/year

August 30 in history

189 sourced entries recorded on August 30, from 257 CE to 2024 CE. Every line is quoted from the revision it came from.

Events

  • 257Pope Sixtus II succeeds Pope Stephen I as the 24th pope.source
  • 314Council of Arles: Confirms the pronouncement of Donatism as a schism, and passes other canons.source
  • 784Paul IV abdicates as patriarch of Constantinople.source
  • 995Retainers of Takaie clash with retainers of Michinaga, on the main street of Kyoto.source
  • 1060The Mirdasids under Mahmud ibn Nasr defeat the Fatimid Caliphate's army under Nasir al-Dawla Ibn Hamdan at the Battle of al-Funaydiq, leading to the definitive loss of Aleppo for the Fatimids.source
  • 1100After the failure of the Council of Liubech in 1097, the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in Kievan Rus; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them. Sviatopolk II of Kiev becomes the first Grand Prince.source
  • 1179Siege of Jacob's Ford: Muslim forces led by Saladin conquer and destroy the unfinished Castle of Chastellet at Jacob's Ford, killing 80 knights and taking 700 civilians captive.source
  • 1191Richard I advances in three divisions towards Caesarea, with the Crusader fleet accompanying him off-shore. The rearguard becomes engaged, and the French forces under Hugh III are nearly annihilated. Saladin has selected this part of the road for a major assault, but the Muslim attacks have little effect. The main effort to harass the Crusaders from a distance fails. Richard makes camp at the mouth of the Zarqa River, despite the intense heat, thirst, and the loss of many lives. Both armies rest and watch each other the rest of the day.source
  • 1282Peter III of Aragon, traveling with his fleet on a military expedition against Tunis, ends up in the Sicilian town of Trapani, after being asked by the inhabitants of Palermo to help in the fight against Charles I.source
  • 1290Survivors and relatives of the massacre at Acre take bloodstained clothing to Sultan Qalawun ("the Victorious") in Cairo, who demands that the leaders of the riot be handed over for trial, but the nobles refuse to send them and Qalawun now obtains legal clearance from the religious authorities in Cairo to break the truce with Crusader states.source
  • 1298Emperor Fushimi abdicates the throne after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son Go-Fushimi as the 93rd emperor of Japan (until 1301).source
  • 1363October 4 – Battle of Lake Poyang: The Dahan rebel forces of Chen Youliang are defeated by the Red Turban Rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang, during the final decade of Yuan dynasty control over China. Zhu's naval forces of 200,000 are pitted against Chen's naval forces of 650,000 troops, in what is not only the largest naval battle of the medieval age, but also one of the largest naval battles in history.source
  • 1436Brunelleschi's Dome at Florence Cathedral is dedicated.source
  • 1442Louis IV, Elector Palatine, agrees to serve as the judge in resolving a dispute between Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen and the Archbishop Jakob von Sierck.source
  • 1454The Italic League is concluded in Venice as an alliance between the Republic of Venice, the Papal States, the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, and the Kingdom of Naples.source
  • 1464Cardinal Pietro Barbo, Bishop of Vicenza, is elected as the new Pope, receiving 14 of the 19 votes On the first ballot, Cardinal Barbo had 11 of the 14 required, while the other eight were divided among Ludovico Trevisan and Guillaume d'Estouteville. Barbo takes the regnal name of Pope Paul II, 211th pope of the Roman Catholic Church.source
  • 1466A group of 41 Bavarian knights from the Straubing region gather at Regensburg and form an alliance against the Duke of Bavaria Munich, Albrecht IV. They refer to themselves as The Boeckler League" (Der Böcklerbundbund), led by Hans von Degenberg, and soon start a rebellion, the "Boeckler War". The League is dissolved by Imperial Decree from the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III on October 28, 1467, and the League members vote for dissolution, but some continue the war.source
  • 1483Charles VIII becomes King of France at thirteen years of age after the death of his father Louis XI.source
  • 1483Charles VIII becomes the new King of France upon the death of his father, Louis XI.source
