/year

October 28 in history

233 sourced entries recorded on October 28, from 97 CE to 2025 CE. Every line is quoted from the revision it came from.

Events

  • 97Emperor Nerva recalls his general Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, age 44, from the German frontier and is forced by the Praetorian Guard to adopt him as his successor.source
  • 306Maxentius, son of former Western Emperor Maximian, leads a revolt by the Praetorian Guard and members of the Senate in Rome, and is proclaimed Emperor. Southern Italy supports Maxentius, as do Africa, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. Maxentius recalls Maximian from retirement, who joins his son in Rome.source
  • 312Battle of the Milvian Bridge: Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge, becoming the only Roman emperor in the West. Prior to the battle, he reportedly has a vision of a cross (labarum) with the phrase "in hoc signo vinces" ("In this sign you shall conquer"). This encourages him to convert to Christianity.source
  • 456The Visigoths brutally sack the Suebi's capital of Braga (modern Portugal); churches are burnt to the ground. Rechiar flees wounded from the battlefield.source
  • 749Abdullah ibn Muhammad is proclaimed caliph at Kufa by his supporters and adopts the title of al-Saffah (the "Slaughterer of Blood").source
  • 969Siege of Antioch: Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes (during a night attack) seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Hamdanids is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter Phokas arrive. The Byzantine army then moves deeper into Syrian territory — besieging and taking the city of Aleppo.source
  • 1266A Crusader advance guard is ambushed by the Egyptian garrison of Safed, while local Arabs attack the Crusader camp. The 13-year-old Hugh II, ruler of Cyprus, is advised to retire and withdraw with heavy losses. Meanwhile, Baibars campaigns in Galilee and leads a lightning raid to Tripoli.source
  • 1288Treaty of Canfranc: King Edward I signs an agreement with Alfonso III at Canfranc, about the release of Charles II, who has been captured by Admiral Roger of Lauria in the Battle of the Gulf of Naples (see 1284).source
  • 1300October 28 (13 Safar 700 AH) – After learning that the Mongol Empire plans to stage a new attack on the Middle East, including what is now the area occupied by Syria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, the Mamluk Sultan, Nasir ad-Din Muhammad, leads an army from Cairo to confront the invasion.source
  • 1311King Ferdinand IV of Castile signs the Concord of Palencia with the principal magnates of the rest of the kingdom (including his brother, Prince John of Castile), promising to respect the customs and privileges of the subjects of his towns, and as well as to not deprive the nobles of the rents and lands that belong to the Crown.source
  • 1376Pope Gregory XI and his cardinals sail out of the Bay of Genoa toward Corneto. Several cardinals become seriously ill, including Cardinal de Narbonne, who disembarks at Pisa and dies there.source
  • 1383(3rd waxing of Nadaw, 745 ME) With the rainy season over in Burma, Queen Maha Dewi of Hanthawaddy dispatches armies from Pegu, Martaban and Myaungmya to attack her rebel nephew, Binnya Nwe, at Dagon.source
  • 1412Erik of Pomerania becomes sole ruler of the Kalmar Union (Sweden, Denmark and Norway) on the death of Queen Margaret.source
  • 1420Beijing ("Northern Capital") is officially designated the capital of Ming dynasty China by the Yongle Emperor, replacing Nanjing, during the same year that the Forbidden City, the seat of government, is completed and construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in the new capital city.source
  • 1451Revolt of Ghent: Ghent takes up arms against Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.source
  • 1453At the age of 12, Ladislaus the Posthumous is crowned at Prague as the King of Bohemia.source
  • 1462Adolph II of Nassau captures the town of Mainz and ends the Mainz Diocesan Feud, then carries a massacre of more than 400 citizens.source
  • 1472The Catalan Civil War comes to an end as Barcelona surrenders to King Juan II of Aragon with the signing of the Capitulation of Pedralbes by the rebel leader Hugh Roger III of Pallars Sobirà, guaranteeing the rights of the Principality of Catalonia in return for allegiance to the Kingdom of Aragon.source
  • 1492Christopher Columbus lands in what is now the Holguín Province of the island of Cuba.source
  • 1516Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17): Ottoman forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mamluks in the Battle of Yaunis Khan near Gaza.source
