1913 CE

The Second Balkan War sees former allies fight over territory, escalating tensions in Southeast Europe; The Battle of Bud Bagsak ends the Moro Rebellion as U.S. forces defeat Moro fighters in the southern Philippines; At the Epsom Derby, suffragette Emily Davison is fatally struck by King George V's horse, drawing global attention to women's rights; The Senghenydd colliery disaster kills 440 miners in Wales, Britain’s worst mining tragedy; The Great Flood of 1913 devastates the American Midwest, killing hundreds and causing massive damage; The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état places the Committee of Union and Progress in power, consolidating control under the Three Pashas.

In the 1910s, the 20th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

January 13 – Edward Carson founds the Ulster Volunteer Force, by unifying several existing loyalist militias to resist home rule for Ireland.source
January 20 - Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro presented an ultimatum to the Ottoman Empire, giving the Turks 14 days to make a favorable reply to their demands or face a resumption of war.source
24 January - Borges de Medeiros begins his second term as President of Rio Grande do Sul, taking over from Carlos Barbosa Gonçalves.Brazil source
February 3 – The Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes on all sources of income.source
February 13 – Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declares the independence of Tibet from Qing dynasty China.source
February 18 – Mexican Revolution: President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez are forced to resign.source
February 19 – Mexican Revolution: With Madero and Pino Suárez removed, Pedro Lascuráin serves as President for less than an hour, before General Victoriano Huerta, leader of the coup, takes office.source
February 19 — Victoriano Huerta elected presidentMexico source
March 13 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.source
March 20 – The city of Canberra, the centre of the Australian Capital Territory, becomes the official capital of the Commonwealth of Australia.source
March 23 – Supporters of Phan Xích Long begin a revolt against colonial rule in French Indochina.source
April 8 – The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.source
May 30 – First Balkan War: The Treaty of London is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern Epirus which it does not already control, and the independence of Albania is recognised.source
June 1 – The Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.source
June 18 – The Arab Congress of 1913 opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.source
June 19 – The Parliament of South Africa passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.source
June 19 – The Natives Land Act is passed, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.South Africa source
24 June — Joseph Cook becomes the 6th prime minister.Australia source
August 4 – Republic of China: The city of Chongqing (Chungking) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.source
August 10 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed, ending the war. Macedonia is divided, and Northern Epirus is assigned to Albania.source
August 11 – The London ambassadors conference, of Europe's six "Great Powers" (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom), settled on the boundaries of the new Principality of Albania, created from former Turkish territory by the Balkan League during the First Balkan War.Italy source
September 29 – Second Balkan War: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed in Istanbul, between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.source
October 6 — The British Foreign Ministry recognized the Republic of China's Beiyang government and established the Embassy of the Republic of China in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the capital of London (in 1927, the country of change was the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and sent a minister.China source
October 10 – Yuan Shikai is elected President of the Republic of China.source
November 2 – Second round of Italian general election. The two historical parliamentary factions, the liberal and progressive Left and the conservative and monarchist Right, formed a single liberal and centrist group, known as The Liberals, under the leadership of Giovanni Giolitti, which narrowly retained an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, while the Radical Party emerged as the largest opposition bloc. Both groupings did particularly well in Southern Italy, while the Italian Socialist Party gained eight seats and was the largest party in Emilia-Romagna.Italy source
December 1 – Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the First Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.source
December 16–17 – Parliamentary elections are held in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. The Croat-Serb Coalition wins with 39.09% of the vote.Croatia source

