/year

October 18 in history

256 sourced entries recorded on October 18, from 31 CE to 2023 CE. Every line is quoted from the revision it came from.

Events

  • 320Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philosopher, observes an eclipse of the sun and writes a commentary on The Great Astronomer (Almagest).source
  • 614King Chlothar II promulgates the Edict of Paris (Edictum Chlotacharii), a sort of Frankish Magna Carta that defends the rights of the Frankish nobles and the church, and regulates the appointment of counts (secular officials in charge of law courts, collecting taxes, and assembling contingents for the army), while it excludes Jews from all civil employment in the Frankish Kingdom.source
  • 764October 14–21 – Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion: A short-lived revolt led by Fujiwara no Nakamaro is suppressed. Emperor Junnin is deposed after a 6-year reign, and forced into exile. Former empress Kōken reassumes the imperial throne of Japan, and takes the name Shōtoku. She appoints her close associate, the priest Dōkyō, prime minister (taishi), running the government with him. Nakamaro is captured and killed with his wife and children.source
  • 1009The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is destroyed by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.source
  • 1016Battle of Assandun: Cnut defeats Edmund Ironside, leaving the latter as king of Wessex.source
  • 1023Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis becomes the full ruler of Ifriqiya (modern day Tunisia) upon the death of his aunt, Umm Mallal, who had served as regent since 1016.source
  • 1081Battle of Dyrrhachium: After taking the island of Corfu, Robert Guiscard advances to Dyrrhachium (modern-day Durrës), and lays siege to the city. Alexios I Komnenos attempts to defend Illyria from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated by Guiscard, outside Dyrrhachium, the Byzantine capital city of Illyria.source
  • 1100Reconquista: Peter I of Aragon conquers Barbastro (modern Spain) from the hands of the Almoravids.source
  • 1111October 5 – 18-year-old Baldwin VII succeeds his father, Robert II, as Count of Flanders until 1119.source
  • 1217Reconquista: The city of Alcácer do Sal, located along the Sado River, is conquered from the Moors by troops of King Afonso II of Portugal.source
  • 1239Sack of Chernigov: The Mongols led by Batu Khan attack Chernigov; the garrison rallies outside the walls to face the Mongols in a pitched battle. Prince Mstislav III Glebovich comes to help with his troops but they are slaughtered by Mongol catapults. The city is pillaged as are the towns in the surrounding countryside.source
  • 1281Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against Michael, who has re-established his rule in Constantinople. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.source
  • 1309King Edward II summons a council to meet at York, but several nobles (the earls of Lancaster, Lincoln, Warwick, Oxford and Arundel) refuse to attend due to Piers Gaveston's attendance. Since he returned from exile, Gaveston tries to alienate the nobles from the king.source
  • 1309At Avignon, Pope Clement V signs a mandate consenting "for any persons who wanted to proceed against the memory of Boniface VIII to proceed" and sends it to the Bishop of Paris for the posthumous trial of Boniface for heresy.source
  • 1324(28 Shawwal 724 AH) After he and his entourage of Muslim pilgrims have stayed in Cairo for three months, the Emperor Mansa Musa of Africa's Mali Empire resumes the group's pilgrimage to Meccasource
  • 1325King Edward II sends a letter to Pope John XXII (who is in Avignon in France), expressing deep concern for Queen Isabella's failure to return home from Paris.source
  • 1326Isabella of France begins the Siege of Bristol, which is defended by Hugh Despenser the Elder.source
  • 1356October 18 (St Luke's Day) – The Basel earthquake affects northern Switzerland, with a maximum MSK intensity of IX–X (Destructive–Devastating), leaving around 1,000 dead. It is the most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe.source
  • 1369John V Palaiologos, partiarch of Constantinople and leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian faith, meets in Rome with the Roman Catholic Pope Urban V and agrees to recognize the Pope as the leader of all Christendom, after negotiation between Rome and Constantinople had been made by Demetrios Chrysoloras.source
