1305 CE

New Mongol ruler Öljaitü sends letters to Philip IV of France, Pope Clement V, and Edward I of England offering a military collaboration between the Christian nations of Europe and the Mongols against the Mamluks. Pope Clement V, formerly the Archbishop of Bordeaux, succeeds Pope Benedict XI as the 195th pontiff of the Catholic Church. He will reign until 1314. After a three-week trial at Westminster, William Wallace is convicted of treason and of atrocities against civilians in war. After the trial, he is dragged through the streets of Smithfield in London and hanged, drawn and quartered – strangled by hanging – but cut down while still alive, emasculated, disemboweled (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, and then cut into four parts. Wallace's head is placed on a spike above the London Bridge, and his limbs are displayed separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling, and Perth.

In the 1300s, the 14th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

January 16 – William de Hamilton is formally invested as Lord Chancellor, the highest-ranking elected official at the time in England.source
January 23 – Henry II Kőszegi, the Ban of Slavonia, completes his conquest of Croatian territory in Požega and Valkó, and issues a charter of annexation from his encampment at Valkószentgyörgy.source
February 28 – The 52nd English Parliament assembles.source
March 19 – Amir Chupan, the Duke of Yi, is betrothed to Dowlandi Khatun, the daughter of Öljaitü.source
March 20 – King Edward dissolves the 52nd Parliament.source
May 19 – In Spain, the Treaty of Elche is signed between King James II of Aragon and King Ferdinand IV of Castile to revise the borders set out nine months earlier in the Treaty of Torrellas.source
May – a parliament meets in Perth to elect the Scottish delegation to the Westminster parliament.Scotland source
June 23 – The Treaty of Athis-sur-Orge is signed between King Philip IV of France and Robert III of Flanders. The treaty was signed at Athis-sur-Orge and concluded the Franco-Flemish War, as it recognised Flemish independence as a fief, but at the cost of the cities of Lille, Douai and Béthune, which were transferred to the French crown-lands, and the paying of exorbitant fines to Philip IV.France source
July 15 – King Edward of England summons a new Parliament, to assemble on September 15.source

Conflict & Security

April 30 – Byzantine Emperor Michael IX Palaiologos invites Roger de Flor, Italian nobleman and adventurer, to Adrianople and has him assassinated there. Along with de Flor, 300 horsemen and some 1,000 foot soldiers who accompanied him are killed. The plan is executed by Alan mercenaries, who at that time are enlisted in the Byzantine army. The murder of the commander of the Catalan Company does not have the expected results. Not only is the Company not disbanded, but its attacks on Byzantine territory becomes more severe. The period of destruction in Macedonia and Thrace after the murder of de Flor becomes known as the "Catalan Revenge".source
July 10 – Battle of Apros: Byzantine forces (some 6,000 men) under Michael IX Palaiologos, consisting of a large contingent of Alans and Turcopoles (Christianized Turks), attack the Catalan Company near Apros. Michael orders a general cavalry charge, but the Turcopoles desert en bloc to the Catalans. During the battle, the Byzantines are defeated (with many losses from the crossbowmen) and Michael is injured but escapes the field.source
December 20 – Battle of Amroha: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) invade the Delhi Sultanate again in northern India. Sultan Alauddin Khalji dispatches a cavalry force led by Vizier Ghazi Malik, to repulse the Mongols. During the battle (somewhere in the Amroha district), the Delhi forces inflict a crushing defeat upon the invaders. Many Mongols are taken prisoner and incorporated into the Delhi army.source

Exploration & Expansion

September 19 – At Tabriz (now in Iran) Öljaitü the Mongol Ikhanate, receives the Mongol ambassador from Yuan dynasty China.source
December 8 – At Tabriz, the Mongol Ikhanate Öljaitü receives the ambassador sent by Toqta, Khan of the Golden Horde that rules territory comprising much of what is now Russia.source

Religion & Belief

February 26 – In Spain, King James II of Aragon and King Ferdinand IV of Castile have a summit at the Monastery of Santa María de Huerta in Castile. Attending also from Castile are Ferdinand's uncle, Prince John; Juan Núñez II de Lara of the House of Lara; Ferdinand's cousin Juan Manuel; and Prince Afonso of Portugal.source
March 25 – Juan Manuel of Castile is made Lord of Alarcón.source
April – New Mongol ruler Öljaitü sends letters to Philip IV of France, Pope Clement V, and Edward I of England offering a military collaboration between the Christian nations of Europe and the Mongols against the Mamluks.France source
June 5 – Pope Clement V, formerly the Archbishop of Bordeaux, succeeds Pope Benedict XI as the 195th pontiff of the Catholic Church. He will reign until 1314.source
September – parliament meets and spends 20 days drafting an ordinance for Scottish administration. John of Brittany is appointed to serve as Guardian, assisted by a council of 22 Scottish aristocrats.Scotland source
Philip IV of France loses the title of Philip I King of Navarre and Count of Champagne upon the death of his wife Joan I of Navarre. Philip refused to remarry after Joan's death, despite the great political and financial rewards of doing so.France source
Carlingford Abbey was founded by the Dominican OrderIreland source

