also suffering severe damage were the Campus Martius and the Via Lata.source
  • 230Pope Pontian succeeds Pope Urban I, as the 18th pope of Rome.source
  • 285July 21 or July 25 – Diocletian appoints his fellow-officer Maximian to the office of caesar, or junior co-emperor.source
  • 365An earthquake and tsunami devastate Crete and Alexandria and affects Italy, Greece, and Palestine.source
  • 905Berengar I and a hired Hungarian army defeat the Frankish force at Verona. They take Louis III as prisoner and Berengar blinds him for breaking his oath.source
  • 1242July 21–22 – Battle of Taillebourg: French forces (some 25,000 men) under King Louis IX (the Saint) defeat King Henry III at the bridge over the Charente River near Taillebourg. After the battle, Louis continues to pursue the English troops, capturing many prisoners. Henry retreats with the remnants of his army to Bordeaux, where he spends the winter.source
  • 1250Aybak becomes ruler of Egypt, beginning the Bahri Dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. After 5 days he stands down and the six-year-old Al-Ashraf Musa is nominally proclaimed sultan.source
  • 1263July 20–24 – Nahmanides, Spanish chief rabbi, defends the Talmud in an important debate (the Disputation of Barcelona) against Pablo Christiani, before James I of Aragon.source
  • 1309The north African territory of Ceuta, controlled by the Emirate of Granada, is conquered by a fleet of ships, led by Eimeric de Bellveí, from the Kingdom of Aragon.source
  • 1319Canonization of Thomas Aquinas: The taking of testimony from more than 40 witnesses is started by Bishop Uberto d'Ormont of Naples, Bishop Angelo Tignosi of Viterbo, and notary Pandulpho de Sabbello, and will continue until September 18.source
  • 1336July 21–22 – Second War of Scottish Independence: Aberdeen, Scotland is burned by the English.source
  • 1344Justiciar campaigns in south Leinster and Munster.source
  • 1371John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, resigns his command from the English Army and abandons the attempt to recapture the Duchy of Aquitaine, but remains in France.source
  • 1378The Ciompi Revolt becomes violent in the Republic of Florence as a group of 64 discontented wool carders, led by Salvestro de' Medici, briefly take over the government of Florence and place Michele di Lando in the executive office.source
  • 1381Gaston III of Foix, commonly known as Gaston Fébus, launches an attack against the regents for King Charles V of France, defeating a brigade of 2,500 mercenaries enlisted by one of the regents, the Duke of Berry.source
  • 1385King Juan of Castile asserts in his will that he is the King of Portugal by virtue of his marriage in 1383 to Queen Beatriz of Portugalsource
  • 1403Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats a rebel army led by "Hotspur" Percy, who had allied with the Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr. Percy is killed in the battle.source
  • 1411Sigismund is formally elected unanimously as King of the Romans by the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire present.source
  • 1414Iskandar Mirza, who had ruled the Timurid Empire since 1409, is captured as the city of Isfahan surrenders to Shah Rukh.source
  • 1425John VIII Palaiologos becomes the Emperor of Byzantium upon the death of the Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos.source
  • 1425The Great Council of Venice agrees to accept many of the demands by the residents of occupied Thessalonia and requests Venetian administrators to respect the customs and rights of the citizens and to work together with the Thessalonian local council of 12 nobles in the governance of the city.source
  • 1450Siege of Falaise ends, French victorysource
  • 1452The League of God's House signs a peace treaty with the counts of Ortenstein in the Swiss Canton of Graubünden to fund the rebuilding of Ortenstein Castle, as long as they promise never to use the castle against the League.source
  • 1454At Valladolid, Enrique IV is proclaimed as the new King of Castile on the day after the death of his father, King Juan II.source
  • 1457Former Korean King Danjong (who had been given a comfortable office as "King Emeritus") is arrested after having conspired to reclaim the throne of Korea from his uncle, King Sejo. The other six conspirators (Sŏng Sammun, Pak Paeng-nyeon, Ha Wi-ji, Yi Kae, Yu Ŭngbu, and Yu Sŏngwŏn) are executed, while Danjong is initially spared the death penalty.source