  • 1386Heidelberg University (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg), the oldest in Germany, is founded at the behest of Rupert I, Elector Palatine, by charter of Pope Urban VI.source
  • 1403An English fleet organised by John Hawley of Dartmouth and Thomas Norton of Bristol seizes seven French merchant vessels in the English Channel.source
  • 1442The University of Ferrara is reopened in Italy, after having been closed for 48 years.source
  • 1473Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria becomes the first of the guests to walk out of the Duke of Burgundy banquet.source
  • 1497The nobles of Sweden's estates formally elect King Hans of Denmark and Norway as King of Sweden, restoring the power of the Kalmar Union.source
  • 1534Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction (Affair of the Placards).source
  • 1534Placards against Mass were posted by Protestants in Paris, Orléans and Amboise in what became known as Affair of the Placards.source
  • 1540An expedition led by Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto destroys the fortified village of Mabila in modern-day Alabama, killing paramount chief Tuskaloosa.source
  • 1561Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima: Takeda Shingen defeats Uesugi Kenshin, in the climax of their ongoing conflicts.source
  • 1565Battle of Fukuda Bay: Ships belonging to the Matsura clan of Japan fail to capture a Portuguese trading carrack, in the first recorded naval battle between Japan and a European nation.source
  • 1568Ashikaga Yoshiaki is installed as Shōgun, beginning the Azuchi–Momoyama period in Japan.source
  • 1580The Siege of Steenwijk in the Dutch Republic is started by the Spanish Netherlands. The siege will last four months and the Spanish troops will capture Steenwijk on February 23.source
  • 1583In South America, the Third Council of Lima comes to an end after two months after being convened to provide a consistent doctrine for the Roman Catholic Church in the Viceroyalty of Peru. Among other things, the Council approves the treatment of the native population "not like slaves but as free men" as part of evangelism and conversion to Christianity, as well as the use of the Quechua language and the Aymara language to spread the gospel. The use of Spanish is ordered for church services, and Latin is forbidden.source
  • 1587Landing of the first Filipinos: The first Filipinos in North America land in Morro Bay, near San Luis Obispo in modern-day California.source
  • 1596The Second Armada, a Spanish fleet sent to attack England in revenge for the raid on Cadiz, is wrecked in storms off Cape Finisterre; nearly 5,000 men and 44 ships are lost including five galleonssource
  • 1597The 3rd Spanish Armada, a fleet of 140 ships, departs from the port of La Coruña with 12,634 soldiers and sailors and a plan to invade the British Isles with a landing at Falmouth in Cornwall.source
  • 1599Battle of Sellenberk: Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the army of Andrew Báthory near Șelimbăr, leading to the first recorded unification of the Romanians.source
  • 1618Foundation of the National Archives of Sweden: Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna appoints clerks to formalize state documentation, establishing the modern Riksarkivet.source
  • 1622Huguenot rebellions: The first Huguenot rebellion ends, with the signing of the Treaty of Montpellier.source
  • 1622Treaty of Montpellier signed, ending the siege of Montpellier and the first of the Huguenot rebellions.source
  • 1630Frendraught Castle in Scotland, the home of James Crichton of Frendraught, burns down.source
  • 1633Charles I reissues the Declaration of Sports, which had originated during his father's reign, listing the sports and recreations permitted on Sundays and other holy days.source
  • 1639Appearance of maize ("Spanish millet") in the market at Toulouse. It is available between 1644 and 1655.source
  • 1667Yohannes I becomes king of Ethiopia, following the death of his father Negus Fasilides.source