  • 1524A French army invading Italy, under King Francis, besieges Pavia, months before the Battle of Pavia.source
  • 1531Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Dawit II, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control.source
  • 1533The 14-year olds Henry, Duke of Orléans – the future King Henry II of France – and Catherine de' Medici are married at the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille.source
  • 1533Catherine de’ Medici and Henry II, future Queen and King of France, got married in Marseille.source
  • 1538The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded on the island of Hispaniola in Santo Domingo.source
  • 1546(4th waxing of Tazaungmon 908 ME) A second campaign begins in the Toungoo–Mrauk-U War in what is now the Asian nation of Myanmar, as King Tabinshwehti of Burma starts an invasion of the Kingdom of Mrauk U (led by Min Bin) in the Arakan Mountains. King Tabinshwehti dispatches 19,000 troops, 400 horses, and 60 elephants, with 4,000 invading by land and the other 15,000 being transported on a fleet of 800 war boats, 500 armored war boats, and 100 cargo boats through the Bay of Bengal to the coast of Mrauk U.source
  • 1546Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond succeeds the earldom following the death of his father James.source
  • 1552Hugh Goodacre is nominated Archbishop of Armagh by the king, the Catholic George Dowdall being deemed to have vacated the episcopal see.source
  • 1557October 24 – October 28: the Earl of Sussex, Lord Deputy of Ireland, campaigns against Shane O'Neill, burning Armagh on 27 October.source
  • 1566In Kneiphof, a city in the Duchy of Prussia (modern-day Ostrov Immanuinga Kanta in Russia), Albert, Duke of Prussia has three of the town's five councilors beheaded on charges of causing political and religious disputes with the other Prussian states. Johann Funck, Matthias Horst, and Hans Schnell are executed in the town's marketplace, while Paul Skalich and Johann Steinbach are able to flee the country.source
  • 1577In Flanders (now part of Belgium), two Protestant members of the city council of Ghent, Jan van Hembyze and François van Ryhove, proclaim the Calvinist Republic of Ghent. The stadtholder of Flanders, Philippe III de Croÿ, Duke of Aarschot is arrested, along with the Roman Catholic bishops Martin Rythovius of Ypres and Remi Drieux of Bruges. The Calvinist Republic will exist for seven years until the Spanish conquest of Ghent in 1584.source
  • 1593The Siege of Coevorden begins as the Spanish Army attempts to retake a fortress captured a year earlier by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England.source
  • 1605Eighty Years' War: Spanish troops under Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquess of Los Balbases, Captain-General of the Army of Flanders (newly appointed a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece), occupy Wachtendonk after a 20-day siege.source
  • 1613Keichō embassy: Hasekura Tsunenaga departs Japan in the Date Maru with a Japanese diplomatic mission to the Holy See, scheduled to first travel to Acapulco in New Spain, with a goal of concluding an agreement between Tokugawa Ieyasu and the East India Company, permitting English merchants to live and trade in Japan.source
  • 1628The siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.source
  • 1636Harvard University was founded.source
  • 1643Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch end their occupation of Valdivia in Chile.source
  • 1646The first Protestant church assembly for Native Americans (specifically, the Waban people) is held in Massachusetts.source
  • 1647The Putney Debates, a series of discussions between officers of the New Model Army following Parliament's military defeat of the absolutist monarchy of King Charles, begin at the St. Mary's Church, Putney about what form of government would replace the monarchy in the new republican Commonwealth of England.source
  • 1651Tender of Union: Parliament issues a declaration that England and Scotland should be incorporated into a single commonwealth.source
  • 1664The "Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of foot" is formed in London, origin of the Royal Marines.source
  • 1664The "Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of foot" is formed in London and serves as a precursor to the Royal Marines of the United Kingdom.source
  • 1702Sieur Juchereau, Lieutenant General of Montréal, establishes the first trading post on the Wabash River in order to trade buffalo hides with American Indians. The site of the trading post may be the modern-day location of Vincennes, Indiana.source
