/year

July 13 in history

213 sourced entries recorded on July 13, from 311 CE to 2025 CE. Every line is quoted from the revision it came from.

Events

  • 311Disaster of Yongjia: Xiongnu soldiers led by Liu Cong conquer and pillage the Jin dynasty capital at Luoyang and capture Emperor Huai; 30,000 residents in the city are massacred.source
  • 982July 13 (or 14) – Battle of Stilo: Abu'l-Qasim is cornered by the imperial German forces led by Otto II at Cape Colonna (south of Crotone). After a violent clash, the German heavy cavalry destroys the Muslim centre, killing al-Qasim in the initial fighting. The Saracens hold together and draw Otto into a trap, encircling and defeating his forces (killing around 4,000 men).source
  • 1099The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.source
  • 1174Battle of Alnwick: King William I (the Lion), supported by Flemish mercenaries, invades England, to help fight in the baronial rebellion against King Henry II. William attacks Prudhoe Castle in Northumberland, but is unable to capture it. He is captured by Lord Ranulf de Glanvill, and brought back to Newcastle. Henry occupies a part of Scotland, with its five strongest castles: Roxburgh, Berwick, Jedburgh, Edinburgh and Stirling.source
  • 1260Livonian Crusade: The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania decisively defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Durbe. This leads the Estonians of Saaremaa Island to once again rebel against the Livonian Order.source
  • 1311Matteo I Visconti is restored to rule over the Duchy of Milan after purchasing the title of imperial vicar from the new King of Italy, Henry VII.source
  • 1312Giovanni Soranzo is elected as the new Doge to lead the Republic of Venice, 10 days after the death of the Doge Marino Zorzi and will serve for the next 18 years.source
  • 1312King Ferdinand IV of Castile leaves his palace at Ávila for the last time, placing his son Prince Alfonso in charge, and arrives in Toledo before proceeding to the province of Jaén to join his younger brother.source
  • 1346July 12–18 – The English raid and burn neighbouring towns and villages in the Cotentin Peninsula.source
  • 1393Vytautas the Great, Regent of the Duchy of Lithuania for Wladyslaw II Jagiello, King of Poland, begins a peace conference with the Teutonic Knights, convening in Thorn in the Holy Roman Empire (now Toruń in Poland)source
  • 1439The siege of Moscow by Ulugh Muhammad, the monarch of the Kazan Khanate, fails after 10 days following the defense of the Muscovite capital by Yuri Patrikeevich.source
  • 1465Henry of Lancaster, the former King Henry VI of England is captured at Waddington Hall in Lancashire, by Yorkist forces. Henry and his aide, Sir Richard Tunstall, had been staying as the guest of Sir Richard Tempest when his brother. Richard's brother, John Tempest attempts to arrest Henry, but Tunstall and Henry flee to the Clitheroe forest and are captured by the River Ribble.source
  • 1490John of Kastav finishes a cycle of frescoes in the Holy Trinity Church, Hrastovlje (modern-day southwestern Slovenia).source
  • 1539Lütfi Pasha becomes the new Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire after being appointed by the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent following the death of Ayas Mehmed Pashasource
  • 1557July 10 – July 19: Thomas Radclyffe (newly succeeded as Earl of Sussex), Lord Deputy of Ireland, campaigns against the O'Connors of Offaly.source
  • 1558Battle of Gravelines: Near the border between the Kingdom of France and the Spanish Netherlands, Spanish forces led by Lamoral, Count of Egmont, and assisted by the English Navy, inflict a major defeat on the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes.source
  • 1558The Battle of Gravelinessource
  • 1566The Danes burn Bogesund.source
  • 1567The King unofficially marries Karin Månsdotter.source
  • 1574In Berlin, John George, Elector of Brandenburg, orders the founding of the Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster, which remains 450 years later as one of the most prestigious preparatory schools in Germany.source
  • 1579Karlovac in Croatia is founded.source
  • 1591A Crimean army, led by the Tatar Khan Ğazı II Giray, begins a siege of Moscow.source
