/year

April 10 in history

230 sourced entries recorded on April 10, from 238 CE to 2025 CE. Every line is quoted from the revision it came from.

Events

  • 428Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine, that will be called Nestorianism. It makes a distinction between the divine and human natures of Jesus, but comes under immediate attack from Pope Celestine I, and Cyril of Alexandria.source
  • 837Halley's Comet passes approximately 5 million km from Earth, its closest ever approach.source
  • 847Leo IV is consecrated 103rd pope of Rome (where he was born c.790). Because of the sense of urgency driven by the previous year's Arab raid against Rome, he is consecrated without waiting for the consent of the Holy Roman Emperor. He will reign until 855.source
  • 954April 6–10 – The Hungarians besiege Cambrai and burn its suburbs, but they are unable to conquer the city. One of Bulcsú's relatives is killed by the defenders, who refuse to pass his body over to the Hungarians. As a revenge, they kill all their captives.source
  • 1023Al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Thu'ban becomes the new Emir of Halab (in what is now northern Syria) after Safiyy al-Dawla is dismissed by the Caliph al-Hakim.source
  • 1112The Crusaders fight their way back to Acre (modern Israel).source
  • 1138Robert Warelwast is nominated as bishop of Exeter at a royal council in Northampton, England.source
  • 1179A Crusader army, led by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem ("the Leper"), is ambushed by Muslim forces in a narrow valley in the forest of Banyas. Baldwin is only able to extricate his forces owing to the heroism of Humphrey II, lord of Toron, who holds up the Muslims with his bodyguard till Baldwin and his army escape. Humphrey suffers mortal wounds and dies on April 22. He is succeeded by his 13-year-old grandson Humphrey IV.source
  • 1191King Richard I (the Lionheart) leaves Messina for Palestina, but a storm drives his fleet apart. Richard is forced to seek shelter at a Cretan port – from which he has a tempestuous passage to Rhodes, where he stays for ten days (from April 22 to May 1), recovering from his sea-sickness. After some searching, he discovers that the ship carrying his sister Joan of England and his new fiancée, Berengaria of Navarre, is anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, along with the wrecks of several other vessels, including Richard's treasure ship. The survivors of the wrecks have been taken prisoner by Isaac Komnenos, the self-styled emperor of Cyprus.source
  • 1201John, King of England, permits Jews to live freely in England and Normandy.source
  • 1301In the Principality of Monaco, the first Grimaldi family ruler, Rainier I, is forced to flee as troops from the Republic of Genoa besiege the Monacans. The Genoese rule will last for more than 30 years, until September 12, 1331.source
  • 1302The first meeting of the Estates General in France is convened King Philip IV ("Philip the Fair") at the Notre-Dame in Paris. During the assembly, all three classes – the French nobles, clergy, and commons – discuss the conflict between Philip and Pope Boniface VIII over the papal legate, Bernard Saisset – who is accused to raise a rebellion of Occitan independence, associated with Navarre, under the banner of the County of Foix.source
  • 1302The first national assembly of the Estates General in France is convened King Philip IV at the Notre-Dame in Paris, to address a conflict with Pope Boniface VIII about the papal legate and charges of high treason against Bernard Saisset.source
  • 1312The threat of a takeover by the Kingdom of France against the sovereign French Archdiocese of Lyon is ended when the Archbishop Pierre de Savoie signs a treaty granting King Philip the Fair the authority to administer the Lyon courts and law enforcement system.source
  • 1407After several invitations by the Emperor Cheng Zu of China, the lama Deshin Shekpa, the fifth Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism, finally visits the Emperor at Nanjing, the Ming dynasty. In his 22-day visit, the Karmapa thrills the Ming court with alleged miracles that are recorded in a gigantic scroll, translated into five different languages. In a show of mystical prowess, Deshin Shekpa adds legitimacy to a questionable succession to the throne by Cheng Zu, who had killed his nephew the Jianwen Emperor in the culmination of a civil war. For his services to the Ming court, including his handling of the ceremonial rites of Cheng Zu's deceased parents, Deshin Shekpa is awarded the title Great Treasure Prince of Dharma (大寶法王).source
  • 1500April 8–10 – Battle of Novara takes place during the Second Italian War. French victory over Ludovico Sforza.source