  • 1704Great Northern War: The Battle of Poniec takes place as King Charles XII leads Swedish troops in pursuit of the Saxon Army commanded by General Johann von der Schulenburg. The Swedes are forced to retreat despite surrounding the Saxons, and Schulenburg's troops escape.source
  • 1707The Hōei earthquake (the most powerful in Japan until 2011) strikes, with an estimated local magnitude of 8.6 and kills at least 5,000 people.source
  • 1715The Treaty of Greifswald is signed between Russia and the Electorate of Hanover, with George I of Great Britain and Hanover agreeing to Russia's annexation of Swedish Ingria and Estonia, and Hanover claiming the Bremen-Verden Swedish duchies of Bremen and Verden.source
  • 1718Ashkenazi Jews lease the site for Ballybough Cemetery in Fairview, Dublin, Ireland's first Jewish cemetery.source
  • 1719Sweden and Denmark-Norway sign an armistice, halting combat in the Great Northern War between them, with final terms agreed to in the Treaty of Frederiksborg on July 3, 1720.source
  • 17402-months old Prince Ivan Antonovich succeeds Empress Anna of Russia as Ivan VI under the regency of Anna's favourite Ernst von Biron.source
  • 1746An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru.source
  • 1766Coldstream Bridge across the River Tweed on the Northumberland border, designed by John Smeaton, is opened to traffic.source
  • 1767A boycott, of 38 types of goods imported from England, is resolved by Boston merchants meeting at Faneuil Hall as a response to the taxes imposed by Great Britain, and one of the first "Buy American" campaigns is started in order to encourage the purchase of items manufactured and produced in the 13 colonies. Copies of the agreement, to be signed by participating merchants, are circulated beyond the Province of Massachusetts Bay to other colonial provinces in New England.source
  • 1767a boycott of 38 types of goods imported from England is resolved by merchants in Boston, Massachusetts, as a response to the taxes imposed by Britain.source
  • 1772Basque-Spanish explorer Domingo de Bonechea, in the Aguila, sights Tauere atoll, which he names San Simon y Judas.source
  • 1776American Revolutionary War: Battle of White Plains – British forces arrive at White Plains, attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans.source
  • 1788Lorentz Petersen's wine company is founded in Copenhagen.source
  • 1791French Revolution: The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen is published in France.source
  • 1793Eli Whitney applies for patent for his cotton gin (the patent is granted the following March).source
  • 1813October 24–November 5 – Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan at the end of the Russo-Persian War, by which Persia loses modern-day Georgia, Dagestan and most of Azerbaijan to Russia.source
  • 1820Governor Macquarie names Lake George after King George III.source
  • 1831Michael Faraday constructs an early form of dynamo.source
  • 1834The Battle of Pinjarra occurs in the Swan River Colony in present-day Pinjarra, Western Australia. Between 14-40 Aborigines are killed by British colonists.source
  • 1835The United Tribes of New Zealand is founded at Waitangi, with the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand.source
  • 1835Texas Revolution – Battle of Concepción: The Texian Army defeats the Mexicans.source
  • 1844the first paddlewheel Jackal-class gunvessel, HMS Jackal (or Jackall) is launched by Robert Napier at Govan on the River Clyde as the Royal Navy's first iron ship. It is followed a month later by its sister HMS Lizard.source
  • 1848In Catalonia, Spain, the Barcelona–Mataró railroad route (the first to be constructed in the Iberian Peninsula) is inaugurated.source
  • 184828 October 1848: the railway line Barcelona–Mataró is opened. It is the first railway line in Spain.source
  • 1850Delegate Edward Ralph May delivers a speech on behalf of African-American suffrage, to the Indiana Constitutional Convention.source
  • 1853Crimean War: The Ottoman army crosses the Danube into Vidin/Calafat, Wallachia.source
  • 1855October 28–31 – 1855 Fiji expedition: The U.S. Navy dispatches the USS John Adams to Viti Levu, Fiji, to protect American interests. One American sailor is killed and two Marines are wounded.source
  • 1857October 24 – 28 enslaved people escape their enslavers in Maryland.source
  • 1858Macy's department store, founded by R. H. Macy, opens for business in New York City.source
  • 1861The Missouri legislature takes up a bill for Missouri's secession from the Union.source