  • 1483Louis XI's eldest daughter, Anne, becomes regent on Charles VIII's behalf.source
  • 1525The French ambassador to England and King Henry VIII sign the Treaty of the More at a castle, "The More", in Hertfordshire.source
  • 1525Treaty of the More was signed between Henry VIII of England and queen regent Louise of Savoy restoring relation between France and England.source
  • 1532The siege of Güns fails as heavy rains and the arrival of reinforcements from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to supplement the Croatian defenders, causes Suleiman to retreat.source
  • 1551August 30 (1st waxing of Thadingyut 913 ME)– King Bayinnaung of Burma conquers the rebellious Kingdom of Prome (with a capital at Pyay) and kills the rebel Thado Thu, a former servant who had proclaimed himself as King Thado Dhamma Yaza after the 1550 assassination of King Tabinshwehti.source
  • 1574Guru Ram Das becomes the fourth of the Sikh gurus.source
  • 1579Livonian War: In what is now Belarus, the city of Polotsk falls to the forces of Stephen Báthory, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland.source
  • 1591The Battle of Flores begins off Flores Island (Azores). By September 1, the Spanish fleet is victorious over the English and captures the English ship Revenge, fatally wounding Richard Grenville.source
  • 1594Diplomats meet at Stirling Castle for the Masque at the baptism of Prince Henry, heir to the throne of Scotland.source
  • 1594Baptism of Prince Henry at Stirling Castle.source
  • 1615A Spanish treasure fleet of 41 ships is struck in the Gulf of Mexico by a powerful storm that sinks the ship San Miguelsource
  • 1623Negotiations, resumed in March, of the planned "Spanish match" break down. On October 5, Prince Charles returns to England from Spain without a bride.source
  • 1646Køge Pharmacy is founded.source
  • 1658hurricane storms in southern England, the worst for centuries.source
  • 1658The Royal Life Guards on foot is founded.source
  • 1659Poland's army of over 12,000 troops under the command of Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and Krzysztof Grodzicki, takes back the city of Grudziądz, which has been under Sweden's control since the end of 1655, after a siege of seven days. Much of the town is left in ruins after a fire and bombardment from Polish cannons.source
  • 1667The Earl of Clarendon is dismissed as Lord Chancellor.source
  • 1673Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Netherlands and the Lutherans form an anti-French covenant.source
  • 1673Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Netherlands and the Lutherans form an anti-French covenant.source
  • 1709the Parliament of Ireland passes an amending act which requires any adult male (including registered Roman Catholic priests) to take an oath of abjuration if required by a magistrate.source
  • 1727Anne, eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain, is given the title Princess Royal.source
  • 1727Anne, eldest daughter of George II, is given the title Princess Royal.source
  • 1746Duc d'Anville Expedition, led by a French aristocrat, arrives at Chebucto (now Halifax Harbour) with 13,000 men in 70 ships. His orders from the King of France: Expel the British from Nova Scotia, then burn Boston and sack New England. Disease and dissension within the command structure defeats d'Anville's force, which despite its formidable strength has no discernible effect on the course of events in North America.source
  • 1754New Hampshire settlers Susannah Willard Johnson and her family are taken hostage by the Abenaki Indians during an attack near Charlestown. Nine months pregnant at the time of their capture, Johnson gives birth two days later to a child, whom she names Elizabeth Captive Johnson. For the next two years, the family is held for ransom in Canada before she is released. In 1796, she will recount the story in a popular memoir, A Narrative of the Captivity of Mrs. Johnson.source
  • 1757Seven Years' War: Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf – A Prussian army under Hans von Lehwaldt is defeated by the Russian army under Marshal Stepan Apraksin.source
  • 1760Seven Years' War: Battle of Legnica – By a series of brilliant maneuvers, Frederick the Great manages to defeat the Austrian army of Marshal Laudon before it can unite with that of Marshal Daun.source
  • 1768A fire burns much of the Library of the Vatican.source