  • 1507Installed by the Revolutionary Council, Paolo da Novi becomes the first Doge of the Republic of Genoa in almost 19 years, after the office had been made vacant in 1488 by the conqueror Francesco Sforza. He reigns for only 18 days before fleeing from office by French occupation forces on April 28, and the dogeship will remain vacant again for five years.source
  • 1525Albert, Duke of Prussia commits Prussian Homage.source
  • 1563Royal assent is given by Queen Elizabeth of England to parliamentary approval of multiple laws, including the Highways Act 1562 (requiring all householders in a parish to provide six days labor per year on building highways); the Poor Act 1562 (providing for fines for persons who refuse to contribute to a fund for relief of the poor); the Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 (making refusal to swear allegiance to the monarch punishable as treason); and the Witchcraft Act 1562 (limiting the death penalty for witchcraft to cases where a defendant caused another person's death)source
  • 1567Henrique I Nerika a Mpudi becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo in what becomes the western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the northern portion of Angola. Henrique succeeds his nephew, Bernardo I of Kongo.source
  • 1579In the village of Cuers in France, near Toulon rebel peasants kill 600 nobles and upper-class gentlemen of the Catholic League serving the Count of Carces.source
  • 1579In the village of Cuers in France, near Toulon rebelled. Peasants killed around 600 nobles and upper-class gentlemen of the Catholic League serving the Count of Carces.source
  • 1591English merchant James Lancaster sets off on a voyage to the East Indies.source
  • 1591The emancipation of Filipino slaves in the Spanish Philippines along with reparations to former slaves, with the threat of excommunication of any Spanish slaveholder who refuses to comply, is ordered by Pope Gregory XIV in the papal bull Cum Sicuti.source
  • 1593The English Parliament enacts a law for the first military disability pension in British history, titled "An Acte for relief of Soudiours". The Act states that "forasmuch as it is agreeable with Christian Charity Policy and the Honour of our Nation, that such as have since the 25th day of March 1588, adventured their lives and lost their limbs or disabled their bodies, or shall hereafter adventure the lives, lose their limbs or disable their bodies, in defence and service of Her Majesty and the State, should at their return be relieved and rewarded to the end that they may reap the fruit of their good deservings, and others may be encouraged to perform like endeavors..."source
  • 1597The Serb uprising of 1596–97 ends in defeat for the rebels, at the field of Gacko (Gatačko Polje).source
  • 1606Charter of 1606: The First Charter of Virginia is adopted, by which King James I of England grants rights to the Virginia Company (comprising the London Company and Plymouth Company) to settle parts of the east coast of North America.source
  • 1608Jamestown supply missions: Christopher Newport again sails for England, carrying Powhatan's tribesman Namontack for a visit to London.source
  • 1610The Treaty of Brussol is signed between Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and a representative of King Henry IV of France, at a meeting at Bruzolo near Turin. The agreement for France and Savoy to remove Spanish occupiers from Italy, is never carried out because King Henry is assassinated one month later.source
  • 1612a royal charter of King James VI and I creates the City and County of Londonderry, and The Honourable The Irish Society to run the new plantation.source
  • 1612In England, 12 persons who become known as the Pendle witches allegedly hold a coven at the Malkin Tower in Lancashire on Good Friday, after which 10 people die mysteriously. All but two of the accused witches are tried for causing harm by witchcraft on August 18.source
  • 1627The t Gulden Zeepaert reaches Batavia in the Dutch East Indies.source
  • 1637Plymouth Colony grants the "tenn menn of Saugust" a new settlement on Cape Cod, later named Sandwich, Massachusetts.source
  • 1645Because of the plague, the Edinburgh town council orders that the college graduation ceremony should be moved forward, so that students can leave the city (on November 19, teaching resumes in Linlithgow).source
  • 1652Prudence Lee becomes the last woman in England burned alive at the stake for mariticide, at Smithfield, London (subsequent recipients of the sentence being in practice strangled before burning).source
  • 1674In the Ahom kingdom in what is now the northeastern Indian state of Assam, Chamaguriya Khamjang Konwar is installed by the Chief Minister, the Borbarua Debera, as the figurehead King of Ahom. He takes the regnal name Suhung and makes plans to have Debera killed. On April 30, Debera, having learned of the King's intentions, succeeds in having the royal physician poison Suhung's medicine, and installs another ruler.source
  • 1679A total eclipse of the Sun takes place over North America, with its peak over the region occupied by the Lakota Sioux people in modern-day South Dakota.source
