Geopolitics & Diplomacy in the 17th century

1,025 sourced entries, 1600 CE to 1699 CE, oldest first. Also see Geopolitics & Diplomacy across every century or everything else in the 17th century.

160027 January – Colonel Richard Wingfield is made Marshal of Ireland by Queen Elizabeth.Ireland source
1600May 27 – Michael the Brave becomes ruler of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia, formally uniting the three Danubian Principalities under one Romanian ruler.source
1600June 9 – Yi Hang-bok becomes the new Chief State Councillor of Korea (the Yeonguijeong), equivalent to a prime minister, after being appointed by King Seonjo to replace Yi San-hae.source
1600October 8 – The basic legal system for the Republic of San Marino goes into effect during the service of captains regent Girolamo Gozi and Francesco Giannini.source
1600October 20 – Persian diplomats, led by Husayn 'Ali Beg of Persia, and Englishman Anthony Shirley (who serves as translator) arrive in Prague to meet with Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor.source
1600November 7 – Emperor Rudolf II grants an audience in Prague to Persian diplomats Husayn 'Ali Beg and Anthony Shirley, and present the offer of Persia's King Abbas the Great to supply weapons to the Empire in their fight against the Ottomans.source
1601January 17 – Treaty of Lyon: France gains Bresse, Bugey and Gex from Savoy, ceding Saluzzo in exchange.source
160117 January – Treaty of Lyon: France gains Bresse, Bugey and Gex from Savoy, ceding Saluzzo in exchangeFrance source
1601September 11 – Queen Elizabeth I summons her 10th, and last, meeting of the English Parliament.source
1601October 27 – The 10th Parliament of Elizabeth I is opened by Queen Elizabeth I of England. It serves until December 19.source
1601December 19 – The 10th Parliament of Elizabeth I is adjourned. Another English Parliament will not be assembled until 1604 when summoned by James I.source
1602July 7 – The German duchy of Saxe-Altenburg, with a capital at Altenburg, is created as a separate duchy as a gift to Johann Philipp, the eldest son of his father Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar.source
1602September 10 – Rory O'Donnell (Rudhraighe Ó Domhnaill) becomes the last Irish King of Tyrconnell upon the death of his brother, Hugh Roe O'Donnell (Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill). After less than a year, Rory allows Tyrconnell (modern-day County Donegal in Northern Ireland) to come under Irish control in return for being created the Earl of Tyrconnell.source
1603March 30 – The Nine Years War (Ireland) is ended by the submission of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, to the English Crown, and the signing of the Treaty of Mellifont.source
1603March 31 – the Nine Years War (1595–1603) is ended by the submission of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, to the English Crown and the signing of the Treaty of Mellifont.Ireland source
1603September 20 – Samuel Champlain arrives back in France.source
1603Yaqob is deposed as Emperor of Ethiopia for the first time by Za Sellase, who appoints his cousin Za Dengel to replace him.source
1603French Huguenot Pierre de Gua is granted royal permission to settle in North America, founding the colony of Acadia.source
1604February 24 – At Linköping in Sweden, the Riksdag declares that Sigismund, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, who has been absent for five years, has effectively abdicated as King of Sweden, and recognizes Karl, Duke of Södermanland, as the new monarch.source
1604March 19 – King James opens his first parliamentary session as King of England. In his opening speech to the "Blessed Parliament", the King makes clear that he wants to bring a legal union between England and Scotland and that he does not wish to be "a husband to two wives." The House of Commons refuses to agree with him on the unification of the crown or on the funding that the King requests.source
1604July 11 – Derry chartered as a city.Ireland source
1604July 16 – The last of the 18 sessions of the English and Spanish peace conference is held at the Old Somerset House in London, with the parties reaching an agreement on terms of a treaty.source
160424 July - Anders Lauritsson Green becomes Chancellor of Norway.Norway source
1604August 18 – England concludes the Treaty of London with Spain, ending the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604), an intermittent conflict within the Eighty Years' War.source
1604France signs a treaty with the Ottoman Empire, strengthening trade relations with Sultan Ahmed I.France source
1604Henry IV introduces the paulette tax, allowing officeholders to make positions hereditary by paying an annual fee.France source
1604The town of Son is founded (lost town status in 1963).Norway source
16053 February – Sir Arthur Chichester is appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland, an office he will hold for a decade.Ireland source
1605March 11 – A proclamation declares all people of Ireland to be the direct subjects of the British Crown and not of any local lord or chief.source