  • 1598A marriage contract is signed as part of the treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye between King Henry IV of France and Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, providing for King Henry's niece, Catherine of Bourbon, to marry Duke Charles's son, Henry of Lorraine.source
  • 1605The 1605 Guangdong earthquake, of 7.5 magnitude, strikes China's Hainan Province causing widespread damage and thousands of deaths.source
  • 1622Thirty Years' War: After Mansfeld fails to relieve the siege of Heidelberg, Frederick V of the Palatinate cancels Mansfeld's contract and disbands his army. The unemployed army of Mansfeld and Christian the Younger of Brunswick is subsequently hired by the Dutch.source
  • 1622July 13 or July 14 – English and Dutch ships defeat the Portuguese, near Portuguese East Africa.source
  • 1627July 5–13 – Turkish Abductions: Barbary corsairs from Algiers raid the East Fjords of Iceland and take captives into slavery.source
  • 1643First English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – Henry Wilmot, newly created Baron Wilmot, commanding Royalist cavalry, wins a crushing victory over Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.source
  • 1650Italian priest and astronomer Gerolamo Sersale of Naples takes advantage of a full moon and draws an extremely detailed lunar map, which is then engraved and reproduced for other astronomers.source
  • 1657Following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, English army leader John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.source
  • 1657following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, English army leader John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.source
  • 1660(Ashadh Vadya 1 of Shaka 1582) The Battle of Pavan Khind takes place in India when a 600-member contingent of the Maratha Empire army, commanded by Baji Prabhu Deshpande, works to rescue Maratha General Shivaji, who had escaped the night before from the fort of Panhala, which was under siege by the Adilshah Sultanate. The Bijapur Sultanate, commanded by Siddi Masud with a force of 10,000 men, loses 5,000 in a fight against a vastly outnumbered contingent of Adilshah.source
  • 1666The Battle of Matwy, the bloodiest engagement of Lubomirski's rebellion, takes place in Poland at the village of Matwy. Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, who has led the revolt against Poland's King Jan II Kazimierz, defeats a larger number of troops led by John III Sobieski of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Poland and Lithuania sustain 4,000 deaths compared to 200 rebel casualties.source
  • 1669Trịnh Tạc, the warlord who administers the Kingdom of Vietnam, issues an order banning all foreign vessels from entering the harbor at Hanoi, requiring to anchor no closer than the river port at Pho Hien, 35 mi down the Red River from Hanoi.source
  • 1688The siege of Negroponte by the Venetians begins.source
  • 1700Treaty of Constantinople, Russian tsardom relieved from paying the annual tribute to the Crimean Khanate paid since the occupation of Muscovy by the Golden Horde.source
  • 1709Production of Eau de Cologne is begun by perfumier Johann Maria Farina in Germany, founding Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz.source
  • 1713The Treaty of Portsmouth brings an end to Queen Anne's War.source
  • 1743All 276 people on board the Dutch East India Company ship Hollandia drown after the ship strikes a rock off of the Isles of Scilly in England near Cornwall. The wreckage is located in 1971.source
  • 1743all 276 people on board the Dutch East India Company ship Hollandia 1742 ship drown after the ship strikes a rock off Annet, Isles of Scilly.source
  • 1758Josiah Tucker becomes Dean of Gloucester.source
  • 1765Qianlong, the Emperor of China issues a decree that copper engravings be made to depict all of his victories in battle. In the interest of amity with the Chinese, King George III of Great Britain gives priority to the sale of British copper, and King Louis XV of France assents to the use of French artisans.source
  • 1771Russo-Turkish War (1768–74): Russian forces occupy the Crimea, under Prince Vasily Dolgorukov.source
  • 1772The second voyage of James Cook departs from Plymouth on Captain Cook's new ship, HMS Resolution and the companion ship HMS Adventure in an attempt to prove the existence of an uncharted continent even further south than New Zealand.source