  • 1683Charles V, Duke of Lorraine is appointed commander of the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire.source
  • 1698A total solar eclipse is visible in Central America.source
  • 1706The Battle of Grodno ends with a Swedish victory over Russian troops.source
  • 1708Johan Vibe is appointed Vice Steward of Norway.source
  • 1710The world's first copyright legislation, Britain's Statute of Anne, becomes effective.source
  • 1710the Statute of Anne, the world's first copyright legislation, becomes effective.source
  • 1717following the dismissal of his ally Lord Townshend, Robert Walpole resigns from the government. This begins the Whig Split which lasts until 1720.source
  • 1719Arvid Horn steps down as Privy Council Chancellery.source
  • 1724Bach leads the first performance of his cantata Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen, BWV 66, his first cantata composed for Easter in Leipzig.source
  • 1741War of the Austrian Succession: An Austrian army is defeated by Prussian troops of Frederick the Great in the Battle of Mollwitz.source
  • 1755Essex Bridge across the river Liffey in Dublin is opened to carriage traffic.source
  • 1760France's Minister of the Navy Nicolas René Berryer finally receives permission to send ships to assist French forces at Quebec, and a fleet of six ships under the command of Captain François Chenard de la Giraudais of the French frigate Machault departs Bordeaux, albeit too late to prevent the loss of New France to the British.source
  • 1761Claes Ekeblad appointed Privy Council Chancellery.source
  • 1781Future U.S. President Andrew Jackson, age 14, is slashed by a British officer's sword at his home near Waxhaw, North Carolina, after refusing to clean the officer's boots, an event that leaves physical and psychological scars.source
  • 1790The United States patent system is established.source
  • 1799Ellicott's Stone is placed by a U.S.-Spanish survey party headed by Andrew Ellicott.source
  • 1802The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India begins with the measurement of a baseline near Madras.source
  • 1807April 4–12 – Froberg mutiny: The British suppress a mutiny at Fort Ricasoli, Malta, by men of the irregularly-recruited Froberg Regiment.source
  • 1809Napoleonic Wars – The War of the Fifth Coalition begins when forces of the Austrian Empire invade Bavaria.source
  • 1815Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies blows its top explosively during its peak eruption, killing more than 92,000 people during week of activity from April 5 to April 12. The blast propels thousands of tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas compounds) into the stratosphere, and the high level gases reflect sunlight, causing widespread cooling from a volcanic winter. During 1816, heavy rains fall arounde the world, snow falls in June and July in the Northern Hemisphere, crops fail and widespread famine occurs. In later years, 1816 will become known as the Year Without a Summer.source
  • 1816March 29–April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.source
  • 1816March 30–April 11 – In Philadelphia, the African Methodist Episcopal Church is established by Richard Allen and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination in the U.S. completely independent of White churches.source
  • 1821April 10 (O.S.)/April 22 (N.S.) – Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is blamed by the Ottoman government for being unable to suppress Greek independence, and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Pascha.source
  • 1823Siege of Pamplona begins in Navarre as French troops besiege the city's garrison.source
  • 1826The Third Siege of Missolonghi ends and is followed by the massacre of thousands of Greek defenders by the Ottoman besiegers.source
  • 1827George Canning succeeds Lord Liverpool as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
  • 1827George Canning succeeds Lord Liverpool as British prime minister following the latter's resignation due to ill health after almost fifteen years in office.source
  • 1834The LaLaurie mansion in New Orleans burns, and Madame Marie Delphine LaLaurie flees to France.source
  • 1845The Great Fire of Pittsburgh destroys much of the American city of Pittsburgh.source
  • 1845The Great Fire of Pittsburgh destroys much of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.source
  • 1848The Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed.source
  • 1848A Chartist 'Monster Rally' is held in Kennington Park London, headed by Feargus O'Connor. A petition demanding the franchise is presented to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.source
  • 1856Theta Chi international college fraternity is founded at Norwich University in Vermont.source
  • 1866The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh.source