Conflict & Security

January 3 – First Balkan War: Greece completes its capture of the eastern Aegean island of Chios, as the last Ottoman forces on the island surrender.source
11 January – The South African Springboks beat the French Les Tricolores 38–5 in Bordeaux, France.South Africa source
January 18 – First Balkan War: Battle of Lemnos – Greek admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the Dardanelles, from which it will not venture for the rest of the war.source
January 23 – 1913 Ottoman coup d'état: Enver Pasha comes to power.source
January 30 - The Ottoman Empire replied to the ultimatum of the Great Powers at the end of the First Balkan War and agreed to give up most of Edirne except for the Muslim shrines, but it refused to surrender its Aegean islands.source
February 9 – Mexican Revolution: "La Decena Trágica", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero, begins.source
9 February – Manuel Enrique Araujo was attacked with machetes and assassinated. Carlos Meléndez Ramírez became Provisional President.El Salvador source
February 9–19 — Ten Tragic DaysMexico source
March 4–6 – First Balkan War: Battle of Bizani – Forces of the Kingdom of Greece capture the forts of Bizani (covering the approaches to Ioannina) from the Ottoman Empire.source
March 26 – Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe, and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government, as head of the Constitutionals.source
March 26 – Balkan Wars: The Siege of Adrianople ends, when Bulgarian forces take Adrianople from the Ottomans.source
Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament, and rules as a dictator.source
May 24–25 – Adolf Hitler moves from Vienna to Munich.source
June 11 – Battle of Bud Bagsak: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels, who are armed mostly with kampilan swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on June 15.source
June 15 – Battle of Bud Bagsak in the Philippines concludes with U.S. troops under General John J. Pershing taking Bug Bagsak from defending Moro rebels, killing at least 500.United States source
June 29 – The Second Balkan War begins with Bulgaria attacking Serbia and Greece.source
July 21 – Slavko Cuvaj relieved from the post of the Royal Commissioner for Croatia-Slovenia. He had been appointed in January 1912, when anti-Habsburg sentiments were on the rise in Croatia, often manifesting in sympathies for Serbia and calls for the creation of Yugoslavia. Cuvaj tried to curb those trends by a series of decrees directed at curbing press freedom, limiting rights of assembly and local autonomy. This created a backlash in the form of strikes and demonstrations, and Cuvaj himself was target of two assassination attempts in 1912.Croatia source
July 1913 — The Second Revolution was launched when seven southern provinces rebelled against Yuan ShikaiChina source
August 9 – A diplomat from Austria-Hungary told representatives from Italy and Germany that his Empire intended to plan an invasion of Serbia. The private discussion would be revealed on December 5, 1914, by Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, who said that Italy refused to participate. Austria-Hungary and Italy strongly opposed the arrival of Serbian army on the Adriatic Sea because they perceived it as a threat to their domination of the Adriatic and feared that Serbian Adriatic port could become a Russian base.Italy source
August 31 – Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the Dublin Metropolitan Police kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration.source
October 1 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torreón after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.source
October 18 – The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Germany is finished.source
October 28–December 2 – Zabern Affair: Acts of aggression by the Prussian garrison at Zabern, Alsace-Lorraine provoke political debate across the German Empire.Germany source
November 5 – King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.source

Exploration & Expansion

25 January – Regular shipping routes between Keelung and Hualien Ports were opened; the Governor-General announced the "Taiwan Gunpowder Ban Rules", which came into effect on 1 February.Taiwan source
April 10 – Albrecht Grocery Shop, predecessor of the Aldi discount store chain globally, is founded in Essen.Germany source
26 April – King Albert formally opens Exposition universelle et internationale (world's fair) held in Ghent.Belgium source
May 6–22 – The Italian rider Carlo Oriani wins the 5th Giro d'Italia stage bicycle race.Italy source
June 13 – The predecessor of the Aldi store chain opens in Essen, Germany.source
21 June — HMAS Australia, commissioned at Portsmouth and sailed to Australia to become the Royal Australian Navy flagship.Australia source
July 27 – The town of San Javier, Uruguay, is founded by Russian settlers.source
6 August – Cape – George to Oudtshoorn, 45 mi 30 ch.South Africa source
September 23 – French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fréjus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.source
12 December - Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition: Following a speaking tour in Brazil and Argentina, former US President Theodore Roosevelt meets up with Cândido Rondon to embark on a joint exploration of the "River of Doubt".Brazil source
Prada is established as a leather goods dealer in Milan, by Mario Prada and his brother.source
New Zealand Trotting Cup: RavenschildNew Zealand source