  • 1670The Battle of Kitombo takes place in southwest Africa in Angola, when colonial soldiers of the Army of Portugal invade Soyo, an independent BaKongo kingdom, with the intent of annexing it to Portuguese West Africa. The 400 Portuguese troops, led by João Soares de Almeida, encounter a stiff resistance. Soyo's Estevao da Silva, whose army has the benefit of weapons supplied by the Dutch Republic, is joined in battle by troops from the neighboring Kingdom of Ngoyo on the other side of the Congo River. General Soares de Almeida is killed, and most of his troops die or are captured; Soyo's General da Silva is killed in the process of winning the battle. Because of the defeat, Portugal makes no further attempt to conquer Soyo or Ngoyo.source
  • 1672The Treaty of Buchach, between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, is signed.source
  • 1679A sea battle is fought between England's Royal Navy and the navy of India's Maratha Empire (under the command of Mai Nayak Bhandari), with English bombardment driving the Maratha occupation of the island fortress at Khanderi (off of the western Indian coast south of Mumbai).source
  • 1702Queen Anne's War: Battle of Flint River – Spanish and Apalachee Indian forces fail in their attack against Creek Indians, supported by English traders, in the modern-day U.S. state of Georgia.source
  • 1717Trial begins in Boston for six pirates who had survived the April 26 wreck of Samuel Bellamy's ships Whydah and the Mary Anne. Five of them (John Brown, Hendrick Quintor, Thomas Baker, Peter Cornelius Hoof and John Shuan) are convicted on October 22 of piracy and robbery and hanged on November 15.source
  • 1735In China, Qianlong succeeds his father, Yongzheng, as Emperor and begins a 60-year-long reign within the Qing dynasty.source
  • 1740October 9–22 – Batavia Massacre: Troops of the Dutch East India Company massacre at least 10,000 Chinese Indonesians in Batavia.source
  • 1747Høydalsmo Church was consecrated.source
  • 1748War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains Madras, in India, from France, in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada.source
  • 1748War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains Madras, in India, from France, in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada.source
  • 1748the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession, by which Madras in India is restored to British rule in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada with France.source
  • 1759A fire destroys the Macedonian city of Salonika, reducing 4,000 houses to ashes.source
  • 1770Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, admits its first patients.source
  • 1776American Revolutionary War: Battle of Pell's Point – Troops of the American Continental Army resist a British and Hessian force in The Bronx.source
  • 1782John Adams returns to Paris as the first United States Minister to France.source
  • 1782The first franking privilege is granted for official correspondence to be sent at no charge to and from members of the Confederation Congress, at government expense, during periods when the Congress is in session.source
  • 1785Benjamin Franklin takes office as the new President of the Supreme Council of Pennsylvania, at the time the equivalent of a republic as one of the 13 independent governments of the United States of America under the Articles of Confederation.source
  • 1790HMS Supply returns from Batavia with more supplies.source
  • 1797The XYZ Affair inflames tensions between France and the United States when American negotiators Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry meet with French government representatives Jean-Conrad Hottinguer, Pierre Bellamy and Lucien Hauteval and are told that a treaty between France and the U.S. will require payment of a bribe to France's Foreign Minister Charles Talleyrand and a large loan of American cash to France. Pinckney tells people later that his response was "No, no, not a sixpence!"; Hottinguer, Bellamy and Hauteval are referred to, respectively, as "X", "Y" and "Z" in U.S. government reports on the failed negotiations.source
  • 1797By the Treaty of Campo Formio the Austrian monarchy accepts the French annexation of the former Austrian Netherlands.source
  • 1799Five settlers are found guilty of killing aborigines in the Hawkesbury, they are later pardoned.source