  • 1867Victor Duruy introduces legislation for female education.source
  • 1868April 9–13 – Battle of Magdala: A British-Indian task force under Robert Napier inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of Emperor Tewodros II; the British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, two of whom subsequently die. Tewodros commits suicide and Magdala is captured, ending the British Expedition to Abyssinia.source
  • 1871In Brooklyn, New York, P. T. Barnum opens his three-ring circus, hailing it as "The Greatest Show on Earth".source
  • 1872The first Arbor Day is celebrated in Nebraska.source
  • 1875The Arya Samaj is founded in Mumbai by Swami Dayananda Saraswati.source
  • 1875The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati.source
  • 1877The first human cannonball act in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 17-year-old Rossa Matilda Richter ("Zazel") at the London Royal Aquarium.source
  • 1886Soldiers fire on strikers in Rouxsource
  • 1887April 10 (Easter Sunday) – The Catholic University of America is founded in Washington, D.C.source
  • 1889The Hammarby Roddförening (later Hammarby IF) sports club is founded in Sweden.source
  • 1899Seven people are shot and killed in a gun battle at the Springside Mine at Pana, Illinois, between striking white union coal miners and African-Americans hired as strikebreakers.source
  • 1904April 8–10 – Aleister Crowley writes The Book of the Law, a text central to Thelema, in Cairo.source
  • 1904April 8–11 – At the Eighth Congress of the Italian Socialist Party in Bologna the revolutionary syndicalists led by Arturo Labriola and Enrico Ferri's left centre together win a clear majority, ending the cautious rapprochement of the reformist leader Filippo Turati with Giolitti to advance social reforms.source
  • 1906Chief of the General Staff reports to Minister of War on confidential conversations held earlier in the year with the British military attaché regarding the landing of a British expeditionary force in the event of a German invasion.source
  • 1907French doctors announce the discovery of a new serum to cure dysentery.source
  • 1910Halley's Comet becomes visible with the naked eye (perihelion: April 20); Earth passes through its tail about May 19 (its next visit will be in 1986).source
  • 1912White Star liner RMS Titanic departs from Southampton, England, with more than 2,200 passengers and crew on her maiden voyage, bound for New York.source
  • 1913Albrecht Grocery Shop, predecessor of the Aldi discount store chain globally, is founded in Essen.source
  • 1916Ole Bornemann Bull, ophthalmologist (born 1842)source
  • 1917Eddystone explosion: an explosion at an ammunition plant near Chester, Pennsylvania, kills 139, mostly female workers.source
  • 1919Emiliano Zapata, (39), southern leader of the Mexican Revolution, assassinated (born 1879)source
  • 1919Mexican Revolution leader Emiliano Zapata is ambushed and shot dead in Morelos.source
  • 1922Genoa Conference: The representatives of 34 countries convene to speak in Genoa, Italy about monetary economics, in the wake of World War I.source
  • 1924King Ferdinand and Queen Marie arrive in Paris on a royal visit. Though officially only a friendly visit, it was believed that Romania was seeking an alliance with France as a counter to unfriendly relations with Italy, Russia and Spain.source
  • 1925F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby is published in New York.source
  • 1928State declared secular. ( see Secularism in Turkey)source
  • 1929Cape – Ceres to Prince Alfred Hamlet, 6 mi 25 ch.source
  • 1931The Irgun is founded by Avraham Tehomi and former Haganah commanders who rejected the policy of "havlagah" and sought more action against Arab violence.source
  • 1934Fifth Encirclement Campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet: Nationalists begin the attack on the Communist stronghold of Guangchang.source
  • 1938Édouard Daladier becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister a leading advocate of the policy of appeasement, Georges Bonnet, effectively negating Blum's reassurances of March 14.source
  • 1938In a result that astonishes even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approves Anschluss by an overwhelming 99.73%.source
  • 1940WWII: First naval Battle of Narvik – The British Royal Navy attacks the German fleet in the Ofotfjord. At Bergen, German cruiser Königsberg is sunk by British Fleet Air Arm Blackburn Skua dive bombers, flying from RNAS Hatston in Orkney.source
  • 1941The Independent State of Croatia, a puppet state of the Axis powers, is established with Ustashe leader Ante Pavelić as head (Poglavnik) of the government.source
  • 1941U.S. destroyer USS Niblack, while picking up survivors from a sunken Dutch freighter, drops depth charges on a German U-boat (the first "shot in anger" fired by America against Germany).source