  • 1477The 1475 Treaty of Picquigny between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France, is extended by agreement between England's King Edward IV and France's King Louis XI, with a provision that the cessation of hostilities will continue for one year after the death of one of the two monarchs.Louis.source
  • 1479The Peace of Olomouc is ratified by King Matthias and King Vladislaus during festivities in Olomouc.source
  • 1496Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba capture Atella after a siege. Among the prisoners is the French viceroy of Naples, the Comte de Montpensier. King Ferdinand II of Naples is restored to his throne.source
  • 1501Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral and his surviving crew return to Lisbon at the end of a 15-month expedition to India, with only seven of their original fleet of 13 ships. The cargo from India, however, returns a profit to the Portuguese crown of nine times its investment.source
  • 1536The papal legation arrives in France, arriving at Lyon, to meet with King Francois I.source
  • 1542Pope Paul III establishes the Holy Office with the bull Licet ab initio, with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition.source
  • 1545Italian Wars: Battle of Bonchurch – The English reverse an attempted French invasion of the Isle of Wight, off the coast of England.source
  • 1549Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, delivers his most important sermon, speaking at St Paul's Cathedral to defend the Church of England's reasons for uniformly requiring the use of The Book of Common Prayer.source
  • 1550The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is approved by Pope Julius III.source
  • 1568Battle of Jemmingen: The main Spanish army of the Duke of Alba utterly defeats Louis of Nassau's invading army in the Northeastern Netherlands.source
  • 1575July 20–26 – Rathlin Island Massacre: English adventurers Francis Drake and John Norreys, acting for the Earl of Essex, lead an expedition that culminates in the massacre of 500 of the clan MacDonnell in a surprise raid on Rathlin Island.source
  • 1586English explorer Thomas Cavendish begins the first deliberately planned circumnavigation of the globe.source
  • 1590Japan's first diplomatic representatives to Europe, Itō Mancio, Michele Chijiwa, Giuliano Nakaura and Martino Hara, return to Japan after eight years, having departed on February 20, 1582.source
  • 1595A Spanish expedition of four ships, led by navigator and explorer Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, makes the first European landing in Polynesia, on the Marquesas Islands. Despite an initially good reception with the natives, fighting begins and the Mendaña ships leave after two weeks. One of the ships, the Santa Ysabel, disappears during the voyage toward the Solomon Islands.source
  • 1605Claiming to be Dmitriy, son of Ivan the Terrible, a pretender is officially crowned Tsar Dimitriy Ioannovich of Russia in Moscow by Patriarch Ignatius.source
  • 1637Dutch forces besiege Breda.source
  • 1645Qing dynasty regent Dorgon issues a queue order ordering all Han Chinese men to shave their forehead, and braid the rest of their hair into a queue, identical to those of the Manchus.source
  • 166721 July (Old Style – 31 July New Style) – The Second Anglo-Dutch War is ended by the Treaty of Breda, negotiation of which began on 14 May and coming into effect in August. In the Americas, the Dutch retain control of Surinam, the English retain New Netherland and the French Acadia.source
  • 1675July 16–24 – An envoy from Massachusetts attempts to negotiate with the Nipmuck tribe.source
  • 1683The gruesome execution of Lord Russell, for his role in the 1683 Rye House Plot to assassinate King Charles II of England, is carried out by the royal executioner Jack Ketch, who wields his axe in a manner requiring multiple blows to make Russell suffer as much as possible during the beheading.source
  • 1684August 6 – Morean War: Siege of Santa Maura – The Republic of Venice captures the Ottoman island fortress of Santa Maura.source
  • 1705Battle of Warsaw (1705)source
  • 1711The Treaty of the Pruth is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, ending the Pruth River Campaign.source
  • 1713Lady Anne Vaughan, heiress of the Earl of Carbery, marries Charles Powlett, 3rd Duke of Bolton.source
  • 1718The Treaty of Passarowitz, ending the Austro-Turkish War, is signed.source
  • 1762Battle of Burkersdorf: In his last major battle, Frederick defeats Marshal Daun in Silesia.source