  • 1863October 26–29 – The Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference are signed by sixteen countries meeting in Geneva agreeing to form the International Red Cross.source
  • 1863October 26–29 – The Grand Duchy of Baden, Kingdom of Bavaria, Kingdom of Hanover, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Kingdom of Prussia and Kingdom of Saxony are among the signatories to the Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference leading to formation of the International Red Cross and the German Red Cross.source
  • 1868Thomas Edison applies for his first patent, the electric vote recorder.source
  • 1875Inauguration of the National Pantheon.source
  • 1876October 28-November 5 - Hagi Rebellionsource
  • 1879The Hall effect is discovered by Edwin Hall at Johns Hopkins University in the United States.source
  • 1880The first stone is laid for the Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech, England.source
  • 1882six Benedictine monks return from France to commence the rebuilding of Buckfast Abbey in Devon, largely destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries.source
  • 1883Founding meeting of the art association Les XX.source
  • 1886U.S. President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty, a gift from France, in New York Harbor. The ensuing spontaneous celebration in New York City leads to the first ticker tape parade.source
  • 1890The first Labour Day is celebrated (but it is not a public holiday).source
  • 1891The 8.0 Ms Mino–Owari earthquake strikes the Gifu region of Japan. This oblique-slip event kills over 7,200, injures more than 17,000, and creates fault scarps that still remain visible.source
  • 1893The Banco de Chile is founded.source
  • 1893October 28 (October 16 O.S.) – In Saint Petersburg (Russia), Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducts the first performance of his Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Pathétique, nine days before his death.source
  • 1898U.S. President William McKinley rejects a peace proposal that would result in Spain ceding the island of Luzon to the U.S., in return for Spanish control of the other Philippine Islands. McKinley's message to his five-man negotiating team in Paris is that "Cessation of Luzon alone, leaving the rest of the islands subject to Spanish rule, or to be the subject of future contention, cannot be justified on political, commercial, or humanitarian grounds. The cessation must be the whole archipelago or none."source
  • 1898A general uprising by Filipinos, led by Adriano Hernández against the remaining Spanish authorities in the Philippines begins in the province of Iloilo on the island of Panay.source
  • 1900Sergeant Cesáreo García leads a failed insurrection in Badalona called the Carlist Sublevation.source
  • 1902The SS Ventnor sinks off the coast of Hokianga with the loss of 13 lives. The ship was carrying the remains of 499 Chinese men, most of whom had been involved in the Otago gold rush, back to China.source
  • 1904Panama and Uruguay establish diplomatic relations.source
  • 1906The Union Minière du Haut Katanga, a mining trust, is created in the Belgian Congo.source
  • 1906Union Minière du Haut Katanga incorporatedsource
  • 1906A train falls off a drawbridge in New Jersey, drowning 53 people, and results in what is widely considered the first ever press release.source
  • 1911The Rosicrucian Fellowship's international headquarters opens at Mount Ecclesia, Oceanside, California (preceded by its formal constitution on August 8, 1909, at Seattle, Washington).source
  • 1913December 2 – Zabern Affair: Acts of aggression by the Prussian garrison at Zabern, Alsace-Lorraine provoke political debate across the German Empire.source
  • 1914Participants in the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria are sentenced at Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, being under 20 years of age at the time of the assassination, cannot be given the death penalty, and is given a 20-year prison sentence instead.source
  • 1914Battle of Penang, Malaya: German cruiser Emden sinks a Russian cruiser and French destroyer, before escaping.source
  • 1914Another earthquake, a magnitude 6.4, strikes Gisborne.source
  • 1915The opening of Kagi Shrine in Tainan Prefecture.source
  • 1915St. Johns School fire: Fire at St. John's School in Peabody, Massachusetts, United States, claims the lives of 21 girls between the ages of 7 and 17.source
  • 19161916 Pioneer Exhibition Game: game of Australian rules football contested at Queen's Club, West Kensington, London, by two teams of elite footballers selected from men serving in the First AIF at the time.source
  • 1918Czechoslovakia declares its independence from Austria-Hungary.source