Religion & Belief

11 February – The Roman Catholic Diocese of San Miguel was established with Juan Antonio Dueñas y Argumedo as Ordinary. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Santa Ana was also established.El Salvador source
12 March — Canberra is named by Gertrude DenmanAustralia source
19 March – The renovation project of Wufeng Temple was completed, and Governor Sakuma Mata personally presided over the ceremony. (the monument was built on 24 October 1914.)Taiwan source
23 October – Kristian Vilhelm Koren Schjelderup, Sr., bishop (born 1853)Norway source
10 December – Nobel Peace Prize awarded to Henri La Fontaine, head of the International Peace Bureau.Belgium source
December 30 – Italy returns the Mona Lisa to France.source
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established in Bengal Province (modern-day Bangladesh).source
The first Bjargtangar Lighthouse was established.Iceland source
Monarch – Victor Emmanuel III (1900–1946)Italy source
Matchplay: B.B. Wood (Christchurch) — 2nd titleNew Zealand source

Economy & Finance

1 January – The National Board of Health and Welfare is foundedSweden source
January 14 - The London Peace Conference ended as the Balkan states and the Ottoman Empire were unable to reach an agreement in negotiations.source
15 January – unemployment and maternity benefits introduced.United Kingdom source
January – Joseph Stalin travels to Vienna to research his Marxism and the National Question. This means that, during this month, Stalin, Hitler, Trotsky and Tito are all living in the city, as also are Freud and Jung.source
March 4 – The U.S. Department of Commerce and U.S. Department of Labor are established, by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Department of Commerce and Labor. The Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Fisheries and U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey form part of the Department of Commerce.source
1 May — The first national banknotes were introduced in denominations of 10 shillings, and 1, 5, and 10 pounds.Australia source
26 August – Dublin Lock-out: members of James Larkin's Irish Transport and General Workers' Union employed by the Dublin United Tramways Company began strike action in defiance of the dismissal of trade union members by the chairman, businessman William Martin Murphy.Ireland source
10 September – Haaken C. Mathiesen, landowner and businessperson (born 1827)Norway source
October 3 – The United States Revenue Act of 1913 re-imposes the federal income tax and lowers basic tariff rates from 40% to 25%.United States source
December 23 – The Federal Reserve System is created as the central banking system of the United States, by Woodrow Wilson's signature of the Federal Reserve Act.source
872,598 Italians leave the country of which 376,776 migrate to the United StatesItaly source

Technology & Infrastructure

2 January — Australian philately proper begins in early 1913 with the Kangaroo and Map series of stamps, featuring a kangaroo standing on a map of Australia, and inscribed "AUSTRALIA POSTAGE".Australia source
February 1 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest railroad station.source
February 2 – New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest train station.United States source
10 February – The Governor-General announced the "Taiwan Industrial Combination Rules" and the "Taiwan Industrial Combination Rules Implementation Rules", which came into effect on 1 March.Taiwan source
March 17 – The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on 4 December 1952 (the Uruguayan Air Force (FAU) will grow from this foundation).source
22 March: The world's first automatic totalisator is used at the Easter meeting at Ellerslie Racecourse in Auckland.New Zealand source
April 21 – Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown & Company, is launched on the River Clyde.source
April 24 – The Woolworth Building opens in New York City. Designed by Cass Gilbert, it is the tallest building in the world on this date, and for more than a decade after.source
May 11–12 – The Italian driver Felice Nazzaro wins the 1913 Targa Florio endurance automobile race on Sicily.Italy source
May 26 (May 13 O.S.) – Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine fixed-wing aircraft.source
South Africa's first flying school opens in Kimberley to train pilots for the South African Aviation Corps.South Africa source
August 13 – Harry Brearley invents stainless steel in Sheffield.source
September 9 – Imperial Russian Army pilot Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first person to loop an airplane, flying a Nieuport IV monoplane over Syretzk Aerodrome near Kiev.source
September 9 – In Germany, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process.source
September 9 – In Oppau, BASF starts the world's first plant for the production of fertilizer based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding today about a third of the world's population.Germany source
October 7–December 1 – The Ford Motor Company adopts a moving assembly line for chassis production, reducing assembly time from 12½ hours to 2 hours 40 minutes, a landmark in mass production.source
October 10 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal.source
October 16 – The British Royal Navy's HMS Queen Elizabeth is launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship.source
October 31 – The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.source
November 17 – The National Transcontinental Railway is completedCanada source
December 1 – Buenos Aires Underground, the first in South America, opens.source
Camel cigarettes are introduced by R. J. Reynolds in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes).source
The State Security Investigations Service, the Middle East's first internal security service, is established in Egypt.source