  • 1765Having eliminated all of his rivals for leadership of Persia, Karim Khan Zand returns in triumph to his home in Shiraz and makes it his capital then begins construction of citadels, mosques, schools and other buildings.source
  • 1773Under pressure from the Bourbon courts, Pope Clement XIV suppresses the Society of Jesus (brief Dominus ac Redemptor). Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, expels the order from his territories.source
  • 1774Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca with Russian victory, ending six years of war. The treaty gives Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics, to protect its Christian subjects.source
  • 1776Mozart's Serenade No. 7 (the "Haffner") is first performed in Salzburg, Austria.source
  • 1777Holmfirth Flood in the Holme Valley of West Yorkshire: three drowned.source
  • 1796Mungo Park reaches Ségou, the capital of the Bamana Empire.source
  • 1797American David McLane, being convicted of high treason, is hanged on a gibbet on the glacis of the fortifications at Quebec.source
  • 1798Battle of the Pyramids: Napoleon Bonaparte defeats the Ottoman forces near the Pyramids. French forces claim control over Egypt's political center.source
  • 1813U.K. Parliament passes the Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813, repealing legal penalties for non-trinitarian sects such as Unitarians, and codifying religious tolerance in Great Britain (the Toleration Act of 1688 did not apply to Jews, non-trinitarians, or Roman Catholics).source
  • 1813Doctrine of the Trinity Act provides toleration for Unitarian worship.source
  • 1819Explorer William Parry, sailing in the Arctic in a quest for the Northwest Passage through North America, guides the ships HMS Hecla and HMS Griper through an iceberg-laden passage that will later be named the Parry Channel.source
  • 1831Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is inaugurated as the first King of the Belgians, in Brussels.source
  • 1836The Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad opens between St. John and La Prairie, Quebec, the first steam-worked passenger railroad in British North America.source
  • 1836Opening of the Champlain and St. Lawrence Railroad, the first public railway in Canada.source
  • 1840August Borsig's steam locomotive, the first built in Germany, competes against a Stephenson-built locomotive on the Berlin–Jüterbog railroad; the Borsig locomotive wins by 10 minutes.source
  • 1843Antwerp Zoo establishedsource
  • 1861First Battle of Bull Run – At Manassas Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war ends in a Confederate victory.source
  • 1865Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout: In the market square of Springfield, Missouri, Wild Bill Hickok shoots "Little Dave" Davis Tutt dead over a poker debt, in what is regarded as the first true western fast draw showdown.source
  • 1871August 26 – The first ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region are taken by photographer William Henry Jackson, during the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871.source
  • 1871August 26 – First ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region taken by the photographer William Henry Jackson during Hayden Geological Survey of 1871.source
  • 1873The post of Prime Minister for Norway was instituted, and Frederik Stang was the first appointed.source
  • 1873At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James–Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American Old West (US$3,000 from the Rock Island Express).source
  • 1873At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American West (US$3,000 from the Rock Island Express).source
  • 1877the Cabinet decides to declare war on Russia if it occupies Constantinople in the Russo-Turkish War.source
  • 1878The Vega Expedition startssource
  • 1896In Washington, D.C., in response to a "call to confer" issued by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin to all women of color, the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs is organized.source
  • 1902Fluminense Football Club is founded in Rio de Janeiro.source
  • 1907The SS Columbia sinks after colliding with the lumber schooner San Pedro, off Shelter Cove, California, resulting in 88 deaths.source
  • 1908July 13–25 – The 1908 Summer Olympics are held in London. (Originally scheduled to be in Rome, but changed due to the Mount Vesuvius eruption of 1906. Figure skating events are held in London from October 28–29.)source
