1179 CE

Third Council of the Lateran: The Council condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics. It further institutes a reformation of clerical life and regulates that in order to prevent future schisms, the pope must receive 2/3 of the cardinals' votes to be elected. Battle of Marj Ayyun: A Crusader army (some 10,000 men) led by Baldwin IV is defeated by Muslim forces under Saladin near the Litani River (modern Lebanon). The Knights Templar join the battle, but they are driven back in confusion. Baldwin narrowly escapes being captured in the route. Amongst Saladin's prisoners are Odo de St. Amand, Grand Master of the Templars, and Lord Baldwin of Ibelin. A large offensive, by the Almohad army led by Yusuf I in southern Portugal, aims at the reconquest of the Alentejo. Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attack Lisbon, but is repelled by the Portuguese, near the Cape Espichel. The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbour of Ceuta, and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between the Almohads and Portuguese.

In the 1170s, the 12th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • King William I (the Lion) establishes two castles at the Beauly Firth and the Cromarty Firth in northern Scotland. On his return, the city of Aberdeen is chartered by Wiliam.source

Conflict & Security

  • April 10 – A Crusader army, led by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem ("the Leper"), is ambushed by Muslim forces in a narrow valley in the forest of Banyas. Baldwin is only able to extricate his forces owing to the heroism of Humphrey II, lord of Toron, who holds up the Muslims with his bodyguard till Baldwin and his army escape. Humphrey suffers mortal wounds and dies on April 22. He is succeeded by his 13-year-old grandson Humphrey IV.source
  • June 10 – Battle of Marj Ayyun: A Crusader army (some 10,000 men) led by Baldwin IV is defeated by Muslim forces under Saladin near the Litani River (modern Lebanon). The Knights Templar join the battle, but they are driven back in confusion. Baldwin narrowly escapes being captured in the route. Amongst Saladin's prisoners are Odo de St. Amand, Grand Master of the Templars, and Lord Baldwin of Ibelin.source
  • June 18 – Battle of Kalvskinnet: Norwegian forces led by King Sverre Sigurdsson defeat and kill Earl Erling Skakke, outside Nidaros in Norway. The battle changes the tide of the civil wars.source
  • August 30 – Siege of Jacob's Ford: Muslim forces led by Saladin conquer and destroy the unfinished Castle of Chastellet at Jacob's Ford, killing 80 knights and taking 700 civilians captive.source
  • September 17 – A large offensive, by the Almohad army led by Yusuf I in southern Portugal, aims at the reconquest of the Alentejo. Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attack Lisbon, but is repelled by the Portuguese, near the Cape Espichel. The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbour of Ceuta, and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between the Almohads and Portuguese.source
  • Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader, confines the former Emperor Go-Shirakawa to his quarters after discovering that he has tried to confiscate the estates of Kiyomori's deceased children.source

Religion & Belief

  • March – Third Council of the Lateran: The Council condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics. It further institutes a reformation of clerical life and regulates that in order to prevent future schisms, the pope must receive 2/3 of the cardinals' votes to be elected.source
  • November 1 – The 14-year-old Philip II is crowned at Rheims by Archbishop William of the White Hands. He becomes joint ruler of France, together with his father King Louis VII.source
  • Westminster School is founded by Benedictine monks of Westminster Abbey (by papal command) in England.source
  • The Drigung Kagyu school of Kagyu Buddhism is founded (approximate date).source
  • Summer – Afonso I (the Conqueror) is recognized as King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III – bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Leonese monarchy.source
  • Tallaght and its hinterland, previously within the Diocese of Glendalough, confirmed as holdings of the Archdiocese of Dublin.Irelandsource
  • The Dialogus de Scaccario printedItalysource

Health & Medicine

  • June 24 – Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, is put under the ban of the empire when he refuses to appear before Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) to answer charges of misgovernment.source

Crime & Justice

  • Mieszko III (the Old), duke of Poland, travels to Germany to ask Frederick I to offer help in his restoration of the Polish throne, but Frederick demands a payment of 10,000 silver.source
  • Summer – Richard de Luci (or Lucy), High Sheriff of Essex, resigns his judicial office. He enters Lesnes Abbey (near London) that he founded in Kent, as penance for his part in the events leading to the murder of Thomas Becket (see 1170). Richard dies there on July 14.source

Disasters & Accidents

  • The Maya city Chichen Itza is sacked and burned by Hunac Ceel, ruler of Mayapan (approximate date).source

Births

  • April 4 – Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Indian preacher (died 1266)source
  • May 13 – Theobald III, count of Champagne (died 1201)source
  • May 17 – Ogasawara Nagatsune, Japanese warrior (died 1247)source
  • Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian and poet (died 1241)source
  • John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut, constable (died 1236)source
  • Konoe Iezane, Japanese nobleman and monk (died 1243)source
  • Shimazu Tadahisa, Japanese warlord (died 1227)source
  • Donatus of Ripacandida, Italian monk and saint (died 1198)source
  • William IV of Ponthieu ("Talvas"), Norman nobleman (died 1221)source
  • Yaqut al-Hamawi, Arab geographer and writer (died 1229)source
  • Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress (died 1222)source
  • Serapion of Algiers, English priest and martyr (died 1240)source

Deaths

  • February 25 – Adelelm, English Lord High Treasurersource
  • April 22 – Humphrey II, constable and lord of Toron (born 1117)source
  • June 18 – Erling Skakke, Norwegian nobleman (born 1115)source
  • July 14 – Richard de Luci, Norman High Sheriff (born 1089)source
  • July 27 – Mudzaffar Shah I, ruler of the Kedah Sultanatesource
  • August 9 – Roger of Worcester, English bishop (born 1118)source
  • August 20 – William le Gros (la Gras), English noblemansource
  • September 2 – Taira no Shigemori, Japanese nobleman (born 1138)source
  • September 17 – Hildegard of Bingen, German abbess (born 1098)source
  • September 17 – Hildegard of Bingen, German abbess and polymath, dies at Rupertsberg. Having founded two monasteries, she has also written theological, botanical, and medicinal texts.source
  • October 9 – Odo de St. Amand, French Grand Master (born 1110)source
  • October 18 – Chŏng Chung-bu, Korean military leader (born 1106)source
  • December 25 – Roger de Bailleul, French monk and abbotsource
  • A synod of thirty-three Armenian bishops in Hromkla discusses the conditions for union with the Byzantine Church and sends a profession of faith to emperor Manuel I Komnenos who dies before receiving it.source
  • Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179)Italysource