  • 1919Prohibition in the United States: The United States Congress passes the Volstead Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. Prohibition goes into effect on January 17, 1920, under the provisions of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.source
  • 1919Prohibition begins: The United States Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto.source
  • 1922The Red Army occupies Vladivostok.source
  • 1922In Italy, the March on Rome brings the National Fascist Party and Benito Mussolini to power. Italy begins a period of dictatorship that lasts until the end of the Second World War.source
  • 1922Rose Bowl sports stadium officially opens in Pasadena, California.source
  • 1923In Qajar dynasty Persia, Reza Khan becomes Ahmad Shah Qajar's prime minister.source
  • 1925October 19–29 – Incident at Petrich: A brief conflict occurs between Bulgaria and Greece after a Greek soldier accidentally crosses into the Bulgarian side and is shot by border guards.source
  • 1927Census (population 13,648,270)source
  • 1928In the 1928 Swiss federal election, the Social Democratic Party receives the most votes, but the Free Democratic Party remains the largest party in the National Council, winning 58 of the 198 seats.source
  • 1928The Second Youth Congress is held in Batavia, Dutch East Indies by young Indonesian nationalists, resulting in the Youth Pledge. The Indonesian national anthem, "Indonesia Raya", is introduced at the congress.source
  • 1929October 24–29 – Wall Street Crash of 1929: Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).source
  • 1934October 20–November 3 – Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first eastward crossing of the Pacific Ocean, from his native Brisbane, Australia, to San Francisco, in the Lockheed Altair Lady Southern Cross. The November 3 Hawaii–San Francisco leg is the first eastward flight from Hawaii to North America.source
  • 1938Some 17,000 Polish Jews are arrested by Nazis and deported to Poland, which refuses them entry and leaves them stranded on the border of the two countries.source
  • 1940Italy declares war on Greece, starting the Greco-Italian War, a theater of World War II.source
  • 1940October 26–28 – WWII: RMS Empress of Britain, serving as a troopship under the British flag, is bombed, torpedoed and sunk off the Donegal coast, with the loss of 45 lives. At 42,348 GRT, she is the war's largest merchant ship loss.source
  • 1942Film actor Errol Flynn is accused of statutory rape by two teenage girls.source
  • 1943Butter rationing is introduced, with an allowance of 8 oz per person per week.source
  • 19491949 Air France Lockheed Constellation crashsource
  • 1950Torcida Split is founded, in support of the Association football club HNK Hajduk Split, in SFR Yugoslavia.source
  • 1951President Gomez is hospitalized after having a heart attack, which leaves him partially paralyzed for the rest of his life.source
  • 1952Korea Explosives, as predecessor of Hanhwa Group was founded.source
  • 1952Premier of Victoria John McDonald resigns after the Victorian Legislative Council refuses supply. Thomas Hollway forms a short-lived ministry which lasts four days.source
  • 1958Pope John XXIII succeeds Pope Pius XII, as the 261st pope.source
  • 1959The Grand National Assembly adopts Decree No 410 which abolishes many monasteries, including Radu Vodă Monastery.source
  • 1962October 14–28 — The Cuban Missile Crisis occurs between the United States and Soviet Union over the deployment of Soviet ballistic missiles to Cuba.source
  • 1963Belfast Aldergrove opened as the principal airport for Northern Ireland, civilian facilities transferring from Nutts Corner.source
  • 1970In Jordan, the government of Ahmad Toukan resigns; the next prime minister is Wasfi al-Tal.source
  • 1970Gary Gabelich drives the rocket-powered Blue Flame (part fuelled by LNG) to an official land speed record of 622.407 mph on the dry lake bed of the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. The record, the first above 1,000 km/h, stands for nearly 13 years.source
  • 1970A cholera outbreak in eastern Slovakia causes Hungary to close its border with Czechoslovakia.source
  • 1971The United Kingdom becomes the sixth nation successfully to launch a satellite into orbit using its own launch vehicle, the Prospero (X-3) experimental communications satellite, using a Black Arrow carrier rocket from Woomera, South Australia.source
  • 1972The Airbus A300 flies for the first time.source
  • 1977Hong Kong police attack the ICAC headquarters.source
  • 1980The National Energy Program is introducedsource