  • 1913Slavko Cuvaj relieved from the post of the Royal Commissioner for Croatia-Slovenia. He had been appointed in January 1912, when anti-Habsburg sentiments were on the rise in Croatia, often manifesting in sympathies for Serbia and calls for the creation of Yugoslavia. Cuvaj tried to curb those trends by a series of decrees directed at curbing press freedom, limiting rights of assembly and local autonomy. This created a backlash in the form of strikes and demonstrations, and Cuvaj himself was target of two assassination attempts in 1912.source
  • 1919Wingfoot Air Express crash: The dirigible Wingfoot Air Express catches fire over downtown Chicago. Two passengers, one aircrewman and ten people on the ground are killed; however, two people parachute to the ground safely.source
  • 1920Interallied Mission to Poland is launched.source
  • 1920The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922) begin with 8,000 Catholic and Socialist workers driven from shipyards and industrial sites in Belfast.source
  • 1921Rif War: Battle of Annual – Spanish troops are dealt a crushing defeat at the hands of Abd el-Krim in Morocco.source
  • 1921In Sarzana Fascist squads occupy the station and five or six hundred are preparing to enter the city to impose the release of a dozen arrested fascists, but are attacked by the Carabinieri and the population resulting in eighteen dead and about thirty injured fascists (Fatti di Sarzana).source
  • 1921Edward Harper, the "father of broadcasting" in Ceylon, arrives in Colombo to take up his post as Chief Engineer of the Ceylon Telegraph Department.source
  • 1925English racing motorist Malcolm Campbell becomes the first man to exceed 150 mph on land when at Pendine Sands in Wales he drives a Sunbeam 350HP automobile at a two-way average speed of 150.33 mph.source
  • 1925July 10–21 – Scopes trial: in a staged test case (the "Monkey Trial") in Dayton, Tennessee, United States, John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher (technically arrested on May 5 and indicted on May 25) is accused of assigning a reading from a (state-mandated) textbook on Darwinian evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law, the "Butler Act". He is found guilty and fined $100, though the verdict is later overturned on a technicality. The trial makes explicit the fundamentalist–modernist controversy within the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, with William Jennings Bryan (who dies on July 26) being challenged by the liberal Clarence Darrow.source
  • 1932The British Empire Economic Conference opens in Ottawa, Canada.source
  • 1937Éamon de Valera is elected President of the Executive Council (prime minister) of the Irish Free State, by the Dáil (parliament).source
  • 1940After rigged parliamentary elections in the three occupied countries on July 14–15, the parliaments proclaim the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics.source
  • 1940New Estonian Parliament (loyal to Soviet powers) proclaimed Estonian SSR.source
  • 1940The Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter aircraft enters service, so named as 1940 roughly corresponds to the year 2600 on the Japanese Imperial calendar.source
  • 1942WWII: The Japanese establish a beachhead on the north coast of New Guinea in the Buna-Gona area; a small Australian force begins a rearguard action on the Kokoda Track campaign.source
  • 1946An Irgun bomb explodes in Jerusalem, during secretive talks between Jews and Britain to consolidate the state of Israel.source
  • 194721 July to 4 August - Operation Productsource
  • 1950July 14–21 – Korean War: Battle of Taejon – North Korean forces capture the city held by the U.S. 24th Infantry Division, but the delay allows establishment of the Pusan Perimeter.source
  • 1952The 7.3 Mw Kern County earthquake strikes California's southern Central Valley with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing 12 and injuring hundreds.source
  • 1954The Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty is signed in Manila, creating the South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO).source
  • 1954First Indochina War: The Geneva Conference sends French forces to the south, and Vietnamese forces to the north, of a demarcation line. The agreement leads to the establishment of the North Vietnam regime and the state of South Vietnam.source