Science & Discovery

28 February – Dikken Zwilgmeyer, writer (born 1853).Norway source
11 July - Brazil's foreign minister, Lauro Müller, entertains US dignitaries on board the battleship Minas Geraes during his visit to New York.Brazil source
August 2 – The first known ascent of Mount Olympus in Greece is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and Frédéric Boissonnas guided by Christos Kakkalos.source
27 November – South American dreadnought race: The Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre is launched.Chile source
French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source.source
Date unknown - Chemical element Protactinium is first identified by Oswald Helmuth Göhring and Kasimir Fajans.Germany source
Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), Bengali poet, got the Nobel Prize in Literature for his book of lyrics called Gitanjali translated into English by himself.India source
Eugene de Blaas - God's CreaturesItaly source
Arthur Schaef makes short powered hops in his second, unnamed, aircraft, at Lyall Bay, Wellington.New Zealand source
The United States Mint issues the first buffalo nickel.United States source

Health & Medicine

27 January – Robert Collett, zoologist (born 1842)Norway source
June 4 – Emily Davison, a British suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at The Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.source
6 June – Stoneyetts Hospital is opened at East Muckcroft (later part of Moodiesburn, North Lanarkshire), originally for the treatment of people with epilepsy.Scotland source
9 July: The first suspected case in a Smallpox outbreak is reported. It is later confirmed and the outbreak becomes an epidemic.New Zealand source
July 13 – The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak during the Second Balkan War starts.source
15 August – Mental Deficiency Act 1913 passed, establishing a Board of Control for Lunacy and Mental Deficiency to oversee the implementation by local Mental Deficiency Committees of provisions for the care and management people classed as "Idiots", "Imbeciles", "Feeble-minded persons" and "Moral Imbeciles", who are to be committed to institutions, including a new category of "mental deficiency colony".United Kingdom source
6 October – An official report on the lockout suggested that workers should be reinstated without having to give a pledge not to join the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union.Ireland source
November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills more than 250.United States source
November 27 – Iván Skerlecz proclaimed Ban and called for parliamentary elections.Croatia source
Astra, a predecessor of the AstraZeneca global healthcare and pharmaceutical brand, is founded in Södertälje, Sweden.source
White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition ActIndia source

Crime & Justice

February 23 – Joseph Stalin is arrested by the Russian secret police, the Okhrana, in Petrograd, and exiled to Siberia.source
March 30 – The Belgian rider Odile Defraye wins the 7th Milan–San Remo bicycle race.Italy source
April 26 – Mary Phagan is raped and strangled on the premises of the National Pencil Factory in Atlanta. Leo Frank is tried and convicted for the crime.United States source
11 May – Wilhelm Münter Rolfsen, lawyer.Norway source
4 June – Emily Davison, a suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies four days later on 8 June, never having regained consciousness.United Kingdom source
September 7–8 – The Fourth Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association (the last occasion on which Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud will meet) takes place in Munich.source
30 October: The first "special constables" arrive in Wellington.New Zealand source
November 6 – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.source
6 November – Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.India source
December 12 – Vincenzo Peruggia tries to sell the Mona Lisa in Florence, and is arrested.source
Between the two Balkan Wars, a group of Bulgarian teachers and priests including teacher Gligor Zisov are deported by the newly established Greek authorities to Bulgaria but killed by Greek soldiers.source
Australia Calls, Raymond Longford's last film for Cozens Spencer was released.Australia source
Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić released the children's book The Brave Adventures of Lapitch (Čudnovate zgode šegrta Hlapića) in Zagreb.Croatia source

