1680 CE

Construction of the Royal Hospital Kilmainham in Dublin as a home for retired soldiers begins to the design of Sir William Robinson. 24 July – trial of Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, at Dundalk for conspiracy in the supposed "Popish Plot" ends without indictment and on 24 October he is transferred to London. In the Pueblo Revolt, the native Pueblo people capture Santa Fe (now in New Mexico) from the Spanish colonists.

In the 1680s, the 17th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

24 January – William Harris, one of the four English Puritans who established the Plymouth Colony and then the Providence Plantations at Rhode Island in 1636, is captured by Algerian pirates when his ship is boarded while he is making a voyage back to England. After being sold into slavery on 23 February, he remains a slave until ransom is paid. He dies in 1681, three days after his return to England.England source
February 12 – The Marquis de Croissy, Charles Colbert, becomes France's Minister of Foreign Affairs and serves for 16 years until his death, when he is succeeded as Foreign Minister by his son Jean-Baptiste Colbert.source
June 4 – Tokugawa Tsunayoshi becomes the new Shōgun of Japan upon the death of his older brother, Tokugawa Ietsuna, who had been shōgun for 29 years.source
June 10 – England and Spain sign a mutual defense treaty.source
September 15 – A treaty is concluded between the Dutch Republic and the Ottoman Empire for Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and his subjects to apply Dutch law to Dutch visitors to Ottoman territory.source
21 October – Charles II's fourth parliament (the "Exclusion Bill Parliament", summoned in 1679) assembles. The term Whig comes to be used for those in favour of the Exclusion Bill and Tory for those who oppose it.England source
October 29 – At the request of King Charles XI of Sweden, the Riksdag in Sweden enacts the Great Reduction, returning fiefs which had been granted to the Swedish nobility to the Crown. The nation becomes an absolute monarchy under the rule of Charles.source
Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV) decide on the complete annexation of Alsace.source
The first Portuguese governor is appointed to Macau.source
the provinces of Hunan, Guizhou, Guangxi, were also recovered by the QingChina source
The Revolt of the Three Feudatories continues.China source
The Dzungar conquest of Altishahr resulted in the Tibetan Buddhist Dzungar Khanate in Dzungaria conquering and subjugating the Genghisid-ruled Chagatai Khanate in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin). It put a final end to the independence of the Chagatai KhanateChina source
Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV) decide on complete annexation of Alsace.France source
During the Riksdag, the Great Reversion was introduced: The Baronies and Counties of the nobility, the donations from the foreign provinces, and all donations worth more than 600 silver a year was reverted to the crown, which led to the confiscation of about 80 percent of all the property donated from the crown to the high nobility during the 17th-century.Sweden source
In the Riksdagen 1680, Charles XI introduces absolute monarchy in Sweden by banning the council from making suggestions unless asked to bey the monarch.Sweden source

Conflict & Security

January 2 – King Amangkurat II of Mataram (located on the island of Java, part of modern-day Indonesia), invites Trunajaya, who had led a failed rebellion against him until his surrender on December 26, for a ceremonial visit to the royal palace. After Trunajaya arrives, King Amangkurat stabs his guest to death.source
24 March – The Earl of Shaftesbury informs the Privy Council of England that the Roman Catholics of Ireland are about to launch a rebellion, backed by France. The investigation falsely leads to the arrest and ultimate execution of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, Oliver Plunkett.England source
March 25 – Troops sent by the Sultan of Morocco, Ismail Ibn Sharif, begin a blockade of the port of Tangier, occupied by the English and located on the North African coast. Palmes Fairborne is dispatched to defend Tangier as the colonial governor and commander-in-chief of English forces.source
March 30 – A total eclipse of the Sun takes place and is visible over central Africa, with totality over the Opala Territory in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo.source
April 27 – Prince Sambhaji and fellow prisoners kill the commander of the Panhala prison and take control of the fort, as he makes plans to become ruler of the Maratha Empire.source
June 16 – Sambhaji Bhosle and his troops capture Raigad, the capital of the Maratha Empire and Sambhaji becomes the new Chhatrapati or Emperor. Sambhaji deposes his younger brother Rajaram I and places Rajaram and Rajaram's mother under house arrest.source
September 15 – A four month truce between England and Morocco expires and the Alcaid Omar, Viceroy of Morocco, begins a bombardment of the English fort at Tangier.source
September 21 – Spanish troops make a counterattack on Santa Fe in the modern-day U.S. state of New Mexico, allowing the remaining Spanish troops in the besieged city to flee to El Paso (now in Texas).source
Sichuan and southern Shaanxi were retaken by the Han Chinese Green Standard Army under Wang Jinbao and Zhao Liangdong in 1680, with Manchu forces involved only in dealing with logistics and provisions, not combat.China source
Zheng Jing's forces were defeated near Xiamen in 1680 and forced to withdraw to Taiwan.China source
Wu Shifan retreated to Kunming in OctoberChina source