  • 1772navigator James Cook sets out from Plymouth on HMS Resolution for a second Pacific voyage.source
  • 1787The Congress of the Confederation enacts the Northwest Ordinance, establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory (the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin). It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states, and limits the expansion of slavery.source
  • 1788A hailstorm sweeps across France and the Dutch Republic, with hailstones 'as big as quart bottles' that take 'three days to melt'; immense damage is done.source
  • 1789The people begin to seize arms for the defense of Paris.source
  • 1793French Revolution: Charlotte Corday kills Jean-Paul Marat in his bath.source
  • 1793French Revolution: Charlotte Corday kills Jean-Paul Marat in his bath.source
  • 1794Battle of Trippstadt between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria (First Coalition).source
  • 1794September 6 – Kościuszko Uprising: Siege of Warsaw – The Polish people resist a siege by armies of the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Prussia.source
  • 1797Gual and España conspiracy against Spanish rule in Colonial Venezuela is exposed.source
  • 1798William Wordsworth, visiting Wales, writes "Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey on revisiting the banks of the Wye during a tour".source
  • 1807With the death of Henry Benedict Stuart, the last Stuart claimant to the throne of the United Kingdom, Jacobitism comes to an effective end.source
  • 1807with the death at Frascati of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, the last Stuart claimant to the British throne, the movement of Jacobitism comes to an effective end.source
  • 1807With the death at Frascati of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart, the last Stuart claimant to the throne, the movement of Jacobitism comes to an effective end.source
  • 1813The Carabinieri, the national military police of Italy, are founded by Victor Emmanuel I as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.source
  • 1813Missionaries Adoniram Judson and his wife, Ann Hasseltine Judson, arrive in Burma.source
  • 1814The Carabinieri (the national military police of Italy) is established by Victor Emmanuel, as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.source
  • 1816Carl Maria von Weber meets Count Vitzthum von Eckstädt at Carlsbad; the encounter leads to Weber being appointed Kapellmeister at Dresden.source
  • 1820A revolt under Guglielmo Pepe forces Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies to sign a constitution modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812.source
  • 1822Greek War of Independence: Greek soldiers defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.source
  • 1830The General Assembly's Institution (later the Scottish Church College), one of the pioneering institutions that ushers in the Bengali Renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India.source
  • 1831Russian imperial officials in Wallachia adopt Regulamentul Organic, introducing a period of unprecedented reforms that provide for Westernization of this region of Romania.source
  • 1837Queen Victoria moves from Kensington Palace into Buckingham Palace, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than St James's Palace, as her London home.source
  • 1842The Tri-Kap fraternity is founded at Dartmouth College (the oldest local fraternity in the United States).source
  • 1849Nicholas Kelly instigates the Charleston Workhouse slave rebellion in South Carolina.source
  • 1854Mohamed Sa'id Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan, then a province of the Ottoman Empire.source
  • 1856C. K. Hansen is founded.source
  • 1863New York City draft riots: In New York City, opponents of conscription to the American Civil War begin 3 days of violent rioting, which will be regarded as the worst in the history of the United States with around 120 killed.source
  • 1866July 13 (July 1 Old Style) – The first Constitution of Romania is issued.source
  • 1871The first cat show is held at the Crystal Palace of London.source
  • 1876The prosecution of Arthur Tooth, an Anglican clergyman, for using ritualist practices begins.source