  • 1775August 29 – September 12 – The Independence Hurricane from South Carolina to Nova Scotia kills 4,170, mostly fishermen and sailors.source
  • 1781American Revolution: A French fleet under Comte de Grasse enters Chesapeake Bay, cutting British General Charles Cornwallis off from escape by sea.source
  • 1792August 29–September 2 – War of the First Coalition: Battle of Verdun – Prussian forces defeat French troops led by Nicolas-Joseph Beaurepaire.source
  • 1799Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Vlieter Incident – A squadron of the Batavian Republic's navy, commanded by Rear-Admiral Samuel Story, surrenders to the British Royal Navy, under Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell, near Wieringen, without joining action.source
  • 1800The plot by African-American blacksmith and slave Gabriel Prosser to seize Richmond, Virginia, and guide a slave uprising, is thwarted by a massive downpour on the evening that it is set to begin; two other slaves have revealed Prosser's plans to authorities, who have prepared to follow him to the rendezvous point and arrest the conspirators, so that "neither the geographical extent of the plot nor the number of insurgents in the conspiracy was revealed"; eventually, 25 slaves, including Prosser, will be captured, tried and hanged.source
  • 1800Gabriel Prosser's slave revolt in Richmond, Virginia is postponed due to weather. Word of his plan reaches Virginia's governor, James Monroe, who calls in the state militia. Gabriel is later captured and hanged on October 10 along with 23 other slaves.source
  • 1808Peninsular War: Convention of Sintra signed, by which the defeated French are allowed to evacuate their troops from Portugal without further conflict.source
  • 1813Creek War – Fort Mims massacre: A force of Creeks, belonging to the Red Sticks faction, kills hundreds of settlers in Fort Mims, Alabama.source
  • 1821At the Congress of Cúcuta, the Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President, and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.source
  • 1835European settlers, landing on the north banks of the Yarra River in Victoria, Australia, found the settlement of Melbourne.source
  • 1836The settlement of Houston, Texas is founded.source
  • 1842Sir William Nott defeats the Afghans at Ghazni.source
  • 1856Battle of Osawatomie: Proslavery forces defeat antislavery forces in Bleeding Kansas.source
  • 1859August 28–September 2 – The solar storm of 1859, the largest geomagnetic solar storm on record, causes the Northern lights to be visible as far south as Montería, Colombia and knocks out telegraph communication (this is also called the Carrington event).source
  • 1862August 28–30 – Second Battle of Bull Run – Confederate forces inflict a crushing defeat on Union General John Pope.source
  • 1865The New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian publishes its last issue. It began in 1844.source
  • 1873The Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition discovers Franz Josef Land.source
  • 1889The Royal Mail Mount Pleasant Sorting Office officially opens in London.source
  • 1899After taking over the second-largest city in the Dominican Republic, Santiago de los Caballeros, revolutionists proclaim Horacio Vásquez as the nation's President in rebel-controlled territory. At the same time in the capital at Santo Domingo, president Wenceslao Figuereo steps down after only five weeks in office.source
  • 1901Hubert Cecil Booth patents an electric vacuum cleaner, in the United Kingdom.source
  • 1902Mount Pelée again erupts in Martinique, destroying the town of Le Morne-Rouge and causing 1,000 deaths.source
  • 1905A solar eclipse takes place, with greatest visibility in North Africa.source
  • 1907August 24–31 – The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam meets in the Netherlands.source
  • 1911Saionji Kinmochi is appointed Prime Minister of Japan.source
  • 1914August 26–30 – Battle of Tannenberg: The Russian Second Army is surrounded and defeated.source
  • 1916The crew of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition's Endurance 1912 ship is rescued from Elephant Island.source
  • 1916Rescue of the 22 men Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition who remained on Elephant Island.source
  • 1920August 28–September 2 – Bukhara operation: The Russian Red Army and Young Bukharians overthrow the Emirate of Bukhara, leading to the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.source
