1226 CE

Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Golden Bull of Rimini, in which he grants Teutonic Knights the right to all of the lands they will get during the mission in Prussia; he also declares himself a senior of the Teutonic Order and Poland, as well as the universal ruler of Christian Europe. Ralph Neville is appointed as the new Lord Chancellor of England by the Great Council of Regency, regent for the Kingdom of England during the reign of King Henry III. The Catholic Church practice of eucharistic adoration among lay people formally begins in Avignon, Provence.

In the 1220s, the 13th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 11 – At Đông Kinh (now Hanoi), Trần Thái Tông begins a 32-year reign as the Vietnamese Emperor of Dai Viet, beginning the Trần dynasty.source
  • The Teutonic Knights undertake a new Crusade, attempting to subdue the pagan Prussians, who occupy a part of the Baltic coast. They are invited to Poland by High Duke Konrad I of Masovia, a grandson of Bolesław III Wrymouth. Their task is to defend Masovia against raids of the Prussians. After defeating them, the German knights set up their own state, which they named after the pagan people they have all but annihilated – Prussia.source

Conflict & Security

  • February 25 – (Karoku 2, 27th day of 1st month) In Japan, 8-year-old Kujō Yoritsune is raised to the status of the Shōgun Fujiwara no Yoritsune of the Kamakura shogunate by the Emperor Go-Horikawa, but the power over the Imperial military remains with the regent Hōjō Yoshitoki.source
  • March 9 – Khwarazmian Empire forces commanded by the Muslim Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni capture Tbilisi, capital of the Kingdom of Georgia. After the capture, the massacre of thousands of its Christian inhabitants begins as residents are given the choice between converting to Islam or being put to death.source
  • June 7 – King Louis VIII of France begins the Crusade against the Cathars (Albigensians) in southern France and against Raymond VII, count of Count of Toulouse. Over the next three months, the Crusaders capture the cities of Béziers, Carcassonne, Beaucaire and Marseille and by Avignon's surrender on September 9, Louis forces the region of Languedoc into submission, and reasserts his authority upon the autonomous municipalities of his estates. Most cities have to accept the authority of Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Provence, but Marseille and Nice rebel.source
  • August 8 – Siege of Avignon: After two months without forcing the defenders of Avignon to surrender from lack of food, King Louis VIII gives the order to assault the walls of the city and Guy II, Count of Saint-Pol, begins the second phase of the siege, digging trenches facing the city walls – which are connected on both sides of the Rhône with pontoon bridges. Firing from the fortress towers, the defenders repulse the attack and Count Guy is killed by a catapulted stone on the same day.source
  • September 9 – After Avignon's defenders negotiate a peaceful resolution with the French Army by the payment of an indemnity of 6,000 marks, the gates of the walled city are opened and Louis enters the city without violence.source
  • Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson is overthrown as ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles, and is replaced by his half-brother, Olaf the Black.source
  • Summer – Genghis Khan starts a campaign against the Tanguts, punishing the vassal kingdom of Western Xia (Xi Xia) for not contributing to the Mongol invasions. He assembles a large force (some 100,000 men), and lays siege to Liangzhou, second-largest city in Western Xia, which surrenders without resistance. In the autumn, Genghis crosses the Helan Mountains, and in November he lays siege to Lingwu. Meanwhile, Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia dies and is succeeded by his nephew Mo (or Li Xian).source
  • King Sancho II of Portugal ("the Pious") launches an offensive against the Almohad Caliphate during the Reconquista, and takes the city of Elvas.source

Religion & Belief

  • January 30 – King Louis VIII of France takes the cross to resume the Albigensian Crusade against the Catharism movement in Languedoc in southern France.source
  • February 20 – Pope Honorius III directs the Franciscan Archbishop of Toledo, Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, to lead the Franciscans in converting Moroccan Muslims to Christianity.source
  • March 26 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Golden Bull of Rimini, in which he grants Teutonic Knights the right to all of the lands they will get during the mission in Prussia; he also declares himself a senior of the Teutonic Order and Poland, as well as the universal ruler of Christian Europe.source
  • May 17 – Ralph Neville is appointed as the new Lord Chancellor of England by the Great Council of Regency, regent for the Kingdom of England during the reign of King Henry III.source
  • September 11 – The Catholic Church practice of eucharistic adoration among lay people formally begins in Avignon, Provence.source
  • November 29 – The coronation of Louis IX as King of France takes place at the Reims Cathedral at the direction of Queen Blanche, who also orders the defeated French nobles from the Albigensian Crusade to swear allegiance to her son.source
  • December 23 – Jean Halgrin, the French Roman Catholic archbishop of Besançon, is offered the opportunity to be the Catholic patriarch of Constantinople, but declines the position because of health issues.source
  • The Carmelite Order is approved by Pope Honorius III in the bull Ut vivendi normam.source
  • Castle built at Castleisland, County Kerry, by Geoffrey Maurice (or de Marisco), Lord Justice of Ireland.Irelandsource