  • 1877July 9–19 – The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club stages the first Wimbledon Championships in lawn tennis. English cricketer Spencer Gore becomes first Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champion (the only event held).source
  • 1878The Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia, Montenegro and Romania completely independent, confirms the autonomy of Bulgaria, makes Cyprus a British possession, and allows Austria-Hungary to garrison the Bosnia Vilayet.source
  • 1882July 11–13 – Anglo-Egyptian War: The British Mediterranean Fleet carries out the Bombardment of Alexandria, its forces capturing the city of Alexandria, Egypt, and securing the Suez Canal.source
  • 1890In Minnesota, storms result in the Sea Wing disaster on Lake Pepin, killing 98.source
  • 1892The United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property (UIBPIP or BIRPI) is established in Bern, Switzerland.source
  • 1893Frederick Jackson Turner gives a lecture titled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" before the American Historical Association in Chicago.source
  • 1893Paknam Incident: Two French Navy ships are fired upon by Siamese cannons stationed at the Paknam Fort, that guards the Chao Phraya River. Three months later, Siam is forced to cede modern-day Laos to France.source
  • 1893Scottish Association football club Dundee F.C. is formed.source
  • 1894Daniel Cornelius Danielssen, physician (born 1815)source
  • 1899A tornado kills 13 people in the U.S. village of Herman, Nebraska.source
  • 1908July 13–25 – The 1908 Summer Olympics are held in London. (Originally scheduled to be in Rome, but changed due to the Mount Vesuvius eruption of 1906. Figure skating events are held in London from October 28–29.)source
  • 1909Gold is discovered near Cochrane, Ontario.source
  • 1913The 1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak during the Second Balkan War starts.source
  • 1916Vivian Walsh is the first New Zealander to obtain a pilot's licence while resident in New Zealand.source
  • 1920In reaction the 'Split incident', Italian Fascist Blackshirts, led by Francesco Giunta, destroy the Trieste National Hall (Narodni dom), the center of the Slovene theatre in Trieste (another former Austro-Hungarian city under Italian military occupation).source
  • 1920London County Council bans aliens from almost all council jobs.source
  • 1923American explorer Roy Chapman Andrews discovers the first dinosaur eggs near Flaming Cliffs, Mongolia.source
  • 1925July 10–21 – Scopes trial: in a staged test case (the "Monkey Trial") in Dayton, Tennessee, United States, John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher (technically arrested on May 5 and indicted on May 25) is accused of assigning a reading from a (state-mandated) textbook on Darwinian evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law, the "Butler Act". He is found guilty and fined $100, though the verdict is later overturned on a technicality. The trial makes explicit the fundamentalist–modernist controversy within the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, with William Jennings Bryan (who dies on July 26) being challenged by the liberal Clarence Darrow.source
  • 1927July 13 (Wednesday, Tamuz 13, 5687): 12:30 – Rebbe Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn is freed from the imprisonment which began on June 15 (Wednesday, Sivan 15, 5687) at 02:15 in exile, in the Russian town of Kostroma.source
  • 1930The inaugural FIFA World Cup begins: Lucien Laurent scores the first goal, for France against Mexico.source
  • 1931Royal soldiers shoot and kill 22 people demonstrating against the Maharaja Hari Singh, of the Indian princely state of Kashmir and Jammu.source
  • 1934Hitler gives a speech to the Reichstag, justifying his purge.source
  • 1936July 13–14 – Peak of July 1936 heat wave: The U.S. states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Indiana all set new state records for high temperature. At Mio in northern Michigan, it soars to 113 °F.source
  • 1941Clemens August Graf von Galen, Catholic Bishop of Münster in Germany, preaches the first of 3 sermons against Nazi brutality.source
  • 1942WWII: U-boats sink three merchant ships in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.source
  • 1942Secret meetings between representatives of the Christian Democrat, Liberal and Labour parties to discuss post-war policy.source