  • 1923Hurricane season begins, with a tropical storm northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands.source
  • 1924The German Reichsbank begins operating independently of the German government by issuing a new mark after the hyperinflation completely devaluates the old mark.source
  • 1932Hermann Göring is elected as Speaker of the German Reichstag.source
  • 1933September 15 - Battle of Campo Grandesource
  • 1933German-Jewish philosopher Theodor Lessing is shot in Marienbad (Mariánské Lázně), Czechoslovakia, dying the following day.source
  • 1936Ernest Nash flees Germany for Rome.source
  • 1936Train derails near Paraparaumu due to a landslide in heavy rain.source
  • 1940Second Vienna Award: Germany and Italy compel Romania to cede half of Transylvania to Hungary.source
  • 1940España F.C., a Salvadoran football club, was established.source
  • 1941Germany and Romania sign another treaty, the Tighina Agreement.source
  • 1941first official 'Shetland bus' clandestine mission using Norwegian fishing boats between Shetland and German-occupied Norway.source
  • 1945Liberation of Hong Kong from Japanese control, when the British Royal Navy returns Hong Kong to its interrupted British colonial status (1841–1997).source
  • 1945Vietnam's capital Hanoi is taken by the Viet Minh, which ends the French occupation in what becomes North Vietnam, and thus the southern provinces become South Vietnam. This ends the August Revolution.source
  • 1945Douglas MacArthur arrives in Japan.source
  • 1947A fire at a movie theater in Rueil, a suburb of Paris, France, kills 83 people.source
  • 1948The Securitate (Departamentul Securității Statului, Department of State Security) is found.source
  • 1950August 22 – August 30 - Rail workers strike shuts down much of the Canadian economysource
  • 1952The last Finnish war reparations are sent to the Soviet Union.source
  • 1957Stadium Merdeka was officially opened.source
  • 1958August 30–September 1 – Notting Hill race riots: Riots occur between blacks and whites in Notting Hill, London.source
  • 19591959 South Vietnamese legislative election: South Vietnamese opposition figure Phan Quang Dan is elected to the National Assembly despite soldiers being bussed in to vote for President Ngo Dinh Diem's candidate.source
  • 1963The Moscow–Washington hotline (a direct teleprinter link) is inaugurated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy.source
  • 19631963–64 Balkans Cup: Albania is defeated by Turkey 1-0 at Mithat Paşa Stadium, Istanbulsource
  • 1965The Subang Airport near Subang, Selangor was officially opened.source
  • 1965An avalanche buries a dam construction site at Saas-Fee, Switzerland, killing 90 workers.source
  • 1966France offers independence to French Somaliland (Djibouti from 1977).source
  • 1967Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He is the first African American to hold the position.source
  • 1968August 22–30 – 1968 Democratic National Convention protests: Police clash with anti-Vietnam War protesters in Chicago outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which nominates Hubert Humphrey for U.S. president and Edmund Muskie for vice president. The riots and subsequent trials are an essential part of the activism of the Youth International Party.source
  • 1971The Progressive Conservatives under Peter Lougheed defeat the Social Credit government under Harry E. Strom in a general election, ending 36 years of uninterrupted power for Social Credit in Alberta.source
  • 1974An express train bound for Germany from Belgrade derails in Zagreb, Yugoslavia (now Croatia), killing more than 150 passengers.source
  • 1974The Mitsubishi Heavy Industries building in Tokyo is bombed by radical far-left terrorists, killing 8 and wounding more than 376.source
  • 1977August 29 – September 4:Hurricane Anitasource
  • 1984STS-41-D: the Space Shuttle Discovery takes off on its maiden voyage.source
  • 1987Israel's government cancels the IAI Lavi programme.source
  • 1987The Netherlands men's national field hockey team prolong the European title in Moscow by beating England after penalty shots in the final.source
  • 1995Operation Deliberate Force, the NATO bombing campaign against Bosnian Serb artillery positions, begins in Bosnia and Herzegovina, continuing into September. At the same time, ARBiH forces begin an offensive against the Bosnian Serb Army around Sarajevo, central Bosnia and Bosnian Krajina.source