  • 1799Convention of Alkmaarsource
  • 1805October 16–October 19 – War of the Third Coalition: Ulm Campaign – Battle of Ulm: Austrian General Mack von Leiberich is forced to surrender his entire army to Napoleon, after being surrounded.source
  • 1805Lewis and Clark Expedition: William Clark sights Mount Hood through the fog, some 45 miles (72 km) away.source
  • 1813October 16–19 – Napoleonic Wars – Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 10% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon I to the Coalition, as a result of the battle.source
  • 1814British troop transport Sovereign is wrecked on St. Paul Island (Nova Scotia) with the loss of between 199 and 212 of the 237 people on board.source
  • 1815The Bible Christian Church, a Wesleyan Methodist denomination, is founded by William O'Bryan in north Devon and Cornwall.source
  • 1817The Flag of Chile is adopted.source
  • 1826The last English state lottery is drawn in a series run since 1769, the next National Lottery will be in 1994.source
  • 1837William Perrie is hanged in Paisley for uxoricide.source
  • 18441844 Salta earthquake. A magnitude 6.5 earthquake hits Argentina's Salta Province.source
  • 1847Telegraph Line from Quebec to London, Canada West, complete.source
  • 1848Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life, is published anonymously in London.source
  • 1850the title Duke of Palmela established, first granted to Dom Pedro de Sousa Holsteinsource
  • 1859Troops under Colonel Robert E. Lee overpower John Brown at the Federal arsenal.source
  • 1860The first Convention of Peking formally ends the Second Opium War.source
  • 1860October 18–21 – Beijing's Old Summer Palace is burned to the ground by orders of British general Lord Elgin, in retaliation for mistreatment of several prisoners of war, during the Second Opium War.source
  • 1860October 18 Destruction of the Old Summer Palacesource
  • 1860Lord Elgin orders his forces to set fire to the huge complex of Beijing's Old Summer Palace, known as the Gardens of Perfect Brightness, which burns to the ground.source
  • 1864HDMS Peder Skram is launched at Nyholm in Copenhagen.source
  • 1864abolition of squadron colours in the Royal Navy, reserving the White Ensign to the Navy, the Red Ensign to the Merchant Navy and the Blue Ensign to military vessels.source
  • 1866October 7–21 – The Second Plenary Council of American Roman Catholic bishops is held in Baltimore.source
  • 1867Alaska is transferred from Russia to the United States, becoming the Department of Alaska.source
  • 1869The Lithgow Zig Zag Railway was opened.source
  • 1884The University College of North Wales, Bangor, is founded in the UK.source
  • 1887Johannes Brahms conducts the premiere of his Double Concerto, composed for violinist Joseph Joachim and cellist Robert Hausmann.source
  • 1898Trinity Chain Pier at Trinity, Edinburgh, collapses in a storm.source
  • 1899The Boxer Rebellion begins in China as the Battle of Senluo Temple is fought between more than 4,000 Imperial Chinese Army troops and at least 1,000 rebels from the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists.source
  • 1902Venezuela: President Castro's army overcomes rebels in seven-day battlesource
  • 1904The Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum opens in Berlin for the display of fine art.source
  • 1904Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 5 is premiered by the Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne.source
  • 1907The Hague Convention is revised by the (second) Hague Peace Conference (effective 26 January 1910), focussing on naval warfare.source
  • 1910At Nanking, Establishment of the Chinese Olympic Committee. (Chinese National Games)source
  • 1912Italy and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne, ending the Italo-Turkish War.source
  • 1912With the Treaty of Lausanne in Ouchy near Lausanne the Italo-Turkish War ends. The war costs Italy 1.3 billion lire, nearly a billion more than Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti estimated before the war, ruining ten years of fiscal prudence. Italy obtains control over the colonies of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, as well as the Dodecanese islands. After the withdrawal of the Ottoman army the Italians could easily extend their occupation of Libya, seizing East Tripolitania, Ghadames, the Djebel and Fezzan with Murzuk during 1913.source