  • 1948The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Churches reach an agreement, leading to the promotion of the Ethiopian church to the rank of an autocephalous Patriarchate. Five bishops are immediately consecrated by the Patriarch of Alexandria and the successor to Abuna Qerellos IV is granted the power to consecrate new bishops, who are empowered to elect a new Patriarch for their church.source
  • 1951Vuoristorata, one of the oldest still-operating wooden roller coasters in Europe, is opened at the Linnanmäki amusement park in Helsinki, Finland.source
  • 1952East Germany announces the formation of its National People's Army.source
  • 1955Ruth Ellis is hanged for murder in London, becoming the last woman ever to be executed in the United Kingdom.source
  • 1956John McCarthy (Dartmouth), Marvin Minsky (MIT), Claude Shannon (Bell Labs) and Nathaniel Rochester (IBM) assemble the first coordinated research meeting on the topic of artificial intelligence, at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, in the United States.source
  • 1957Shmuel Tajer (born 1868), Sofia-born merchant, one of the founders of Tel Aviv. Grandfather of MK Avraham Katz-Oz and grand-grandfather of MK Erel Margalit.source
  • 1962In what the press dubs the "Night of the Long Knives", United Kingdom Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismisses one-third of his Cabinet.source
  • 1966In Chicago, United States, Richard Speck breaks into a nurses' dormitory and murders eight of the nine student nurses who live there.source
  • 1968Martha Vasconcellos becomes the second Brazilian to win the Miss Universe title, in the pageant held in Miami Beach, Florida, United States.source
  • 1971Reggie Jackson's long home run, which hits a transformer on the roof of Tiger Stadium, helps the American League defeat the National League 6–4 in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit.source
  • 1971The Yugoslavian government begins allowing foreign companies to take their profits from the country.source
  • 1972July 10–14 – The Democratic National Convention meets in Miami Beach. Senator George McGovern, who backs the immediate and complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam, is nominated for president. He names fellow Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate.source
  • 1977Somalia declares war on Ethiopia, starting the Ethio-Somali War.source
  • 1977New York City is affected by a complete electricity blackout lasting through the following day that results in citywide looting and other criminal activity, including arson.source
  • 1981The South African rugby union team ("Springboks") arrives in New Zealand to begin the 1981 Springbok Toursource
  • 1983July 12–15 – Typhoon Bebeng, The monsoon spawns a tropical depression on July 12, east of the Philippines. It heads westward, strengthening to a tropical storm that night and a typhoon on the 13th. Vera makes landfall on the 14th as an 85 mph (137 km/h) typhoon in the Philippines, weakens over the islands, especially Luzon, and strengthens over the South China Sea to a 100 mph (160 km/h) typhoon. Damages amounting to a total of US$9 million in the Philippines. The typhoon leaves 45 people dead.source
  • 1985Live Aid benefit concerts in London and Philadelphia raise over £50 million for famine relief in Ethiopia.source
  • 1990The Lenin Peak disaster occurs when an earthquake triggers an avalanche in the Pamir Mountains with the loss of 43 lives.source
  • 1997The remains of Che Guevara are returned to Cuba for burial, alongside some of his comrades. Guevara and his comrades were executed on October 9 1967 in Bolivia.source
  • 2000July 11–25 – A summit meeting takes place at Camp David between United States president Bill Clinton, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat, ending without an agreement.source
  • 2001The International Olympic Committee chooses Beijing to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.source
  • 2003The Iraqi Governing Council is created by the United States as an ethnically diverse provisional government of Iraq.source
  • 2006Viru Prison was established.source
  • 2010Microsoft ends extended support for Windows 2000.source
  • 2014Germany defeats Argentina 1-0 to win the 2014 FIFA World Cup.source