  • 1942The Holocaust: Construction of the Nazi German extermination camp Treblinka II commences in occupied Poland near the village of Treblinka. Between July 23, 1942, and October 1943, around 850,000 people are killed here, more than 800,000 of whom are Jews.source
  • 1944The Holocaust: Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler escape from Auschwitz concentration camp; on April 25–27 they prepare the Vrba–Wetzler report, one of the earliest and most detailed descriptions of the extermination of Jews in the camp.source
  • 1951The 1951 Singaporean general election is held.source
  • 1952Operation Four Roses, a counter-insurgency campaign whose main objective is to neutralize the four ranking leaders of the communist organization Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (HMB; commonly known as Huks)—Luis Taruc, Jesus Lava, Alfredo Saulo, and Jose de Leon (Kumander Dimasalang), begins. The month-long operation by the Philippine Army will end with the deaths of 17 Huks and five soldiers, and the capture of nine Huks, although none of the main targets are among them.source
  • 1954The modern form of value-added tax is first implemented by Maurice Lauré, joint director of the French tax authority, in France's Ivory Coast colony.source
  • 1959Crown Prince Akihito of Japan marries Shōda Michiko, the first commoner to marry into the Imperial House of Japan.source
  • 1961South African golfer Gary Player becomes the first non-American to win the Masters Tournament.source
  • 1962The SEACOM cable is announced.source
  • 1963The U.S. nuclear submarine Thresher sinks 220 smi east of Cape Cod; all 129 aboard (112 crewmen plus yard personnel) die.source
  • 1967The AFTRA strike is settled just in time for the 39th Academy Awards ceremony to be held, hosted by Bob Hope. Best Picture goes to A Man for All Seasons.source
  • 1968The ferry TEV Wahine strikes a reef at the mouth of Wellington Harbour, New Zealand, with the loss of 53 lives, in Cyclone Giselle, which has created the windiest conditions ever recorded in New Zealand.source
  • 1970In a press release written in mock-interview style, that is included in promotional copies of his first solo album, Paul McCartney announces that he has left The Beatles.source
  • 1972The U.S. and the Soviet Union join some 70 nations in signing the Biological Weapons Convention, an agreement to ban biological warfare.source
  • 1972Tombs containing bamboo slips, among them Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's lost military treatise, are accidentally discovered by construction workers in Shandong.source
  • 1972The 6.7 Mw Qir earthquake shakes southern Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 5,374 people in the province of Fars.source
  • 1972The 6.7 Mw Qir earthquake shook southern Iran with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent), killing 5,374 and injuring 1,710.source
  • 1972The 44th Annual Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles.source
  • 1973The Islamic Republic of Pakistan introduced its new constitution, its supreme law.source
  • 1973Operation Spring of Youth: Israeli commandos raid Beirut, assassinating 3 leaders of the Palestinian Resistance Movement. The Lebanese army's inaction brings the immediate resignation of Prime Minister Saeb Salam, a Sunni Muslim.source
  • 1973A plane on route from Bristol, England to Basel crashes into a hillside while approaching the airport killing 108 out of the 145 people on board.source
  • 1979Presidential Decree No. 1616, an act to create an Intramuros Administration for the purpose of restoring and developing Intramuros is enacted.source
  • 1979A tornado hits Wichita Falls, Texas, killing 42 people (the most notable of 26 tornadoes that day).source
  • 1980In Lisbon, Portugal, the governments of Spain and the United Kingdom agree to reopen the border between Gibraltar and Spain (closed since 1969) in 1985.source
  • 1980Andy Ram, Israeli tennis playersource
  • 1988The Ojhri Camp Disaster occurs in Islamabad and Rawalpindi.source
  • 1989Lone gunman wearing an Israeli army-issue uniform shot down four Arabs outside Jerusalem's Old City with a sub-machine gun. Sicarii claims responsibility for the shooting.source
  • 1991A South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola, the first of its kind to be documented by weather satellites.source
  • 1991The Italian ferry Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy, resulting in 140 deaths with one survivor.source
  • 1998Good Friday Agreement: An hour after the end of the talks deadline, the Belfast Agreement is signed between the Irish and British governments and most Northern Ireland political parties, with the notable exception of the Democratic Unionist Party. This would mostly put an end to the conflict known as The Troubles.source
  • 2004April 10–11 – Mass protests in Đắk Lắk, Gia Lai and Đắk Nông provinces.source