  • 1955July 18–23 – Geneva Summit between the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom and France.source
  • 1955The BBC brings into service its Divis transmitter, its first permanent facility serving Northern Ireland, marking the launch of a television service for Northern Ireland; the 35 kW transmissions can also be readily received in much of the Republic of Ireland.source
  • 1956The 6.1 Ms Anjar earthquake shook Gujarat with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 115 and injuring 254.source
  • 1960English navigator Francis Chichester wins the first Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race, arriving in New York aboard Gypsy Moth III having made a record solo Atlantic crossing in 40 days.source
  • 1960Tallinn Department Store was opened.source
  • 1961Mercury program: Gus Grissom, piloting the Mercury-Redstone 4 spacecraft Liberty Bell 7, becomes the second American to go into space (sub-orbital). After splashdown, the hatch prematurely opens, and the spacecraft sinks (it is recovered in 1999).source
  • 1964Race riots begin in Singapore between ethnic Chinese and Malays.source
  • 1964The Singapore Race Riots.source
  • 1964The 1964 racial riots occurred between Malays and Chinese, during a birthday celebration procession of Muhammad. By the end of the riots, 23 people are killed, with 454 others injured.source
  • 1964Victor Bodson resigns from the Council of State to take up his seat in the Chamber of Deputies.source
  • 1970The Aswan High Dam in Egypt is completed.source
  • 1972A collision between two trains near Seville, Spain, kills 76 people.source
  • 1973Lillehammer affair: Agents of Mossad, the Israeli secret intelligence agency, shoot and kill a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer, Norway, mistakenly believing him to be a senior member of the Palestinian Black September Organization.source
  • 1973The establishment of Flying Camel.source
  • 197410,000 Greek-Cypriots protest in London against the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.source
  • 1975The Parliament of India votes to approve Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's declaration of a state of emergency, with a 301–76 vote in the lower house and a 147–32 vote in the upper house.source
  • 1975Annette Schwall-Lacroix is appointed to the Council of State.source
  • 1976A Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb kills Christopher Ewart-Biggs, new British ambassador to the Irish Republic, and Judith Cooke, a Northern Ireland Office private secretary, in Dublin; two others are seriously wounded but survive.source
  • 1976Raymond Vouel resigns as Deputy Prime Minister to take up his position as European Commissioner for Competition. He is replaced by Bernard Berg.source
  • 1976Col. Abu Taher was tried by a military tribunal inside the Dhaka Central Jail and sentenced to death. The trial was later considered flawed.source
  • 1977July 21–24 – The Libyan–Egyptian War, sparked by a Libyan raid on Sallum, begins.source
  • 1979Nicaraguan Revolution: The Sandinista National Liberation Front concludes a successful revolutionary campaign against the Somoza dynasty and assumes power in Nicaragua.source
  • 1979The disco music genre dominates and peaks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with the first six spots (beginning with Donna Summer's Bad Girls), and seven of the chart's top ten songs ending that week.source
  • 1979Maritza Sayalero of Venezuela wins the Miss Universe pageant; the stage collapses after contestants and news photographers rush to her throne.source
  • 1981Panda Tohui is born in Chapultepec Zoo in Mexico City, the first panda to ever be born and survive in captivity outside of China.source
  • 1981July 16–21 – England become the first team this century to win a cricket Test match after the follow-on when they beat Australia by 18 runs at Headingley cricket ground, Leeds, England.source
  • 1982Unidentified gunmen ambush a car carrying Minister of State and former Vice President Emmanuel Pelaez in New Manila, Quezon City, seriously injuring him and killing his driver.source
  • 1983The lowest temperature on Earth is recorded in Vostok Station, Antarctica with −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).source
  • 1990July 21-22 – The Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident occurs when the Taiwan Garrison Command forces 76 mainland Chinese illegal immigrants into sealed holds of a boat, causing 25 to die of suffocation.source