  • 2015July 5–13 – Greek government-debt crisis: After six months of clashes and futile negotiations between Greece's newly elected, leftist government and the country's creditors, over the austerity measures imposed through bailout programmes, tension peaks as Greece votes in a referendum to reject the terms offered in a third programme; however, the government eventually proceeds to concur to harsher terms than those offered before, in what was widely characterized as a coup on the creditors' part.source
  • 2019Hurricane Barry strikes the Gulf Coast, killing one and causing over $500 million (2019 USD) in damages.source
  • 2021After the Supreme Court declares his incumbency unconstitutional, KP Oli is succeeded by Sher Bahadur Deuba as 43rd Prime Minister of Nepal.source
  • 2022July 7 – July 17 – The 2022 World Games is held in Birmingham, Alabama, United States.source
  • 2023Pita Limjaroenrat fails to become Prime Minister of Thailand in a National Assembly vote after forming a coalition with pro-democracy parties following the 2023 Thai general election.source
  • 2023Religious leaders in Lilongwe march against same sex-marriage ahead of a constitutional court hearing brought by Jana Gonani.source
  • 2024While campaigning for the 2024 United States presidential election, former President Donald Trump is shot in the right ear in an assassination attempt at a rally he held near Butler, Pennsylvania.source
  • 2025Several clashes erupt in southern Syria between armed Druze and Bedouin groups.source
  • 2025The Maputo National Park is designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as part of an expansion from the ISimangaliso Wetland Park in neighbouring South Africa.source
  • 2025The Gola-Tiwai complex, which includes Tiwai Island and the Gola Rainforest National Park, is designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.source

Births

  • 1426Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (died 1492)source
  • 1478Giulio d'Este, illegitimate son of Italian noble (died 1561)source
  • 1527John Dee, English mathematician, astronomer, and geographer (died 1608)source
  • 1590Pope Clement X (died 1676)source
  • 1597Sebastian Stoskopff, French painter (died 1657)source
  • 1607Václav Hollar, Bohemian etcher (died 1677)source
  • 1608Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1657)source
  • 1672Nicolás Salzillo, Spanish artist (died 1727)source
  • 1791Allan Cunningham, botanist and explorer, best known for discovering the Darling Downs is born in Wimbledon, London.source
  • 1793John Clare, English "peasant poet" (died 1864)source
  • 1811George Gilbert Scott, British architect (died 1878)source
  • 1821Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Confederate Civil War General, first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (died 1877)source
  • 1821Nathan Bedford Forrest, Confederate Civil War General, first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (died 1877)source
  • 1847Princess Leopoldina of Brazil, daughter of Emperor Pedro IIsource
  • 1930Naomi Shemer, leading Israeli songwriter and composer (died 2004).source
  • 1935Jack Kemp, American football player, U.S. vice presidential candidate (died 2009)source
  • 1950Ma Ying-jeou, President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)source
  • 1956Koffi Olomide, Congolese soukous singer, dancer, producer and composersource

Deaths

  • 574Pope John III dies at Rome after a 13-year tenure. The Holy See becomes sede vacante until June of the following year.source
  • 716Rui Zong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (born 662)source
  • 815Wu Yuanheng, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (born 758)source
  • 815Wu Yuanheng, Chinese chancellor of the Tang Dynasty, is murdered by assassins of warlord Wu Yuanji, in Chang'an.source
  • 884Huang Chao, Chinese rebel leader (born 835)source
  • 939Leo VII, pope of the Catholic Churchsource
  • 939Pope Leo VII dies at Rome after a 3½-year reign. He is succeeded by Stephen VIII as the 127th pope of the Catholic Church.source
  • 982Pandulf II, Lombard princesource
  • 982Henry I, bishop of Augsburgsource
  • 982Landulf IV, Lombard princesource
  • 982Abu'l-Qasim, Kalbid emir of Sicilysource
  • 982Gunther, margrave of Merseburgsource
  • 987Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ali, Ikhshidid governorsource