160511 March – a proclamation declares all people of Ireland to be the direct subjects of the British Crown and not of any local lord or chief.Ireland source
1605April 16 – Tokugawa Ieyasu abdicates as shogun of Japan, becoming Ogosho (retired shogun). His son Tokugawa Hidetada succeeds him to the office.source
160514 October – Thomas Jones is appointed to succeed Adam Loftus as Lord Chancellor of Ireland.Ireland source
160516 October – The reign of Jehangir begins (reigned till 28 October 1627).India source
1605November – Scottish adventurer James Hamilton is granted the lordship of Upper (South) Clandeboye and the Great Ardes in the north of County Down by King James VI and I.Ireland source
1606February 24 – Commercial treaty between France and England signed in Paris.France source
1606April 2 – Treaty for the protection of the Principality of Sedan.France source
1606June 23 – A treaty is signed in Vienna between the Archduchy of Austria and the semi-independent Principality of Transylvania. Archduke Rudolf agrees to recognize Stephen Bocskai as Prince of Transylvania in return for Bocksay's guarantee of constitutional and religious rights to the ethnic Hungarians within Transylvania's borders.source
1606November 11 – The Peace of Zsitvatorok is signed between the Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires. The independence of Transylvania is recognized by both sides, and Austria's annual tribute to the Ottomans is abolished.source
1606County Wicklow becomes the last of the traditional counties of Ireland to be shired, from land previously part of counties Dublin and Carlow.Ireland source
1607June 10 – In Jamestown, Captain John Smith is released from arrest and sworn in as a member of the colony Council.source
1607June 15 – At Jamestown, the triangular fort is completed and armed: "The fifteenth of June we had built and finished our Fort, which was triangle wise, having three Bulwarkes, at every corner, like a halfe Moone, and foure or five pieces of Artillerie mounted in them. We had made our selves sufficiently strong for these Savages. We had also sowne most of our Corne on two Mountaines." The colony reportedly bears extreme toil in strengthening the fort.source
1607July 2 – Luis de Velasco returns to office as the Spanish Viceroy of New Spain, which at this time includes Mexico, parts of the future United States and much of Central America. Velasco had previously been Viceroy from 1590 to 1595, then served as Viceroy of Peru (encompassing much of South America) from 1596 to 1604. He serves as New Spain's viceroy until 1611.source
1607August 3 – After Catholics and Protestants clash in Donauwörth, emperor Rudolph II declares an imperial ban over the city and orders Bavarian duke Maximilian I to execute the ban leading to the occupation of the city by a force of 15,000 in December. This in turn leads to the creation of the Protestant Union in 1608.source
1607September 10 – Jamestown President Edward Maria Wingfield is deposed and John Ratcliffe elected.source
1607Plantation of Ulster, following the Flight of the Earls.Ireland source
1608January 23 – Treaty of The Hague, a defensive alliance between France and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, is signed.source
160823 January – Treaty of The Hague, a defensive alliance between France and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, negotiated for France by Pierre Jeannin, is signed.France source
1608March 5 – Sigismund Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania, abdicates in favor of Gabriel Báthory in order to avoid a civil war.source
1608June 26 – Matthias I, already King of Bohemia becomes the King of Hungary and the King of Croatia upon the abdication of both jobs by his older brother, Rudolf II, who continues as Holy Roman Emperor.source
1608July 3 – The settlement of Quebec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain.source
1608September 10 – John Smith is elected council president of Jamestown, and begins expanding the fort.source
1608December 20 – Karl of the House of Liechtenstein founds the Principality of Liechtenstein within the Holy Roman Empire, an independent nation that will continue more than 400 years later between Austria and Switzerland.source
1608County Longford is transferred from Connacht to Leinster, has its boundaries defined and is divided into six baronies.Ireland source
1608Enevold Kruse was named Governor-general of Norway.Norway source
1609April 9 – The Netherlands and Spain agree to the Twelve Years' Truce (which lasts until 1621) in the Eighty Years' War, with the signing of the Treaty of Antwerp, allowing the Dutch East India Company to trade within the Spanish Empire.source
1609May 23 – The Second Virginia Charter is officially ratified; it is intended to replace the council with a governor, who has absolute control in the colony.source
1609June 10 – The War of the Jülich Succession begins as the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Duchy of Palatinate-Neuburg sign a treaty at Dortmund and then send troops to establish Protestant Union rule in the Roman Catholic United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg.source