Disasters & Accidents

January 15 - The Ottoman battle cruiser Medjidie attacked and sank the Greek merchant ship Macedonia, which had been armed for use as a troop transport.source
March 7 – Alum Chine explosion: British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in the harbour of Baltimore, Maryland.source
March 7 – The British freighter Alum Chine, carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in Baltimore harbor.United States source
23 March – A fire broke out at the Taipei Post Office, and all the office buildings were burned down.Taiwan source
c. March 1 – British steamship Calvados disappears in the Sea of Marmara, with 200 on board.source
May 9–July 11 – A major industrial strike occurs in the Black Country of England, involving 25,000 workers, and threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage.source
27 July – Tour de France ends, won by Philippe Thys of Belgium.France source
August 20 – After his airplane fails at an altitude of 900 ft, aviator Adolphe Pégoud becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely.source
31 August: Sandford flies west from Avondale covering 3 mi at 45 mph, but crashes at New Lynn on the return to Avondale.New Zealand source
September 9 – Helgoland Island air disaster: The first fatalities aboard a German airship occur, when the Imperial German Navy Zeppelin dirigible LZ 14 is forced down into the North Sea off Heligoland during a thunderstorm, killing 16 of the 22 men on board.source
October 9 – Canadian-owned ocean liner SS Volturno, carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from Rotterdam to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale; 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by SOS messages to the scene.source
October 14 – Senghenydd colliery disaster: An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.source
October 17 – Johannisthal air disaster occurs with an Imperial German Navy's L 2 airship's test flight resulted in the death of all 28 passengers and crew on boardGermany source
November 7–11 – The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 in North America claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives.source
November 7 – November 8 – A storm on the Great Lakes sinks some thirty-four shipsCanada source
20 December – serious fire at Portsmouth Dockyard destroys the semaphore tower.United Kingdom source
December 24 – Italian Hall disaster: seventy-three people – mostly striking mine workers and their families – are crushed to death in a stampede in Calumet, Michigan.source

Climate & Environment

March 25 – The Great Dayton Flood, after four days of rain in the Miami Valley, kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes (chiefly in Dayton, Ohio).source
March 25 – Great Dayton Flood: Four days of rain in the Miami Valley flood the region and mark the worst natural disaster in Ohio's recorded history, killing over 360 people and destroying 20,000 homes, chiefly in Dayton.United States source
July 10 – Death Valley, California hits 134 °F (~56.7 °C), the all-time highest temperature recorded on Earth (although its validity has been challenged, and in 2020 a temperature of 54.4 °C was recorded at the same location, which would make it the world's highest verified air temperature, subject to confirmation).source
27 October - A tornado hits South Wales, killing four people.Wales source
3 November – Exposition universelle et internationale (world's fair) in Ghent ends.Belgium source
Frank Hurley's actuality film, The Home of the Blizzard, about the Douglas Mawson expedition to Antarctica, was released.Australia source
1 to 31 August — With an average rainfall of 0.24 mm, this is the driest area-averaged month over Queensland since at least 1900.Australia source
Pierre Bonnard - Salle à manger à la campagneFrance source
Auckland defend the Ranfurly Shield against Wellington (6–5) and Poverty Bay (27–3) before losing it to Taranaki (11–14)New Zealand source
Fritz Trampe Flood, merchant (born 1826)Norway source