Science & Discovery

  • March 4 – Just before dawn, a great conjunction between Saturn and Jupiter is observed from Earth. The conjunction is more significant than other occurrences because the separation of the two planets as visible in the sky of Earth (2.1 arcminutes or 1/30th of one degree of arc) will not be closer again until March 8, 4523 CE, and the close conjunction is the most easily visible from Earth until the conjunction of December 21, 2020.source

Culture & Society

  • May 14 – At the age of 11, Queen Isabella (Zabel), daughter of the dead King Leo, is formally crowned as the Queen of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, in a ceremony at the Armenian capital, Sis.source
  • Brother Robert writes the Old Norse Tristrams saga ok Ísöndar, one of the rare fully surviving versions of the legend of Tristan and Iseult.source

Births

  • April 16 – Mugaku Sogen, Chinese monk and adviser (died 1286)source
  • June 21 – Bolesław V the Chaste, Polish nobleman (died 1279)source
  • November 2 – Isabella de Clare, English noblewoman (died 1264)source
  • Dietrich VI, German nobleman and knight (died 1275)source
  • Amato Ronconi, Italian nobleman, monk and hermit (died 1292)source
  • Bar Hebraeus, Syrian scholar, historian and bishop (died 1286)source
  • Maria of Brabant, Duchess of Bavaria, German noblewoman (died 1256)source
  • Ulrich I, Count of Württemberg ("the Founder"), German nobleman (died 1265)source
  • Charles I, French nobleman and son of Louis VIII (died 1285)source
  • Blanche of Navarre (or Champagne), duchess of Brittany (died 1283)source
  • Angelo da Foligno (or Conti), Italian cleric and priest (died 1312)source
  • Gertrude of Austria, Austrian noblewoman (died 1288)source
  • Ata-Malik Juvayni, Persian governor and historian (died 1283)source
  • Herman VI, Margrave of Baden, German nobleman and knight (died 1250)source

Deaths

  • March 7 – William Longespée, English nobleman and knight (born 1176)source
  • May 2 – Amaury I de Craon, French nobleman and knight (born 1170)source
  • May 10 – Beatrice d'Este, Italian Benedictine nun and saint (born 1192)source
  • July 2 – Waleran III (or Walram), duke of Limburg (born 1165)source
  • July 10 – In Baghdad, Al-Mānsūr al-Mustansir bi-llah (known as Al-Mustansir I) becomes the new Caliph of the adherents of Islam (and the 36th of the Abbasid dyansty), succeeding his father, al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah, who died only nine months after succeeding to the Caliphate.source
  • July 11 – Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (born 1175)source
  • August 8 – Guy II, Count of Saint-Pol, French nobleman and knightsource
  • August – At Xingqing in what is now China's Yinchuan province, Emperor Xianzong of the Western Xia Empire dies after a three-year reign, and is succeeded by his nephew, Li Xian. The Mongols under Genghis Khan force the surrender of Western Xia the following year, bringing an end to the Yinchuan province as a separate nation.source
  • September 16 – Pandulf Verraccio, Italian bishop and politiciansource
  • October 3 – Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan Ordersource
  • October 30 – Trần Thủ Độ, head of the Trần dynasty of Vietnam, forces Lý Huệ Tông, the last emperor of the Lý dynasty, to commit suicide.source
  • November 8 – At the age of 12, Louis IX becomes the new King of France when his father, King Louis VIII, dies of dysentery at the Château de Montpensier while on his way back home after victory in the Albigensian Crusade. The boy's mother, Queen Blanche of Castile, rules the kingdom as regent during his minority.source
  • November 8 – Louis VIII ("the Lion"), king of France (born 1187)source
  • November 15 – Frederick of Isenberg, German noblemansource
  • Walter de Riddlesford, Norman lord with lands in County Wicklow and County Kildare.Irelandsource
  • Nuala Ní Conchobair, Queen of Ulaid.Irelandsource