1609September 10 – Jamestown: Capt. George Percy replaces Captain John Smith as president of the Council, and Smith returns to England.source
1609September 11 – Expulsion of the Moriscos from Valencia in accordance with the edict signed by Philip III on April 4.source
1609November 29 – In Japan, a treaty is signed between Spanish nobleman Rodrigo de Vivero, former Governor-General of the Philippines and the former shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, for the establishment of a Spanish factory in eastern Japan.source
1609Warsaw becomes the capital of Poland.source
1609The Statutes of Iona are passed, marking the end of the bloody feuds between the clans in the Scottish Highlands.source
1609"Egyptians" (i.e., Romany people) are expelled from the Kingdom of Scotland.source
1609John Taylor is granted 1,500 acres (6 km 2 ) of arable land in Ballyhaise, County Cavan.Ireland source
1609Kilkenny is granted a royal charter by James I.Ireland source
1609Protestant English and Presbyterian Scots settlers are imported directly by undertakers with the sanction of King James VI and I taking over forfeited estates of rebel leaders.Ireland source
1609Passing of the Statutes of IonaScotland source
1610April 10 – The Treaty of Brussol is signed between Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and a representative of King Henry IV of France, at a meeting at Bruzolo near Turin. The agreement for France and Savoy to remove Spanish occupiers from Italy, is never carried out because King Henry is assassinated one month later.source
1610July 27 (July 17 O.S.) – Vasili Ivanovich Shuisky, who proclaimed himself Tsar of Russia on May 19, 1606, is deposed as the Seven Boyars remove him from office to select a new ruler.source
1610November 6 – After the Parliament of England gives King James only £ 100,000 of an agreed to £ 600,000 of debt relief promised in February under the Great Contract, the King demands the rest of the funds. Parliament is outraged and declares the Contract abandoned on November 9.source
1610December 19 – Pieter Both becomes the first Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (now the Republic of Indonesia), serving until 1614.source
1610Dr. Bonham's Case, a landmark decision, is decided by Edward Coke, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas of England. Coke affirms the supremacy of the common law, which limits the power of Parliament as well as the king.source
1610Santa Fe, New Mexico, capital of New Mexico, is founded as capital of Kingdom of Nuevo México.source
1610Barnabe Rich publishes A New Description of Ireland.Ireland source
1610Plantations of Ireland in the north of County Wexford, on lands confiscated from the MacMurrough-Kavanagh clan; and in County Cavan by William Bailie, who begins construction of Bailieborough Castle, and Stephen Butler, who begins establishment of an urban centre at Belturbet.Ireland source
1610The town of Arendal is founded.Norway source
1611January 26 – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully is forced by Queen regent Marie's Regency Council to resign as chief minister of France. He is replaced by Nicolas de Neufville, seigneur de Villeroy.source
1611May 9 – At the age of 16, Emperor Go-Mizunoo succeeds his father Emperor Go-Yōzei as Emperor of Japan.source
161111 July – 21 October: Lord Carew is in Ireland (as authorised in June) to inquire into its government and report on prospects for the plantation of Ulster (August).Ireland source
1611July 12 – The Perpetual Edict is proclaimed for the government of the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) by Archduke Albert VII and his wife Isabella, the joint rulers of the Austrian-controlled nation.source
1611July 25 – A treaty is signed between the Swedes and the Novgorod garrison.Sweden source
1611October 30 – At the age of 16, Gustav II Adolf succeeds his father Charles IX as King of Sweden.source
161125 November – the nobility and gentry claim the right to have advance sight of bills intended for the Parliament of Ireland.Ireland source
1611December 25 – Novgorod grants full power to its embassy heading to Stockholm with the objective of bringing back a Swedish prince to rule Novgorod.Sweden source
1611In January 1611, Prince Grigory Volkonsky defeated Delaville and regained control of Staraya Ladoga.Sweden source
1612January 6 – Axel Oxenstierna becomes Lord High Chancellor of Sweden. He persuades the Riksdag of the Estates to grant the Swedish nobility the right and privilege to hold all higher offices of government.source
16126 January – Axel Oxenstierna becomes the Lord High Chancellor of the Privy Council.Sweden source
1612January 10 – Gustavus Adolphus replies to Metropolitan Isidor, Odoevskij and the estates of Novgorod, stating that he himself wishes to assume responsibility for the government of Novgorod and also of all Russians. A number of land grants signed the same day show that the Swedish king has assumed the title of Tsar.source
161210 April – a royal charter of King James VI and I creates the City and County of Londonderry, and The Honourable The Irish Society to run the new plantation.Ireland source