  • 1982The Socialist Party wins the election in Spain; Felipe González is elected Prime Minister.source
  • 1983Gabriel Langfeldt, psychiatrist (born 1895).source
  • 1988Abortion: 48 hours after announcing it was abandoning RU-486, French manufacturer Roussel Uclaf states that it will resume distribution of the drug.source
  • 1989Aloha Island Air Flight 1712, a Twin Otter 300, crashed into mountainous terrain at night during an approach to Molokai Airport killing all 20 occupants on board.source
  • 1991October 28–November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern U.S. coast and Atlantic Canada, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.source
  • 1992Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein threatens to dissolve the Landtag of Liechtenstein and dismiss the government over disagreements regarding a referendum on Liechtenstein's accession to the European Economic Area.source
  • 1993October 27–31 – The Southland Firestorm, formed of more than fourteen separate fires in Southern California burning simultaneously, burns more than 700 homes and 160,000 acres. Two of these fire are the Laguna Fire which burned more than 16,000 acres (6,500 hectares), destroyed hundreds of homes and caused $528 million in damage in Orange County, California, and the Kinneloa Fire in Los Angeles County, California which caused a fatality.source
  • 1995A fire in Baku Metro, Azerbaijan, kills 289 passengers, becoming the world's worst subway disaster.source
  • 1996The Eritrean Investment and Development Bank (EIDB) was established.source
  • 2004The prehistoric human species Homo floresiensis is described.source
  • 20072007 Argentine general election: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner becomes the first directly elected female President of Argentina.source
  • 2010Dilma Rousseff is elected, becoming the first (and, so far, the only) female president from Brazil.source
  • 2012Jorge Lorenzo becomes the World Champion of the 2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season.source
  • 2012October 22 – November 2 – Hurricane Sandy, the largest Atlantic hurricane on record (as measured by diameter, with tropical-storm-force winds spanning 900 miles (1,400 km)), wreaks havoc, resulting in 233 total deaths and $68.7 billion (2012 USD) damage.source
  • 2018The right-wing Jair Bolsonaro is elected as the next President of Brazil, with 55% of the vote.source
  • 2022Elon Musk completes his $44 billion acquisition of Twitter.source
  • 2025Hurricane Melissa makes a catastrophic landfall in Jamaica as a Category 5 hurricane, with sustained wind speeds up to 160 kn, becoming the strongest hurricane to strike the country in recorded history.source

Births

  • 1016Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1056)source
  • 1017Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1056)source
  • 1305Minbyauk Thihapate, Burmese ruler of Sagaing (died 1364)source
  • 1430Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr, English soldier, son of Reginald West (died 1475)source
  • 1466Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (died 1536)source
  • 1479John Gage, English courtier of the Tudor period (died 1556)source
  • 1510Francis Borgia, Spanish General of the Jesuits (died 1572)source
  • 1536Felix Plater, Swiss physician (died 1614)source
  • 1550Stanislaus Kostka, Polish saint (died 1568)source
  • 1585Cornelius Jansen, French bishop of Ypres and religious reformer (died 1638)source
  • 1599Marie of the Incarnation, French foundress of the Ursuline Monastery in Quebec (died 1672)source
  • 1608Hans Schack, military officer (died 1676)source
  • 1610Jacob Kettler, German noble (died 1682)source
  • 1623Johann Grueber, Austrian Jesuit missionary and astronomer in China (died 1680)source
  • 1685Hans Gram, historian (died 1748)source
  • 1690Peter Tordenskjold, Norwegian sea officer (died 1720)source
  • 1690Peter Tordenskjold, nobleman and naval flag officer (d.1720).source
  • 1692Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria, Electoral Prince of Bavaria (died 1699)source
  • 1694Johan Helmich Roman, composer (died 1758)source
  • 1696Maurice de Saxe, Marshal General of France (died 1750)source
  • 1754John Laurens, American soldier (died 1782)source
  • 1837Tokugawa Yoshinobu, 15th and last Tokugawa shogunate (died 1913)source
  • 1842Anna Elizabeth Dickinson, American orator (died 1932), younger sister of journalist Susan E. Dickinsonsource
  • 1908Arturo Frondizi, 35th President of Argentina (died 1995)source
  • 1911Rade Končar, communist leader and World War II resistance fighter (died 1942).source
  • 1949Caitlyn Jenner, American transgender track and field athlete, reality starsource