  • 2007Argentina's only icebreaker, ARA Almirante Irízar, catches fire while returning from her summer Antarctic campaign, 140 miles off Puerto Madryn. The ship is then towed to Puerto Belgrano, arriving on 20 April.source
  • 2007Serbia's war crimes court has jailed four Serb paramilitaries who were filmed as they shot dead six captured young Bosnian Muslims.source
  • 2009April 8 - April 12 – Maersk Alabama Hijacking occurs, the ship being taken over by Somalian pirates off the coast of Somalia.source
  • 2010The president of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, is among 96 killed when their airplane crashes near Smolensk, Russia.source
  • 2014In response to the invasion and subsequent annexation of Crimea by Russia, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) passes a resolution to temporarily strip Russia of its voting rights; its rights to be represented in the Bureau of the Assembly, the PACE Presidential Committee, and the PACE Standing Committee; and its right to participate in election-observation missions.source
  • 2015Cuba debuts in the Summit of the Americas on its seventh edition.source
  • 2018April 4–15 – The 2018 Commonwealth Games are held in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.source
  • 2019Fossil fragments found in the Callao Cave in the Philippines reveal the existence of a new species of human, the Homo luzonensis. The species is named after Luzon, where the fossils were discovered.source
  • 2019Scientists from the Event Horizon Telescope project announce the first ever image of a black hole, located in the centre of the M87 galaxy.source
  • 2020The ESA/JAXA space probe BepiColombo makes its final gravity assist around Earth and begins to depart for Venus, where it will make several gravity assist maneuvers before finally arriving at Mercury in 2025.source
  • 2020Kivu Ebola epidemic: The Democratic Republic of the Congo reports the first case of Ebola since February 2020. The outbreak has killed more than 2,200 people since August 2018.source
  • 2023Two document leaks from the Pentagon detailing foreign military aid relating to the Russo-Ukrainian war are leaked onto the Internet.source
  • 20242024 South Korean legislative election: The Democratic Party and Democratic Alliance wins 176 seats, while the People Power and People Future, to which President Yoon Suk Yeol belongs, wins only 108 seats.source
  • 2025A Boeing 737-500 passenger aircraft operated by Varesh Airlines veers off the runway while landing at Dushanbe International Airport from Tehran due to adverse weather conditions. No injuries are reported.source

Births

  • 401Theodosius II, Roman emperor (died 450)source
  • 1018Nizam al-Mulk, Persian scholar and vizier (died 1092)source
  • 1389Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (died 1464)source
  • 1472Margaret of York, English princess (died 1472)source
  • 1480Duke Philibert II of Savoy (died 1504)source
  • 1480Philibert II of Savoy, Duke of Savoy (died 1504)source
  • 1487William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (died 1559)source
  • 1502Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1505–1559) and Elector Palatine (1556–1559) (died 1559)source
  • 1512James V, King of Scots (died 1542)source
  • 1579Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1666)source
  • 1583Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and writer (died 1645)source
  • 1603Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark (died 1647)source
  • 1603Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark (died 1647 in Dresden)source
  • 1605Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark, prince of Denmark (died 1647)source
  • 1696Esther Wheelwright, Ursuline nun (died 1780)source
  • 1707Michel Corrette, French composer (died 1795)source
  • 1726Lucia Pytter, philanthropist (died 1825)source
  • 1755Samuel Hahnemann, German founder of homeopathy (died 1843)source
  • 1778William Hazlitt, English writer (died 1830)source
  • 1783Francisco de Longa (died 1831 or 1842)source
  • 1794Matthew Calbraith Perry, American commodore (died 1858)source
  • 1796James Bowie, American pioneer, soldier, smuggler, slave trader, and land speculator (died 1836)source
  • 1829William Booth, British founder of The Salvation Army (died 1912)source
  • 1838Nicolás Salmerón y Alonsosource
  • 1841Adolfo Rivadeneyra (died 1882)source
  • 1847Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian-born journalist, newspaper publisher (died 1911)source
  • 1946Ng Yen Yen, former Minister of Tourismsource
  • 1956Kwon Hee-deok, voice actress and writer (died 2018)source

Deaths

  • 238Han Ji (or Gongzhi), Chinese politiciansource
  • 376Bademus, Christian abbot and saintsource
  • 380James, Azadanus and Abdicius, Roman Catholic priests, martyrs and saintssource
  • 879King Louis the Stammerer dies at Compiègne, after a reign of 18 months. He is succeeded by his two sons, Louis III and Carloman II. They are crowned at Ferrières Abbey, and rule the West Frankish Kingdom together as joint-kings.source