Exploration & Expansion

April 30 – The first French Huguenots in the New World arrive at Charleston, South Carolina, as 45 of the religious exiles arrive at Oyster Point on the ship Richmond, after being sent there by King Charles II of England.source
August 20 (August 10 Old Style) – The settlement of Karlskrona in Sweden is founded, as the Royal Swedish Navy relocates there.source
August 21 – In the Pueblo Revolt, the native Pueblo people capture Santa Fe (now in New Mexico) from the Spanish colonists.source
English antiquarian Thomas Dingley tours Ireland.Ireland source
A giant squid beached at the coast of Helgeland.Norway source

Religion & Belief

February 16 – Rev. Ralph Davenant's will provides for foundation of the Davenant Foundation School for poor boys in Whitechapel, in the East End of London.source
February – Rev. Ralph Davenant's will provides for foundation of the Davenant Foundation School for poor boys in Whitechapel.England source
March 24 – The Earl of Shaftesbury informs the Privy Council of England that the Roman Catholics of Ireland were about to launch a rebellion, backed by France. The investigation leads to the arrest and ultimate execution of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, Oliver Plunkett.source
June 22 – The Sanquhar Declaration, written by Richard Cameron, leader of the Covenanters who oppose the control of religion in Scotland by King Charles, is read aloud by Richard's brother Michael Cameron at the public square in the village of Sanquhar in Dumfriesshire.source
23 July–24 July – trial of Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, at Dundalk for conspiracy in the supposed "Popish Plot" ends without indictment and on 24 October he is transferred to London.Ireland source
November 17 – The Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the British Whigs, organizes a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London for the second year running.source
17 November – the Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the Whigs, organises a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London for the second year running.England source
The poem-book Leabhar Cloinne Aodha Buidhe is transcribed by Ruairí Ó hUiginn of Sligo at the command of Cormac Ó Neill.Ireland source

Technology & Infrastructure

March 27 – The London Penny Post delivery service begins operations after being created by Robert Murray and William Dockwra, with a policy of delivering letters to any part of London or its suburbs for the price of one English penny.source
27 March – The London Penny Post delivery service begins operations after being created by Robert Murray and William Dockwra, with a policy of delivering letters to any part of London or its suburbs for the price of one penny.England source
First fire insurance office established, the Phoenix.England source
Brevik is given town status as a ladested.Norway source

Science & Discovery

September 30 – Robert Boyle, having rediscovered the process of manufacturing phosphorus from bone ash, deposits his summary of the directions with The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge. Boyle's assistant, Ambrose Godfrey, later develops Boyle's discovery to produce phosphorus commercially.source
November 14 – The Great Comet of 1680 is first sighted by Gottfried Kirch, the first comet discovered by telescope.source

Health & Medicine

29 April – construction of the Royal Hospital Kilmainham in Dublin as a home for retired soldiers begins to the design of Sir William Robinson.Ireland source
August 10 – A Pueblo medicine man named Popé begins an attack by the Puebloans and their Apache allies on Spanish outposts throughout what is the modern-day U.S. state of New Mexico, choosing the campaign to begin before a supply caravan can reach the Spaniards.source
4 November – a second Exclusion Bill is proposed to exclude the Catholic James, Duke of York from inheriting the throne.England source

Crime & Justice

May - Peder Griffenfeld was imprisoned at Munkholmen, outside of Trondheim.Norway source
June 11 – Elizabeth Cellier, an English Catholic midwife, is tried and acquitted of treason for pamphleting against the government.source
11 June – Elizabeth Cellier, a Catholic midwife, is tried and acquitted of treason for pamphleting against the government.England source
June 30 – During the Spanish Inquisition, an auto-da-fé takes place in the Plaza Mayor, Madrid.source
7 December – William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, is condemned to death by perjured evidence in the House of Lords for conspiracy in the supposed "Popish Plot".England source
December 17 (December 7 O.S.) – The trial for treason of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford before his fellow members of the House of Lords having concluded after seven days, the Lords vote on whether to convict him of the articles of impeachment. The Lords vote, 55 to 31 to convict him and to impose the death sentence and Lord Stafford is beheaded on 29 December (8 January 1681 N.S.)source