  • 1912October 18–21 – First Balkan War: The Greek navy captures the island of Lemnos for use as a forward base against the Dardanelles.source
  • 1912The TSS Earnslaw makes her maiden voyage on Lake Wakatipu, from Kingston to Queenstown.source
  • 1913The Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig, Germany is finished.source
  • 1922The British Broadcasting Company is formed.source
  • 1926Queen Maria, accompanied by Prince Nicholas and Princess Ileana disembark in New York for a tour the United States.source
  • 1929October 18–24: battle at Zhengzhou, Henan between Feng Yuxiang's Northwest Army and National Revolutionary Armysource
  • 1929On appeal from the Supreme Court of Canada on behalf of "The Famous Five" Canadian women in the landmark case of Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General), the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom announces that women are "persons" under the British North America Acts, and thus eligible for appointment to the Senate of Canada.source
  • 1930The opening of Changhua Wude Hall in Taichū Prefecture.source
  • 1937October 18–21 – Spanish Civil War: The whole Spanish northern seaboard falls into the Falangists' hands; Republican forces in Gijón, Spain, set fire to petrol reserves prior to retreating before the advancing Falangists.source
  • 1938The German government expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany; the Polish government accepts 4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who are forced to live in the no-man's land on the German-Polish frontier.source
  • 1940Uzi Even, Israeli scientist and politician, first openly gay member of the Knessetsource
  • 1940October 18–19 – WWII: Thirty-two ships are sunk from Convoy SC 7 and Convoy HX 79 by the most effective "wolfpack" of the war, including Otto Kretschmer, Günther Prien and Joachim Schepke.source
  • 1941General Hideki Tōjō becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan.source
  • 1941Film The Maltese Falcon is released in the United States, starring Humphrey Bogart and directed by John Huston.source
  • 1943Third Moscow Conference: A meeting takes place at the Kremlin between the British, American, and Soviet foreign ministers Anthony Eden, Cordell Hull and Vyacheslav Molotov. The USSR agrees to the full creation of a world peace organization with its Allies.source
  • 1943Chiang Kai-shek takes the oath of office as Chairman of the National Government of China.source
  • 19451945 Venezuelan coup d'étatsource
  • 1950Combined forces of the Military Intelligence Service and the Manila Police Department launch 22 simultaneous raids, resulting to the capture of the entire Huk Politburo in the city.source
  • 1954Texas Instruments announces the development of the first commercial transistor radio. The Regency TR-1 goes on sale the following month.source
  • 1954The comic strip Hi and Lois, by Mort Walker and Dik Browne, is launched in the United States.source
  • 1958Tennis for Two, a game invented by William Higinbotham and considered to be the first pure entertainment computer game, is introduced at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Visitors' Day Exhibit in the United States.source
  • 1962October 14–28 — The Cuban Missile Crisis occurs between the United States and Soviet Union over the deployment of Soviet ballistic missiles to Cuba.source
  • 1963Governor of East Pakistan Abdul Monem Khan lays the foundation stone of Jhenaidah Cadet College.source
  • 1964October 10–24 – The 1964 Summer Olympics are held in Tokyo, Japan, the first in an Asian country.source
  • 1965The Indonesian government outlaws the Communist Party of Indonesia.source
  • 1967Vietnam War: Students at the University of Wisconsin–Madison protest over recruitment by Dow Chemical on the university campus; 76 are injured in the resulting riot.source
  • 1967The Venera 4 probe descends through the Venusian atmosphere.source
  • 1967Walt Disney's 19th full-length animated feature The Jungle Book, the last animated film personally supervised by Disney, is released and becomes an enormous box-office and critical success. On a double bill with the film is the (now) much less well-known true-life adventure, Charlie the Lonesome Cougar.source