  • 879Louis the Stammerer, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (born 846)source
  • 943Landulf I, prince of Benevento and Capua (Italy)source
  • 963Oda of Metz, German noblewomansource
  • 1008Notker of Liège, French bishop (born 940)source
  • 1031Liudolf of Lotharingia, German noblemansource
  • 1055Conrad II, duke of Bavaria (born 1052)source
  • 1216Ten-year-old Johan, son of the former King Sverker the Younger succeeds Erik Knutsson as King of Sweden, when Erik dies of fever at the end of an 8-year reign, at Näs Castle on the island of Visingsö.source
  • 1216Eric X (Knutsson), king of Sweden (born 1180)source
  • 1232Rudolf II, Count of Habsburg ("the Kind"), German noblemansource
  • 1257Izz al-Din Aybak, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is murdered on orders of his wife, Shajar al-Durr. He is succeeded by his 14-year-old son, Nur al-Din Ali, as ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate (until 1259).source
  • 1257Aybak, ruler of the Mamluk Sultanatesource
  • 1282Ahmad Fanakati, Persian minister and politiciansource
  • 1295Baldwin of Avesnes, French nobleman (born 1219)source
  • 1309April 10 (probable) – Elisabeth von Rapperswil, Swiss noblewoman (born 1251)source
  • 1362Maud, Countess of Leicester (born 1339)source
  • 1408April 10 or April 11 – Elizabeth le Despenser, English noblewomansource
  • 1500Michael Tarchaniota Marullus, Greek scholar, poet and soldier (born c. 1453)source
  • 1522Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Italian philosopher (born 1466)source
  • 1533King Frederick I of Denmark (born 1471)source
  • 1533King Frederick I of Denmark, ruler of the Danes since 1523 and later elected, but never crowned, King of Norway, dies at the age of 61. The vacancy leaves a dispute over his successor, which soon becomes the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde) between the Roman Catholic supporters of the former King Christian II of Denmark, and the Lutheran supporters of Frederick's son, proclaimed to be King Christian III.source
  • 1545Costanzo Festa, Italian composer (born 1495)source
  • 1545William Stewart (bishop of Aberdeen)source
  • 1585Pope Gregory XIII (born 1502)source
  • 1598Jacopo Mazzoni, Italian philosopher (born 1548)source
  • 1599Gabrielle d'Estrées, mistress of King Henry IV of France (born 1573)source
  • 1599Gabrielle d'Estrées, mistress, confidante and adviser of Henry IV of France (born 1573)source
  • 1619Thomas Jones, Protestant churchman (born c.1550).source
  • 1630William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, English noble, courtier and patron of the arts (born 1580)source
  • 1644Reverend William Brewster, English Pilgrim leader (born 1567)source
  • 1696Springett Penn, Member of the Penn family (born 1674)source
  • 1704Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, Bishop of Strassburg (born 1629)source
  • 1714Samuel Carpenter, Deputy Governor of colonial Pennsylvania (born 1649)source
  • 1741Celia Fiennes, English travel writer (born 1662)source
  • 1756Giacomo Antonio Perti, Italian composer (born 1661)source
  • 1786John Byron, British naval officer (born 1723)source
  • 1806Horatio Gates, British soldier, served as an American general during the American Revolutionary War (born 1727)source
  • 1807Duchess Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, regent of Weimar and Eisenach (born 1739)source
  • 1813Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Italian mathematician (born 1736)source
  • 1834John 'Merino' MacArthur, Australian farmer (born 1767)source
  • 1849Hungarian Revolution of 1848 – Battle of Vác: The Hungarians, led by János Damjanich, defeat the Austrians, led by Christian Götz, who dies after the battle due to his injuries.source
  • 1911Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Lithuanian artist and composer (born 1875)source
  • 1919Emiliano Zapata, Mexican revolutionary, assassinated (born 1879)source
  • 1928Pineapple Primary: The United States Republican Party primary elections in Chicago are preceded by violence, bombings and assassination attempts (two politicians are killed, Octavius C. Granady and Giuseppe Esposito).source
  • 1931Khalil Gibran, Lebanese poet, painter (born 1883)source
  • 1955Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, French Jesuit priest, philosopher, paleontologist and geologist (born 1881)source
  • 1962Michael Curtiz, Austrian-born film director (born 1886)source
  • 1966Evelyn Waugh, English author (born 1903)source
  • 1992First Nagorno-Karabakh War: Maraga massacre – At least 43 Armenian civilians are killed as their village of Maraga, Azerbaijan, is captured and destroyed by the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.source
  • 20062006 Kenya plane crash, 14 people and a number of politicians are killed in a plane crash near Marsabit.source