1612July 4 – (8th waxing of Waso 974 ME) In what is now Myanmar, Min Khamaung becomes the new King of Arakan upon the death of his father, King Min Razagyi.source
1612November 20 – The Treaty of Nasuh Pasha is signed, between the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) and the Safavid Empire (Iran), with the Ottomans ceding back land they had captured from the Safavids after 1555, in return for Safavid payment of 200 loads of silk.source
1613January 20 – King James I of England successfully mediates the Treaty of Knäred between Denmark and Sweden.source
161320 January – The Treaty of Knäred is signed, officially ending the Kalmar War.Denmark source
1613March 3 (February 21 O.S.) – An assembly of the Russian Empire elects Mikhail Romanov Tsar of Russia, ending the Time of Troubles. The House of Romanov will remain a ruling dynasty until 1917.source
1613July 20 (July 30 N.S.) – The first American-grown tobacco, produced in the British colony of Virginia, arrives in England after being dispatched 22 days earlier by John Rolfe.source
1613Sultan Agung of Mataram takes the throne of the kingdom of Mataram in Java.source
1613Incorporation of the enlarged County Londonderry, incorporating County Coleraine.Ireland source
1613Incorporation of the town of Coleraine by charters (25 March and 28 June).Ireland source
1613Arthur Chichester, Lord Deputy of Ireland, is created 1st Baron Chichester of Belfast. Belfast is constituted a municipal corporation, comprising a Sovereign, twelve burgesses and a commonalty, with the privilege of sending two representatives to the Parliament of England. The first Sovereign appointed is Thomas Vesey, and the first representatives to parliament are Sir John Blennerhasset, Baron of the Exchequer of Ireland, and George Trevillian.Ireland source
1614April 2 – James I rebukes a deputation from the Catholic opposition in the Parliament of Ireland.Ireland source
1614April 15 – The Addled Parliament is assembled in England as the second parliament of King James I, and the first in more than nine years. Its members serve for two months. A new parliament will not be seated until more than six years later.source
1614April 15 – The Republic of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Sweden enter into a treaty at the Hague.source
1614June 7 – The Addled Parliament is dissolved by King James I of England, having sat or two months without imposing any new taxes.source
1614October 2 – After Louis XIII reaches the age of 13, he is given full power as King of France and the regency of his mother is ended. Queen Regent Marie retains her position as leader of the Conseil du Roi, however, and continues to control the French government.source
1614October 27 – The French Estates General begins its last session. The session, with 464 deputies representing the nobility, the lower and middle classes, and the clergy, closes on February 23, 1615. For the next 175 years, the Kingdom of France will be governed as an absolute monarchy until the calling of a new Estates General in 1789 at the start of the French Revolution.source
1614November 12 – The Treaty of Xanten ends the War of the Jülich Succession.source
16148 December - Jens Bjelke became Chancellor of Norway.Norway source
1614The French Estates General meets for the last time before the era of the French Revolution. In the interim, the Kingdom of France will be governed as an absolute monarchy.France source
1614The Irish Parliament passed the Highways Act which required local parishes to maintain roads within their boundaries serving market towns.Ireland source
1614Alliance with the Netherlands.Sweden source
1615January 30 – Japan's diplomatic mission to Europe, led by Hasekura Tsunenaga, meets with King Philip III of Spain at Madrid and presents an offer of a treaty.source
1615April 21 – The Wignacourt Aqueduct is inaugurated in Malta.source
1615May 6 – The Peace of Tyrnau is signed between Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, and Gábor Bethlen.source
1615June 21 – The Peace of Asti is concluded between the Spanish Empire and Savoy.source
1615August 20 – Alvaro III Nimi a Mpanzu becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo (located in southwestern Africa in what is now Angola) upon the death of his brother, Bernardo II Nimi a Nkanga.source
1615September 20 – Japanese diplomat Hasekura Tsunenaga and his entourage become the first officials from Japan to visit Italy, and are received in Rome by Cardinal Burgeciosource
161524 October – James I's Parliament of Ireland is dissolved (its third session having been held 18 April–16 May).Ireland source
1615December 18 – Francisco de Borja y Aragón becomes the new Viceroy of Peru, a colony of Spain encompassing all of Spanish language-speaking South America and what are now the nations of Peru, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Paraguay, and Uruguay.source
1616January 15 – After overwintering with the Huron Indians, Samuel de Champlain and Recollect Father Joseph Le Caron visit the Petun and Ottawa Indians of the Great Lakes. This is Champlain's last trip in North America before returning to France. Having secured Canada, he helps create French America, New France, or L'Acadie.source