  • 1968U.S. athlete Bob Beamon breaks the long jump world record by 55 cm / 213/4 ins at the Olympics in Mexico City. His record stands for 23 years, and remains the second longest jump in history.source
  • 197342 people, mostly Indians, were crushed to death when a 200-foot-long limestone slab fell off a cliff, collapsed and crashed onto a village at Gunung Cheroh, Ipoh, Perak.source
  • 1977October 17–18 – German Autumn: GSG 9 troopers storm the hijacked Lufthansa passenger plane in Mogadishu, Somalia; three of the four hijackers die.source
  • 1978Thorbjörn Fälldin steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden, and is succeeded by Ola Ullsten, the Leader of the liberal People's Party ("Folkpartiet").source
  • 19801980 Australian federal election: Malcolm Fraser's Liberal/National Country Coalition government is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Bill Hayden. The Government also loses control of the Senate, with the Australian Democrats winning the balance of power.source
  • 1981October 14–21. A delegation of Solidarity visits France.source
  • 1984Luxembourger Marcel Mart becomes President of the European Court of Auditors.source
  • 1985The Nintendo Entertainment System is released in North America, helping revitalize the home video game industry after the video game crash of 1983.source
  • 1985Typhoon Saling made landfall in the Philippines. The typhoon leaves 101 dead and $68 million in damage (1985 dollars).source
  • 1987Canonization of San Lorenzo Ruiz, the first Filipino saint.source
  • 1987A minor rally on Freedom Square, Yerevan for the unification of Artsakh with Armenia.source
  • 1989NASA launches the uncrewed Galileo orbiter on a mission to study the planet Jupiter, via Atlantis mission STS-34.source
  • 1991The Soviet Union restores its diplomatic relations with Israel, which have been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.source
  • 1991Al-Azhar University – Gaza opens in Gaza City with a two-story building and 725 students enrolled in two faculties.source
  • 19921992 Murindó earthquake.source
  • 1993President Ramos declares a state of public calamity in the provinces of Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Batanes, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Tarlac, Zambales; the cities of Angeles and San Jose; and few municipalities in Metro Manila (Marikina and Navotas) and Rizal (Rodriguez and San Mateo); due to massive flooding caused due to Tropical Storm Kadiang.source
  • 1994Turkic Council in Istanbulsource
  • 1998Local elections in Hungarysource
  • 2007October 15 – October 21 – The 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party is held in Beijing, China.source
  • 2009A Rwandan doctor working in a French hospital is suspended after a nurse locates an Internet Interpol arrest warrant, accusing him of a 1994 "genocide, war crimes".source
  • 2009British racing driver Jenson Button won his first Formula One World Championship, driving for Brawn GP at the Brazilian Grand Prix.source
  • 2011Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange: Israel and the Palestinian militant organization Hamas begin a major prisoner exchange, in which the captured Israeli Army soldier Gilad Shalit is released by Hamas in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian and Israeli-Arab prisoners held in Israel, including 280 prisoners serving life sentences for planning and perpetrating terror attacks.source
  • 2011Dozens of exotic animals were released from their enclosures at the Muskingum County Animal Farm in Zanesville, Ohio resulting in the need of local law enforcement to hunt and kill 48 animals including 18 tigers, 6 black bears, 2 grizzly bears, 2 wolves, 1 macaque monkey, 1 baboon, 3 mountain lions and 17 African lions.source
  • 2013Saudi Arabia rejects a seat on the United Nations Security Council, making it the first country to reject a seat on the Security Council. Jordan takes the seat on December 6.source
  • 20152015 Swiss federal election held for the National Council and the first round of elections to the Council of States.source
  • 2019Barbados at the 2019 Military World Gamessource
  • 2019The commissioning of Mandalgovi–Ulaanbaatar Transmission Line.source