Culture & Society

January 21 – The first French private school opens in Tokyo. Later graduates include Sakaguchi Ango, Tanizaki Junichiro and Takehisa Yumeji.Japan source
March 3 – The Woman Suffrage Procession takes place in Washington, D.C. led by Inez Milholland on horseback.source
The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia.source
April 5 – The United States Soccer Federation is formed.source
April – Bernhard Kellermann's novel Der Tunnel is published.Germany source
May 3 – Raja Harishchandra, the first full-length Indian feature film, is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.source
May 14 – New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.source
May 24 – Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia marries Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the Houses of Hohenzollern and Hanover and marking the last great gathering of European sovereigns.source
25 May – The Deportes Santa Cruz football club is founded.Chile source
May 29 – The ballet The Rite of Spring (music by Igor Stravinsky, conducted by Pierre Monteux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich) is premiered by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris; its modernist style provokes one of the most famous classical music riots in history. The audience includes Gabriele D'Annunzio, Coco Chanel, Marcel Duchamp, Harry Graf Kessler and Maurice Ravel.source
June 1 – Pro Vercelli wins the 1912–13 Italian Football Championship.Italy source
August 23 – The Little Mermaid statue is finished in Copenhagen, Denmark.source
September 10 – Jean Sibelius's tone poem Luonnotar is premiered in Gloucester Cathedral, England, with soprano Aino Ackté.source
September 17 – In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president.source
1 November - Establishment of C.F. UniãoPortugal source
Republic of China national football team establishedChina source
Football club HNK Dinara founded in Knin (as SK Lav).Croatia source
The newspaper Morgunblaðið was founded.Iceland source

Births

January 9 – Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (died 1994)source
February 4 – Rosa Parks, American civil rights activist (died 2005)source
February 14 – Jimmy Hoffa, American labor leader (disappeared 1975)source
March 21 – Ivan Goran Kovačić, poet and writer (died 1943)Croatia source
March 30 – Richard Helms, American Central Intelligence Agency director (died 2002)source
May 26 – Peter Cushing, English actor (died 1994)source
June 21 – Kid Azteca, Mexican boxer (died 2002)source
July 14 – Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (died 2006)source
July 18 – Red Skelton, American comedian (died 1997)source
July 22 — Esteban Reyes, tennis player (died 2014)Mexico source
August 16 – Menachem Begin, Polish-born 6th Prime Minister of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1992)source
September 2 – Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (died 1981)source
3 September – Henry Kao, politician, Mayor of Taipei (1954–1957, 1964–1972) and Ministry of Transportation and Communications (1927–1976).Taiwan source
September 11 – Bear Bryant, American football coach (died 1983)source
September 12 – Jesse Owens, American athlete (died 1980)source
October 19 – Sumbat Der Kiureghian, Iranian-armenian artist.Iran source
November 22 – Benjamin Britten, English composer (died 1976)source
December 18 – Willy Brandt, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (died 1992)source

Deaths

February 22 – Francisco I. Madero, 33rd President of Mexico (born 1873)source
February 22 – Ferdinand de Saussure, Swiss linguist and semiotician (born 1857)source
February 22 – José María Pino Suárez, 7th Vice President of Mexico (born 1869)Mexico source
March 7 – E. Pauline Johnson, Canadian writer (born 1861)source
March 10 – Harriet Tubman, American abolitionist, humanitarian and spy (born c. 1822)source
March 18 – King George I of Greece (born 1845)source
March 20 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (Kuomintang), is wounded in an assassination attempt, and dies two days later.source
21 March – About a hundred people of the Hehuan Mountain expedition and mountaineering team died due to snow and ice and were missing.Taiwan source
March 25 – Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, British field marshal (born 1833)source
March 31 – J. P. Morgan, American financier (born 1837)source
April 16 – Miroslav Kraljević, painter (born 1885)Croatia source
April 18 – Lester Frank Ward, American botanist, paleontologist and sociologist (born 1841)source
June 8 – Emily Davison, English suffragette (born 1872)source
October 29 - Darío de Regoyos. (born 1857)Spain source
November 3 – Sava Grujić, Serbian diplomat, general and politician, 5-time Prime Minister of Serbia (born 1840)source
November 7 – Alfred Russel Wallace, Welsh biologist (born 1823)source
December 12 – Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia (born 1844)source
December 26 – Ambrose Bierce, American writer, journalist (disappeared on this date) (born 1842)source