1616January – 8-year-old António Vieira arrives from Portugal with his parents in Bahia (modern-day Salvador) in Colonial Brazil, where he will become a diplomat, noted author, leading figure of the Church, and protector of Brazilian indigenous peoples, in an age of intolerance.source
1616February 17 – Manchurian leader Qing Tai Zu, referred to in the west as "Nurhaci", declares himself khan and crowns himself as Emperor of China, founding the Later Jin dynasty.source
1616February 18 - Preparing the declaration of independence from the colony of the Hashimi Empire, namely the Arya Bayu Kingdom by Khan Nasaruddin II, who was crowned in Mecca,Medina, and Isfahan.source
1616February – Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester's term as Lord Deputy of Ireland is terminated. He has served since 1605.Ireland source
1616November 14 – In England, Sir Edward Coke is dismissed as Chief Justice of the King's Bench by royal prerogative.source
1616November 30 – Cardinal Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, is named French Secretary of State by young king Louis XIII. Richelieu will change France into a unified centralised state, able to resist both England and the Habsburg Empire.source
1616December 10 – An ordinance establishes parish schools in Scotland. The same act of the Privy Council commends the abolition of Gaelic.source
1616John Vaughan, 1st Earl of Carbery is appointed to the post of comptroller, in the newly formed household of Prince Charles in England; Vaughan later claims that serving the Prince has cost him £20,000.source
1616The States of Holland sets up a commission to advise them on the problem of Jewish residency and worship. One of the members of the commission is Hugo Grotius, a highly regarded jurist and one of the most important political thinkers of his day.source
1616Sweden returns a large section of their country to RussiaSweden source
1617February 27 – The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia. Sweden gains Ingria and Kexholm.source
1617June 5 – Ferdinand II, Archduke of Inner Austria, is elected King of Bohemia. Ferdinand's forceful Catholic counter-reformation causes great unrest, amongst the Protestants and moderates in Bohemia.source
1617July 29 – The secret Oñate treaty is signed in Vienna between representatives of King Philip III of Spain reached an agreement with the junior Habsburg branch of Archduke Ferdinand II of Austria, the heads of two different branches of the House of Habsburg. Spain's Ambassador to Austria, Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, 7th Count of Oñate signs on behalf of King Philip.source
1617August 4 – The Sharp Resolution is passed in the States of Holland and West Friesland, authorizing city governments to create their own mercenary armies, the waardgelders, to maintain public order.source
1617September 23 – The Peace of Busza is signed, between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.source
1617October 9 – The Treaty of Pavia is signed between Spain and Savoy, under which Savoy returns Monferrato to Mantua.source
1617November 22 – Mustafa I succeeds Ahmed I, as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.source
161823 January – Charter of Waterford revoked after election of recusants (restored 1626).Ireland source
1618February 18 – Chŏng Inhong becomes the new Chief State Councillor (the Yŏngŭijŏng, similar to a Prime Minister) of the Joseon Kingdom, after being appointed by Gwanghaegun of Joseon.source
161819 February – Richard Wingfield is created first Viscount Powerscourt.Ireland source
1618July 3 – Alonso Fajardo de Entenza becomes the new Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines.source
16181 October – native Irish ordered to leave lands of the British Plantation of Ulster by 1 May 1619 or be fined.Ireland source
161818 October – Foundation of the National Archives of Sweden: Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna appoints clerks to formalize state documentation, establishing the modern Riksarkivet.Sweden source
1618December 11 – Russia and Poland sign the Truce of Deulino.source
1618The Ming Chinese embassy of the Wanli Emperor presents tea to the Russian tsar.source
1618The margraves of Brandenburg are granted Polish approval to inherit the Duchy of Prussia, creating the state of Brandenburg-Prussia.source
1618Reprinting of Stadslagen: The old town law is reaffirmed as municipal legal code, remaining in effect until 1734.Sweden source
1619April 30 – The Treaty of Angoulême ends the French civil war between Louis XIII and his mother, Marie de' Medici.source
16191 May – native Irish ordered to leave lands of the British Plantation of Ulster by this date or be fined.Ireland source
1619May 30 – Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, conquers Jayakarta, and renames it Batavia.source
1619July 30 – In Jamestown, Virginia, the first English-speaking representative assembly in the Americas, the Virginia General Assembly (later named House of Burgesses), convenes for the first time.source