Crime & Justice

August 3 – William Wallace, Scottish rebel leader and knight, is captured near Glasgow at Robroyston, by English troops led by John de Menteith. He is transported to London and led, crowned mockingly with laurel, in procession to Westminster Hall.source
5 August – John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to King Edward of England, captures William Wallace and turns him over to English soldiers at Robroyston.Scotland source
August 23 – After a three-week trial at Westminster, William Wallace is convicted of treason and of atrocities against civilians in war. After the trial, he is dragged through the streets of Smithfield in London and hanged, drawn and quartered – strangled by hanging – but cut down while still alive, emasculated, disemboweled (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, and then cut into four parts. Wallace's head is placed on a spike above the London Bridge, and his limbs are displayed separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling, and Perth.source
September 15 – King Edward I of England issues ordinances for the government of the Kingdom of Scotland. King Edward issues the first commission of Trailbaston – which empowers him to appoint judicial commissions to punish crimes (such as homicide, theft, arson, and rape) and certain trespasses. Edward adds also conspiracy to the list of presentments.source

Culture & Society

January 12 – The marriage of Bastam, the 8-year-old son (and eldest child) of the Ikhanate ruler of Iran, Oljaitu Khan, to Uljay Qutlugh Khatun, the 7-year-old daughter and the only surviving child of the previous Ikhanate, the late Ghazan Khan, takes place in Tabriz. The betrothal of the two children had been arranged by Ghazan and Öljaitü on September 17, 1303.source
March 25 – The College of Navarre, one of the colleges of the historic University of Paris is founded.France source
June 20 – Öljaitü, the new Mongol Ikhanate, marries Qutlughshah Khatun, daughter of the Kerait Emir Irinjin.source
June 21 – At 14 years old, Wenceslaus III becomes ruler of Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland upon the death at age 33 of his father, King Wenceslaus II.source
June 27 – In recognition of the marriage of his daughter to Öljaitü the Mongol Ikhanate, Mongol Irinjin is appointed Viceroy of Anatolia.source
October 9 – King Wenceslaus III marries Viola Elizabeth of Teschen, daughter of Duke Mieszko I, and abandons his claim to Hungary in favor of Otto III of Bavaria. Meanwhile, Wladyslaw II the Elbow-High, claimant to the Polish throne, begins conquering Polish territories.source
Approximate date – Scottish physician Bernard Gordon writes his short treatise Lilium medicinae which will become the first known book by a Scot to be printed (c. 1480 in Paris).Scotland source

Births

June 2 – Abu Sa'id Bahadur (or "Abu Sa'id"), Mongol ruler (died 1335)source
August 18 – Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese general (shogun) (died 1358)source
September 25 – Al-Mahdi Ali, Yemeni imam and politician (died 1372)source
September 29 – Henry XIV, German nobleman and co-ruler (died 1339)source
October 28 – Minbyauk Thihapate, Burmese ruler of Sagaing (died 1364)source
November 5 – Robert Clifford, English nobleman and knight (died 1344)source
Agnes of Bohemia, Bohemian princess (House of Přemyslid) (died 1337)source
Philippe de Cabassoles, French bishop and papal legate (died 1372)source
Elizabeth of Poland, queen consort of Hungary and Croatia (died 1380)source
Arnoul d'Audrehem, French nobleman, knight and marshal (died 1370)source
Isabella of Aragon (or "Elisabeth"), German queen consort (died 1330)source
Peter Thomas, French monk, archbishop and theologian (died 1366)source
Khatsun Namkha Lekpa Gyaltsen, Tibetan religious leader (died 1343)source
Peter of Aragon, Spanish prince (infante) and counsellor (died 1381)source

Deaths

January 17 – Roger of Lauria, Italian nobleman and admiral (born 1245)source
March 1 – Blanche of France, French princess and duchess (born 1278)source
March 7 – Guy of Dampierre, French nobleman and knight (born 1226)source
April 2 – Joan I of Navarre, French queen consort and regent (born 1273)source
April 30 – Roger de Flor, Italian nobleman and adventurer (born 1267)source
June 21 – Wenceslaus II, king of Bohemia and Poland (born 1271)source
August 23 – William Wallace, Scottish rebel leader and knightsource
23 August – William Wallace, landowner and leader of Scottish resistance. Executed in London.Scotland source
September 4 – Matteo Rosso Orsini, Italian cardinal (born 1230)source
September 10 – Nicholas of Tolentino, Italian friar and mysticsource
October 4 – Kameyama, Japanese emperor and priest (born 1249)source
October 9 – Robert de Pontigny, French abbot and cardinalsource
November 16 – Albertino Morosini, Venetian nobleman and governorsource
November 18 – John II, French nobleman and knight (born 1239)source
November 24 – In India, Mahalakadeva, King of Malwa, is killed while attempting to flee the invaders from the Delhi Sultanate. Ayn al-Mulk Multani takes control of the kingdom as the Sultanate's Governor of Malwa.source
Queen of France Joan I dies in childbirth.France source