Climate & Environment

January 24 – William Harris, one of the four English Puritans who established the Plymouth Colony and then the Providence Plantations at Rhode Island in 1636, is captured by Algerian pirates, when his ship is boarded while he is making a voyage back to England. After being sold into slavery on February 23, he remains a slave until ransom is paid. He dies in 1681, three days after his return to England.source
May – The volcano Krakatoa erupts, probably on a relatively small scale.source
July 8 – The first documented tornado in America kills a servant at Cambridge, Massachusetts.source
September 11 – Emperor Go-Mizunoo spent his later years in relative seclusion as a retired emperor, continuing to participate in courtly and cultural activities until his passing away.source
October 9 – A massive 9.0 magnitude Mw earthquake destroys part of Málaga and other cities in the province of the same name.source

Culture & Society

April 21 – Prince Rajaram Bhosle, the 10-year-old son of the Shivaji, the Chhatrapati (Emperor) of the Maratha Empire in India, is installed on the throne as the new Emperor, less than three weeks after the death of his father. Sambhaji Bhosle, the eldest son of Shivaji, learns the news while imprisoned at Panhala and makes plans to escape prison and take over the throne.source
May 6 – King Charles XI of Sweden marries Princess Elonora, daughter of the late King Frederick III of Denmark-Norway and sister of King Christian V.source
August 24 – Comédie-Française is founded by decree of Louis XIV as La maison de Molière in Paris.source
Johann Pachelbel writes his Canon in D Majorsource
Trinity House erects a lighthouse on St Agnes, Isles of Scilly.England source
Edmund Borlase's The History of the execrable Irish Rebellion is published.Ireland source
Wedding between the King and Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark.Sweden source
Great Reversion also served to curtail the political and economic influence of the nobility, further consolidating Charles XI’s absolute rule.Sweden source

Births

January 23 – Joseph Ames, English author (died 1759)source
February 14 – John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (died 1737)source
February 23 – Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (died 1767)source
April 9 – Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (died 1754)source
9 April – Philippe Néricault Destouches, French dramatist (died 1754)France source
April 23 – Anna Canalis di Cumiana, morganatic spouse of Victor Amadeus II of Savoy (died 1769)source
14 May – Michael Bille, admiral (died 1756)Denmark source
June 22 – Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious dissenter (died 1754)source
September 22 – Barthold Heinrich Brockes, German poet (died 1747)source
October 19 – John Abernethy, Irish Protestant minister (died 1740)source
20 December - Anders Daae, priest and landowner (died 1763)Norway source
date unknown – Bulleh Shah, Sufi poet (died 1757)source
date unknown – Julianna Géczy, Hungarian heroine (died 1714)source
approximate – Blackbeard (Edward Teach), English pirate (died 1718)source
Blackbeard, pirate (died 1718)England source

Deaths

February 11 – Elisabeth of the Palatinate, German princess, philosopher and Calvinist (born 1618)source
February 17 – Jan Swammerdam, Dutch scientist (born 1637)source
February 17 – Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, English statesman and writer (born 1599)source
February 22 – Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin, a fortune teller in France who organized a ring of killers in what became known as the "Affair of the Poisons" that killed at least 1,000 people, is burned at the stake after being convicted of witchcraft. In all, 36 people are executed for their role in the poisoning.source
February 22 – Catherine Monvoisin, French fortune teller and poisoner (born c. 1640)source
February 24 – The German Duchy of Saxe-Coburg is divided by treaty among the sons of the late Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha, who had died in 1675. The oldest son, Frederick, receives Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. The rest is divided among Albert (Duke of Saxe-Coburg); Bernhard (Saxe-Meiningen); Henry (Saxe-Römhild); Christian (Saxe-Eisenberg); Ernest (Saxe-Hildburghausen); and John Ernest (Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld).source
February – Ralph Davenant, English rector and founder of Davenant Foundation Schoolsource
March 23 – Nicolas Fouquet, French statesman (born 1615)source
April 3 – Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhosale, founder of the Maratha Empire (born 1630)source
July 24 — Candida Xu (1607–1680) a Chinese Catholic. She has been called "arguably the most influential Chinese Christian woman of the seventeenth century."China source
July 26 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet (born 1647)source
July 30 – Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory (born 1634)source
2 September - Per Brahe the Younger, statesman (born 1602)Sweden source
October 16 – Raimondo Montecuccoli, Italian general (born 1609)source
November 27 or November 28 – Athanasius Kircher, German Jesuit scholar (born 1602)source
November 28 – Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian sculptor (born 1598)source
4 December – Thomas Bartholin, physician, mathematician, and theologian (born 1616)Denmark source
29 December - Arent Berntsen, topographical-statistical author, businessman, banker, estate owner and councillor (born 1610)Norway source