  • 2019NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Christina Koch conduct the first all-female spacewalk outside of the International Space Station.source
  • 2021Mawlid (Birthday of Muhammad)source
  • 2022October 16–October 23 – The 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party is held. Xi Jinping is elected as General Secretary by the Central Committee, beginning a third term as the paramount leader of China.source
  • 2023Nicaragua releases 12 Catholic priests, critical of President Daniel Ortega's regime, and sends them to Rome, Italy, following an agreement with Vatican City.source

Births

  • 1127Go-Shirakawa, Japanese emperor (died 1192)source
  • 1262Ranulph Neville (or Ralph), English nobleman (died 1331)source
  • 1314Giles de Badlesmere, English nobleman and knight (died 1338)source
  • 1405Pope Pius II (died 1464)source
  • 1415Heinrich von Dissen, German theologian (died 1484)source
  • 1444John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk (died 1476)source
  • 1482Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (died 1538)source
  • 1517Manuel da Nóbrega, Spanish Catholic priest (died 1570)source
  • 1523Anna Jagiellon, daughter of Sigismund I of Poland (died 1596)source
  • 1534Jean Passerat, political satirist and poet (died 1602)source
  • 1536William Lambarde, English antiquarian, writer on legal subjects, politician (died 1601)source
  • 1547Justus Lipsius, Flemish humanist (died 1606)source
  • 1553Luca Marenzio, Italian composer (died 1599)source
  • 1556Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf, French duke and nobleman (died 1605)source
  • 1556Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf, nobleman (died 1605)source
  • 1568Henry Wallop, English politician (died 1642)source
  • 1596Edward Winslow, American Pilgrim leader (died 1655)source
  • 1616Nicholas Culpeper, English botanist (died 1654)source
  • 1630Henry Powle, English politician (died 1692)source
  • 1631Michael Wigglesworth, American Puritan minister (died 1705)source
  • 1634Luca Giordano, Italian late Baroque painter and printmaker in etching (died 1705)source
  • 1662Matthew Henry, English Bible commentator, Presbyterian minister (died 1714)source
  • 1663Prince Eugene of Savoy, Austrian field marshal (died 1736)source
  • 1668John George IV, Elector of Saxony (died 1694)source
  • 1679Ann Putnam, Jr., American accuser in the Salem witch trials (died 1716)source
  • 1697Canaletto, Italian painter from the Republic of Venice (died 1768)source
  • 1706Baldassare Galuppi, Venetian composer (died 1785)source
  • 1741Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French general, author (died 1803)source
  • 1777Heinrich von Kleist, German poet, dramatist, novelist and short story writer (died 1811)source
  • 1785Thomas Love Peacock, English satirist (died 1866)source
  • 1801Justo José de Urquiza – general and politician (died 1870)source
  • 1804Mongkut, Rama IV, King of Siam (died 1868)source
  • 1831Frederick III, German Emperor (died 1888)source
  • 1859Henri Bergson, French philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (died 1941)source
  • 1905Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Ivory Coast (died 1993)source
  • 1919Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada (died 2000)source
  • 1939Lee Harvey Oswald, American assassin of President John F. Kennedy (died 1963)source
  • 1939Salme Poopuu, actress and filmmaker (died 2017)source
  • 1956Martina Navratilova, Czech-American multiple Grand Slam title winning tennis playersource

Deaths

  • 31Lucius Aelius Sejanus, Roman prefect and advisor (born 20 BC)source
  • 325Ming of Jin, Chinese emperor (born 299)source
  • 544Wenna, Cornish saint (approximate date)source
  • 707Pope John VII dies at Rome after a 19-month reign. A prolonged sede vacante exists, until the ratification of the election of Sisinnius by the Exarch of Ravenna, in early 708.source
  • 815Abu'l-Saraya, Zaydi rebel leadersource
  • 1012Coloman of Stockerau, Irish pilgrimsource
  • 1016Eadnoth the Younger, bishop of Dorchester in Englandsource
  • 1016Ælfric of Hampshire, English noblemansource
  • 1016Ulfcytel Snillingr, English noblemansource
  • 1023Zirid princess and regentsource
  • 1035Sancho III ("the Great"), king of Pamplonasource