  • 1994July 16–22 – Fragments of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 impact the planet Jupiter.source
  • 1995July 21–26 – Third Taiwan Strait Crisis: The Chinese People's Liberation Army fires missiles into the waters north of Taiwan.source
  • 1996The Saguenay Flood, one of Canada's most costly natural disasters, is caused by flooding on the Saguenay River in Quebec.source
  • 1997Economic crisis in Malaysia. The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) Composite Index fell below 200 points.source
  • 1998September 5 – 1998 Sydney water crisis: suspected contamination by the microscopic pathogens cryptosporidium and giardia of the water supply system of Greater Metropolitan Sydney, Australia.source
  • 2000July 11–25 – A summit meeting takes place at Camp David between United States president Bill Clinton, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat, ending without an agreement.source
  • 2001July 20–22 – The 27th G8 summit takes place in Genoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, are held against the meeting by members of the anti-globalization movement. One demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, is killed by a policeman, and several others are injured.source
  • 2002At the height of the WorldCom scandal, WorldCom files the largest bankruptcy in American history.source
  • 2007Two Rwandan men wanted for their role in the 1994 genocide are arrested in France.source
  • 2008Radovan Karadžić, the first president of the Republika Srpska, is arrested in Belgrade, Serbia, on allegations of war crimes, following a 12-year-long manhunt.source
  • 2010Slovenia becomes the 32nd member of the OECD.source
  • 2011Space Shuttle Atlantis lands successfully at Kennedy Space Center after completing STS-135, concluding NASA's Space Shuttle program.source
  • 2011July 14–23 – Two frontal systems enter south-central Chile causing great snowfalls that leaves thousand of people isolated.source
  • 2012Turkish adventurer Erden Eruç becomes the first person in history to complete a solo human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth.source
  • 2012F-1 satellite was launched.source
  • 2012a RBAirF Bell 212 was due to return to the airbase later that same morning, but subsequently was found crashed with the loss of 12 out of 14 military personnel in Rampayoh, Mukim Labi. Investigations by the Supreme Board of Inquiry of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces (RBAF) concluded that the crash was caused by human error whilst in flight; specifically 'unauthorised low-level flying' which resulted in a controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).source
  • 2013Philippe is sworn in as King of the Belgians, following the abdication of his father, Albert II.source
  • 2013Murder of Dwayne Jonessource
  • 2014The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 2166 in response to the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.source
  • 2016Temperatures in Mitrabah reached 54.0 °C, setting a record for highest temperature recorded in Asia.source
  • 2019A mob of over 100 suspected triad members dressed in white and armed with batons attack commuters indiscriminately at MTR Yuen Long station in Hong Kong, injuring 45, including a pro-democracy legislator and a pregnant woman. Hong Kong police have been accused of allowing the violence to happen due to their delayed response and decision to limit emergency services in the area. (The Guardian) (SCMP)source
  • 2022The Parliament of Sri Lanka elects Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe as President of Sri Lanka, following the resignation of Gotabaya Rajapaksa amid protests over the ongoing economic crisis.source
  • 2022The European Central Bank raises its key interest rate for the first time in more than 11 years, from minus 0.5 per cent to zero, with plans for further increases later in the year.source
  • 2025Twenty-eight countries issue a joint statement calling for an immediate end to the Gaza war, saying it has "reached new depths" in terms of the suffering of civilians.source
  • 20252025 Dhaka Chengdu J-7 crash: An F-7 BGI training aircraft of the Bangladesh Air Force crashes into Milestone College in Uttara, Dhaka, killing 31 people including the pilot.source

Births

  • 541Emperor Wen of Sui, emperor of the Sui dynasty (died 604)source
  • 1030Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (Burma)source
  • 1248Bogo de Clare, English cleric and writer (died 1294)source