  • 1996Around 500 guerrillas belonging to the Southern Bloc of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia People's Army (FARC) attack Las Delicias military base in Puerto Leguízamo, Putumayo. During the attack, 27 National Army soldiers die, 60 are kidnapped, and 16 are wounded. 12 FARC members are also killed and 25 are injured.source
  • 1998SES launches its eighth satellite, Astra 2A.source
  • 1999East Timor votes for independence from Indonesia (which had invaded and occupied it since 1975) in a referendum.source
  • 2002August 26–September 4 – Earth Summit 2002 takes places in Johannesburg, South Africa, aimed at discussing sustainable development by the United Nations.source
  • 2002August 22–September 4 – Typhoon Rusa, the most powerful typhoon to hit South Korea in 43 years, makes landfall, killing at least 236 people.source
  • 2003The FARC releases a second proof of life to the family of kidnapped French-Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt.source
  • 2005August 29 – September 4 – 2005 Asian Amateur Boxing Championships were held in Ho Chi Minh City.source
  • 2006The Burundi government accuses acting Special Representative Nureldin Satti and requests his removal from office.source
  • 2008Italy signed a $5 billion deal for infrastructure investments in Libya, coupled with an apology for damage done to Libya from Italian colonization of the country.source
  • 2010The 2010 Bratislava shootingsource
  • 2013Scientists discover an 800km long canyon that is up to 800m deep in places beneath the ice sheet that covers Greenland.source
  • 2014Twenty gold miners are rescued from a collapsed mine. Five still remain missing however.source
  • 2017August 25–30 – Hurricane Harvey strikes the United States as a Category 4 hurricane, causing catastrophic damage to the Houston metropolitan area, mostly due to record-breaking floods. At least 108 deaths are recorded, and total damage reaches $125 billion (2017 USD), making Harvey the costliest natural disaster in United States history, tied with Hurricane Katrina in 2005.source
  • 2020Honduras's debt increased US $10,833 billion in the first quarter of 2020, 19.9% more than in 2019.source
  • 2020Qatar ends the kafala system, allowing migrant workers to change jobs freely, introducing a non-discriminatory minimum wage of 1,000 QAR with allowances for food and housing.source
  • 2021The United States withdraws its last remaining troops from Hamid Karzai International Airport, Kabul, ending 20 years of operations in Afghanistan.source
  • 2021The UN Environment Programme announces that leaded petrol in road vehicles has been phased out globally, a hundred years after its introduction.source
  • 2021August 24–September 5 – The 2020 Summer Paralympics were held in Tokyo, Japan. They were originally scheduled for 25 August–6 September 2020, but were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.source
  • 2022The first ship carrying grain from Ukraine arrives in Djibouti.source
  • 2023Sherine Hussain of Bahrain sets a world sub-junior record with a remarkable deadlift of 156.5 kilograms.source
  • 2023The death toll from torrential rains in Tajikistan rises to 21, as flooding, landslides, and mudflows affect towns near Dushanbe.source
  • 2024August 28 – September 8 – The 2024 Summer Paralympics are held in Paris, France.source

Births

  • 1334King Peter of Castile (died 1369)source
  • 1574Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian translator (died 1634)source
  • 1609Artus Quellinus the Elder, Flemish sculptor (died 1668)source
  • 1627Itō Jinsai, Japanese philosopher (died 1705)source
  • 1644Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet, English politician (died 1729)source
  • 1705David Hartley, English philosopher (died 1757)source
  • 1716Capability Brown, English landscape architect (died 1783)source
  • 171630 August (bapt.) – Lancelot "Capability" Brown, landscape architect (died 1783)source
  • 1748Jacques-Louis David, French painter (died 1825)source
  • 1797Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, English novelist, dramatist, essayist, biographer and travel writer (died 1851)source
  • 1850Marcelo H. del Pilar, Filipino writer, journalist (died 1896)source
  • 1871Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (died 1937)source