  • 1035King Sancho III of Pamplona dies and divides his dominions among his four sons, García Sánchez III, Gonzalo I, Ferdinand I and Ramiro I.source
  • 1081Konstantios Doukas, Byzantine emperor (born 1060)source
  • 1081Nikephoros Palaiologos, Byzantine generalsource
  • 1101Hugh I, crusader, son of Henry I of France (born 1057)source
  • 1141Leopold, Duke of Bavaria (born c. 1108)source
  • 1179Chŏng Chung-bu, Korean military leader (born 1106)source
  • 1214John de Gray (or de Grey), bishop of Norwichsource
  • 1273George de Cantilupe, English noblemansource
  • 1309Tettsū Gikai, Japanese monk and Zen Master (born 1219)source
  • 1319William Montagu, English nobleman and knightsource
  • 1366Petrus Torkilsson, Archbishop of Uppsalasource
  • 1382James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond (born 1331)source
  • 1382James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormonde, Lord Justice of Ireland (b.1331).source
  • 1417Pope Gregory XII (born c. 1325)source
  • 1442Infante João of Portugal (born 1400)source
  • 1470John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, Lord High Treasurer (born 1427)source
  • 1470John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, former Lord Deputy of Ireland and Yorkist statesman.source
  • 1480Uhwudong, Korean dancer (born 1440)source
  • 1503Pope Pius III dies less than four weeks after being elected, prompting the calling of the second papal conclave in as many months.source
  • 1503Pope Pius III (born c. 1439)source
  • 1511Philippe de Commines, French-speaking Fleming in the courts of Burgundy and France (born 1447)source
  • 1526Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, Spanish explorer (born 1480)source
  • 1541Margaret Tudor, queen of James IV of Scotland (born 1489)source
  • 1545John Taverner, English composer (born c. 1490)source
  • 1558Maria of Austria, queen of Louis II of Hungary (born 1505)source
  • 1570Manuel da Nóbrega, Portuguese Jesuit missionary in Brazil (born 1517)source
  • 1595Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira, Spanish navigator and explorer (born 1542)source
  • 1603Yemişçi Hasan Pasha, the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, is executed on orders of Sultan Mehmed III, after failing to respond more quickly to the Safavid Empire's actions to take Tabriz. The Sultan appoints Yavuz Ali Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt to replace Yemişçi Hasan.source
  • 1605Beate Clausdatter Bille, noblewoman and Chief Lady-in-Waiting (born 1526)source
  • 1646Isaac Jogues, French Jesuit missionary (born 1607)source
  • 1664Caspar Herbach, court goldsmith, court cabinetmaker, alchemist (born 1600 in Saxony)source
  • 1667Emperor Fasilides of Ethiopia (born 1603)source
  • 1678Jacob Jordaens, Flemish painter (born 1593)source
  • 1739Antônio José da Silva, Brazilian-born dramatist (born 1705)source
  • 1744Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, English friend of Anne, Queen of Great Britain (born 1660)source
  • 1744Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, friend of Queen Anne (born 1660)source
  • 1770John Manners, Marquess of Granby, British soldier (born 1721)source
  • 1772Gunder Gundersen Hammer, government official (born 1725).source
  • 1791João de Loureiro, Jesuit missionary and botanist (born 1710/1717).source
  • 1798Francisco de Lacerda, explorer (born 1750)source
  • 185118 October − Brynjólfur Pétursson, lawyersource
  • 1865Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (born 1784)source
  • 1871Charles Babbage, English mathematician, inventor (born 1791)source
  • 1889Antonio Meucci, inventor (born 1808).source
  • 1893Charles Gounod, French composer (born 1818)source
  • 1931Thomas Edison, American inventor (born 1847)source
  • 1977German Autumn: Red Army Faction members Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe and Gudrun Ensslin commit suicide in Stammheim prison; Irmgard Möller fails (their supporters still claim they were murdered). They are buried on October 27.source
  • 2014October 18 - 22 people are killed in heavy rainfall, with 9 killed in the capital of Managua by a wall collapse.source
  • 2021Colin Powell, 84, American general and politician, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993) and secretary of state (2001–2005), complications from COVID-19.source