  • 1414Pope Sixtus IV (died 1484)source
  • 1462Queen Jeonghyeon, Korean royal consort (died 1530)source
  • 1476Anna Sforza, Italian noble (died 1497)source
  • 1476Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (died 1534)source
  • 1515Philip Neri, Italian Roman Catholic saint (died 1595)source
  • 1535García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete, Royal Governor of Chile (died 1609)source
  • 1620Jean Picard, French astronomer and priest (died 1682)source
  • 1620Jean Picard, French astronomer and priest (died 1704)source
  • 1648John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee, Scottish general (died 1689)source
  • 1664Matthew Prior, English poet and diplomat (died 1721)source
  • 1668Frederick Heinrich of Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt (died 1713)source
  • 1689John Quincy, American soldier and politician (died 1767)source
  • 1693Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, Prime Minister of Great Britain (died 1768)source
  • 1714Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of Russia (1714–1728) (died November 22, 1728)source
  • 1742John Cleves Symmes, American statesman (died 1814)source
  • 1766Thomas Charles Hope, Scottish chemist, discoverer of strontium (died 1844)source
  • 1775Edward Heneage, English first-class cricketer (died 1810)source
  • 1795George Gawler, second Governor of South Australia, born in Southsea.source
  • 180321 July (in England): Henry Samuel Chapman, Judge, journalist, politician.source
  • 1824Stanley Matthews, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (died 1889)source
  • 1891Lasar Segall, Jewish painter, engraver and sculptor, died in Lithuania (died 1957)source
  • 1899Ernest Hemingway, American author, journalist (suicide 1961)source
  • 1906Teng Yu-hsien, former musician.source
  • 1911Marshall McLuhan, Canadian author (died 1980)source
  • 1948Cat Stevens (born Steven Georgiou, later known as Yusuf Islam), British singer, musiciansource
  • 1951Robin Williams, American actor and comedian (died 2014)source

Deaths

  • 710Li Guo'er, princess of the Tang dynastysource
  • 710Shangguan Wan'er, Chinese poet (born 664)source
  • 710Empress Wei, empress of the Tang dynastysource
  • 987Geoffrey I (Greymantle), Frankish noblemansource
  • 1006Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavariasource
  • 1007Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavariasource
  • 1203Harvey I of Léon, Breton nobleman (born 1153)source
  • 1403Henry Percy (Hotspur), English rebel (in battle) — at the Battle of Shrewsburysource
  • 1403Sir Walter Blount, English soldier, standard-bearer of Henry IV (in battle) — at the Battle of Shrewsburysource
  • 1403Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford, English soldier (in battle) — at the Battle of Shrewsburysource
  • 1425Manuel II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (born 1350)source
  • 1672Captain John Underhill, English settler and soldier (born 1597)source
  • 1683William Russell, Lord Russell, English politician (born 1639)source
  • 1683Zhu Shugui (朱術桂, 1617 – 1683 ), courtesy name Tianqiu and art name Yiyuanzi, formally known as the Prince of Ningjing, was a Ming dynasty prince and the last of the pretenders to the Ming throne after the fall of the Ming Empiresource
  • 1683Lord Russell is beheaded by Jack Ketch at Lincoln's Inn Fields for his part in the Rye House Plot.source
  • 1688James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Irish statesman (born 1610)source
  • 1719Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, French princess (born 1695)source
  • 1747Robert Clavering, former Bishop of Llandaff, 70/71source
  • 1773Howell Harris, Methodist leader, 59source
  • 1796Robert Burns, Scottish poet (born 1759)source
  • 1972The Troubles: Bloody Friday – 22 bombs planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army explode in Belfast, Northern Ireland; nine people are killed and 130 seriously injured.source
  • 1989Philippine Airlines Flight 124 crashes on approach at Ninoy Aquino International Airport while attempting to land and overrun the runway, everyone survives in the crash but eight people are killed on the ground.source
  • 1998Alan Shepard, 74, American astronaut (Mercury-Redstone 3, Apollo 14), naval aviator and test pilot, complications from leukemia.source
  • 2011At least 18 people are killed in the protests as the army is called in to crush them in the capital of Lilongwe.source