  • 1893Huey Long, Louisiana governor and senator (assassinated 1935)source
  • 1918Ted Williams, American baseball player (died 2002)source
  • 1930Warren Buffett, American billionaire entrepreneursource
  • 1954Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarussource
  • 1962Alexander Litvinenko, Russian ex-KGB colonel and ex-FSB lieutenant-colonel (died 2006)source
  • 1970Michael Wong – Malaysian Chinese singersource

Deaths

  • 337Alexander of Constantinople, bishop of Byzantium (approximate date)source
  • 526Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths (born 454)source
  • 526King Theodoric the Great dies of dysentery at Ravenna; his daughter Amalasuintha takes power as regent for her 10-year-old son Athalaric.source
  • 832Cui Qun, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (born 772)source
  • 1026Bononio, Lombard hermit and abbotsource
  • 1131Hervey le Breton, English bishopsource
  • 1181Pope Alexander III dies after a 22-year pontificate at Rome. He is succeeded by the Tuscany-born Lucius III as the 171st pope of the Catholic Church.source
  • 1181Alexander III, pope of the Catholic Churchsource
  • 1214Peter of Capua the Elder, Italian cardinal and papal legatesource
  • 1329Khutughtu Khan, Emperor Mingzong of Yuan, emperor of the Yuan dynasty and the Mongol Empire (born 1300)source
  • 1428(20th day of the 7th month of Shōchō 1) Japan's Emperor Shōkō dies at the age of 27.source
  • 1428Emperor Shōkō, emperor of Japan (born 1401)source
  • 1433Peter I, Count of Saint-Pol (born 1390)source
  • 1482The reign of Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège over the Principality of Liège, a semi-independent eccleasitic state within the Holy Roman Empire in parts of what are now Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands, comes to an end when he is assassinated on orders of William de La Marcksource
  • 1482Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège. (b.1438)source
  • 1483King Louis XI of France (born 1423)source
  • 1483Louis XI (born 1423).source
  • 1483Louis XI after bouts of apoplexy and years of illness dies. He is interred in the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Cléry in Cléry-Saint-André in the Arrondissement of Orléans.source
  • 1563Wolfgang Musculus, German theologian (born 1497)source
  • 1580Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (born 1528)source
  • 1604John Juvenal Ancina, Italian Oratorian and bishop (born 1545)source
  • 1621Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, one of the main co-founders of Isfahan School of Islamic Philosophy (born 1547)source
  • 1659Dara Shikoh, Indian prince (born 1615)source
  • 1735Edward Harley, English politician (born 1664)source
  • 1743Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge, British politician (born 1663)source
  • 1751Christopher Polhem, Swedish scientist (born 1661)source
  • 1752Christian Ludvig von Plessen, statesman and landowner (born 1676 in Mecjkenburg)source
  • 1757Bulleh Shah, Sufi poet (born 1680)source
  • 1812George Mathews, American army officer and politician (born 1739)source
  • 1841Luis Eduardo Pérez, politician, Governor of the Estado Oriental del Uruguay in 1827–1828, Provisional Governor of Uruguay in 1828 and Interim President in early 1830 (born 1774).source
  • 1848Simon Willard, celebrated American horologist (born 1753)source
  • 1855Feargus O'Connor, British political radical, Chartist leader (born 1794)source
  • 1877Raphael Semmes, American and Confederate naval officer (born 1809)source
  • 1879John Bell Hood, American Confederate general (born 1831)source
  • 1946Bell's chief test pilot, Jack Woolams, dies in a plane crash while flying the P-39 "Cobra I" over Lake Ontario preparing for an air race the following day.source
  • 19811981 Iranian Prime Minister's office bombing: Eight people, including the country's president and prime minister, are killed when a briefcase explodes in the building. The office of Iran's Prosecutor General blames the People's Mujahedin of Iran.source
  • 2009At least five people are killed and 275 injured in a train crash near Yaoundé, Cameroon. (BBC) (Press TV)source
  • 2022Mikhail Gorbachev, the final leader of the Soviet Union, dies at the age of 91.source
  • 2022Mikhail Gorbachev, 91, Russian politician, final general secretary of the Communist Party (1985–1991) and president of the Soviet Union (1990–1991), Nobel Prize laureate (1990).source