  • 1024Emperor Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor dies in his imperial palace at Göttingen in Germany. Henry leaves no heirs. He has deliberately made no provision for a successor, "leaving that regulation in the hands of God", and his death ends the Ottonian dynasty, and plans are made to elect a new Emperor in September.source
  • 1024Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (born 973)source
  • 1061Beatrice I, German abbess of Quedlinburg (born 1037)source
  • 1105Rashi, French Jewish rabbi and writer (born 1040)source
  • 1167Xia (Shenfu), Chinese empress consort (born 1136)source
  • 1205Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterburysource
  • 1262Henry Wingham, English Lord Chancellor and bishopsource
  • 1298July 13 or July 16 – Jacobus de Voragine, Italian archbishopsource
  • 1309John I, Dutch nobleman and bishop (House of Nassau)source
  • 1318Rashid al-Din Hamadani, the Grand Vizier of the Ilkhanate in Iran during the reign of the Mongol Ilkhan Öljaitü, is convicted of the 1316 murder of the Ilkhan, and is executed (along with his son Ibrahim Izzaddin).source
  • 1357Bartolus de Saxoferrato, Italian jurist (born 1313)source
  • 1380Bertrand du Guesclin, Constable of France (born c. 1320)source
  • 1399Peter Parler, German architect (born 1330)source
  • 1402Jianwen Emperor of China (born 1377)source
  • 1447At Suceava (now in Romania) Stefan II, Voivode of Moldavia since 1434, is killed in a coup d'état by his nephew, Roman II.source
  • 1491Afonso, Hereditary Prince of Portugal (born 1475)source
  • 1491Prince Alfonso, the only legitimate son of King João II of Portugal, and heir apparent to the throne, is killed in an accident when the horse he is riding falls and crushes him.source
  • 1519Zhu Youyuan, Ming dynasty politician (born 1476)source
  • 1551John Wallop, English soldier and diplomat (born 1490)source
  • 1603Axel Gyldenstierne, Governor-general of Norway (born c. 1542)source
  • 1621Albert VII, Archduke of Austria for a few months in 1619 and (born 1559)source
  • 1628Robert Shirley, English adventurer (born c. 1581)source
  • 1629Caspar Bartholin the Elder, scientist (born 1585)source
  • 1645Marie de Gournay, French writer (born 1565)source
  • 1693Cataldo Amodei, Sicilian composer (born 1649)source
  • 1705Titus Oates, English priest who fabricated the "Popish Plot" (born 1649)source
  • 1724Sir Richard Levinge, 1st Baronet, British politician (born 1656)source
  • 1755Edward Braddock, British general (born c. 1695)source
  • 1755Edward Braddock, British general (born c. 1695)source
  • 1760Conrad Weiser, Pennsylvania's ambassador to the Iroquois Confederacy (born 1696)source
  • 1762James Bradley, English Astronomer Royal (born 1693)source
  • 1767John Quincy, American Soldier (born 1689)source
  • 1785Stephen Hopkins, Founding Father of the United States (born 1707)source
  • 1785Stephen Hopkins, signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence (born 1707)source
  • 1793Jean-Paul Marat, Swiss-born French Revolutionary leader (assassinated) (born 1743)source
  • 1794James Lind, British pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal Navy (born 1716)source
  • 1807Henry Benedict Stuart, Italian-born cardinal, Jacobite claimant to the British throne (born 1725)source
  • 1824King Kamehameha II of Hawaii dies of measles, during a visit to the United Kingdom, before he can meet with King George IV. Because of the slow communications of the era, news of the King's death does not reach Hawaii until the following March; his funeral would then take place on May 11, 1825, and subsequently he is succeeded by his brother Kamehameha III.source
  • 1842Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans, French prince (born 1810)source
  • 1890John C. Frémont, American explorer and military officer (born 1813)source
  • 1893William Hutchinson Norris, founder of the city of Americana, São Paulo (born 1800)source
  • 1927Mimar Kemaleddin Bey (born in 1871), architectsource
  • 1936Fatma Aliye Topuz (born in 1862), one of the earliest female novelistssource
  • 1951Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian composer (born 1874)source
  • 1954Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter (born 1907)source
  • 1958Sultan Badlishah of Kedahsource
  • 2012Polde Bibič, actor, writer and academic (born 1933)source