  • 1955Bill Gates, American businessman and co-founder of Microsoftsource
  • 1956Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, 6th president of Iransource
  • 1962Kifah Al-Mutawa fencer.source
  • 1974Joaquin Phoenix, American actor born in Puerto Ricosource

Deaths

  • 312Maxentius, Roman emperor (born 283)source
  • 340Cunera (or Kunera), Christian martyrsource
  • 457Ibas, bishop of Edessa (modern Turkey)source
  • 816Beggo, count of Toulouse and Parissource
  • 875Remigius of Lyon, Frankish archbishopsource
  • 994Sigeric, archbishop of Canterburysource
  • 998Sigfried, count of the Ardennes (Luxembourg)source
  • 1138Bolesław III (Wrymouth), duke of Poland (born 1086)source
  • 1161Imar of Tusculum, French abbot and bishopsource
  • 1225Jien, Japanese poet and historian (born 1155)source
  • 1266Arsenije Sremac, Serbian disciple and archbishopsource
  • 1310Athanasius I, Byzantine patriarch (born 1230)source
  • 1312Elisabeth of Carinthia, queen of Germany (born 1262)source
  • 1313Elisabeth of Carinthia, queen consort of Germany (born 1262)source
  • 1323John Grey, English nobleman, knight and politiciansource
  • 1402The "False Olaf", a Bohemian immigrant who bore a resemblance to the late King Olaf of Denmark and Norway and impersonated the late monarch earlier in the year, is burned at the stake as punishment.source
  • 1412Margaret I of Denmark, queen regnant of Denmark of Norway since 1387 and of Sweden since 1389 (born 1353)source
  • 1455Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing, French Catholic cardinalsource
  • 1455Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing, cardinalsource
  • 1468Bianca Maria Visconti, Duchess of Milan (born 1425)source
  • 1498In the Chinese Empire, two days after being blamed by the Emperor Zhu Youcheng for bringing misfortunes to the Empire by having built a pavilion in the imperial gardens that disregarded feng shui principles, royal administrator Li Guang commits suicide. The Emperor's daughter Princess Taikang had died suddenly on October 1, and a fire had broken out in one of the palaces in Beijing's Forbidden City on October 26.source
  • 1546James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormonde (born c.1515)source
  • 1562George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntlysource
  • 1626Muhammad Parviz, Mughal emperor (born 1589)source
  • 1627The Mughal Emperor Jahangir dies of a respiratory illness near Bhimber while attempting to return to his palace at Lahore.source
  • 1627Jahangir, Mughal Emperor of India (born 1569)source
  • 1646William Dobson, English painter (born 1610)source
  • 1704John Locke, English philosopher (born 1632)source
  • 1708Prince George of Denmark, consort of Anne, Queen of Great Britain (born 1653)source
  • 1708Prince George of Denmark and Norway (born 1653)source
  • 1708Prince George of Denmark, consort of Queen Anne (born 1653 in Denmark)source
  • 1716Stephen Fox, English politician (born 1627)source
  • 1716Stephen Fox, politician (born 1627)source
  • 1740Anna, Empress of Russia (born 1693)source
  • 1740Anna, empress of Russia (born 1693)source
  • 1755Joseph Bodin de Boismortier, French composer (born 1689)source
  • 1756Charles Somerset, 4th Duke of Beaufort (born 1709)source
  • 1763Heinrich von Brühl, German statesman (born 1700)source
  • 1787Johann Karl August Musäus, German author and collector of folk tales (born 1735)source
  • 1800Artemas Ward, American Major General in the American Revolutionary War, Congressman from Massachusetts (born 1727)source
  • 1818Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (born 1744)source
  • 1874William Henry Rinehart, American sculptor (born 1825)source
  • 1900Max Müller, German philologist, Orientalist (born 1823)source
  • 1921William Speirs Bruce, British marine biologist and antarctic explorer (born 1867)source
  • 1929Bernhard von Bülow, German count and statesman, 8th Chancellor of Germany (born 1849)source
  • 1952Billy Hughes, Australian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Australia (born 1862)source
  • 1959Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban revolutionary (born 1932)source
  • 1965Pope Paul VI promulgates Nostra aetate, a "Declaration on the Relation of the (Roman Catholic) Church with Non-Christian Religions" by the Second Vatican Council which includes a statement that Jews are not collectively responsible for the death of Jesus (Jewish deicide).source
  • 2025Operation Containment: In Rio de Janeiro, more than 120 people are killed in raids targeting criminal organization Comando Vermelho during the deadliest police operation in Brazilian history.source