1619August 20 – A group of "twenty and odd" enslaved Africans, onboard the privateer ship White Lion (the first in the state of Virginia), are landed at Point Comfort in colonial Virginia.source
1619August 26 – Frederick V of the Palatinate is elected King of Bohemia by the states of the Bohemian Confederacy.source
16195 September – Church of Holmen is inaugurated in the former naval anchor forge in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1619September 7 – Gaj Singh Rathore becomes the new Raja of Marwar (within the Mughal Empire) at Jodhpur in what is now the Indian state of Rajasthan, succeeding his father, Sur Singh.source
1619October 8 – Thirty Years' War – The Treaty of Munich is signed by Ferdinand II and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.source
1619Salé Rovers declare the port of Salé on the Barbary Coast to be the Republic of Salé, independent of the Sultan of Morocco, with the Dutch-born corsair Jan Janszoon as president.source
1619The Älvsborg Ransom (1613) is finally paid in full to the Danes, and Älvsborg is returned to Sweden.Sweden source
1620January 22 – In France, Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, and his wife, the Duchess Marie de Rohan, sign a marriage contract on behalf of their one-year-old daughter to be engaged to the year-old son of Charles, Duke of Guise.source
1620January 26 – Karan Singh II becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Mewar (in the modern-day state of Rajasthan in India) upon the death of his father, the Maharana Amar Singh I.source
1620February 4 – Prince Bethlen Gabor secures a peace treaty with Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.source
1620April 20 – Mian Shahul Mouhammed Kalhoro begins his reign at Karachi as the king of Sindh, in modern-day Pakistan, and rules until 1657.source
1620July 3 – Under the terms of the Treaty of Ulm, the Protestant Union declares neutrality and ceases to support Frederick V of the Palatinate's claim to the throne of Bohemia.source
162019 November – The Tranquebar Treaty is signed with the Nayak of Tanjore, giving Denmark possession of Tharangambadi (Danish: Trankebar) and the right to construct Fort Dansborg.Denmark source
1620November 21 (November 11 OS) – The Mayflower arrives inside the tip of Cape Cod (named from the Concord voyage of 1602), at what becomes known as Provincetown Harbor, with the Pilgrims and Planters; 41 Plymouth Colony settlers sign the Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the colony, on board the ship.source
1620A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas and Origin and progress of the disturbances in the Netherlands by Johannes Gysius are re-published in the Netherlands.source
1620"A Dutch Ship, putting in this Year [of 1620, before June], sold 20 Negroes to the Colony [as slaves], which were the first of that Generation, that were ever brought to Virginia."source
1620County Longford is planted by English and Scottish landowners, with much of the O'Farrell lands being confiscated and granted to new owners.Ireland source
1620The titles of Earl of Cork and Viscount of Dungarvan are created in the Peerage of Ireland in favour of Richard Boyle, Lord Boyle.Ireland source
1621February 17 – Myles Standish is appointed as the first commander of Plymouth Colony.source
1621March 22 – The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.source
1621March 31 – King Philip IV of Spain begins his 44-year rule.source
1621April 26 – Treaty of Madrid signed by courtier François de Bassompierre: Valtelline restored to the Grisons and Spain allowed to reoccupy Chiavenna.France source
1621October 9 – The Treaty of Khotyn is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ending the First Polish-Ottoman War.source
1621November 11 – The ship Fortune arrives at Plymouth Colony, with 35 more settlers.source
1621December 31 – Thirty Years' War: The Peace of Nikolsburg is signed between Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Gabor Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania. Bethlen agrees to renounce his claims to Hungary. In return Bethlen receives several counties and lands along the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, and Moravia is granted religious freedom.source
1621King James I of England claims royal inheritance of the whole of Upper Ossory in County Laois including the manor of Offerlane from the de Clare family at an inquisition held at Portlaoise. The king institutes a plantation of the area in 1626.Ireland source
16227 January – John Pym arrested for criticizing the King in Parliament.England source
1622February 8 – King James I of England dissolves the English Parliament.source
16228 February – King James I disbands Parliament.England source
16225 August – The Earldom of Roscommon is created for James Dillon.Ireland source
162218 September – Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland, is sworn in as Lord Deputy of Ireland.Ireland source
1622November 25 – King Christian IV of Denmark invites the Sephardic Jews of Amsterdam in the Dutch Republic to settle in the newly-built Danish town of Lykstad, promising them the free exercise of their religion without persecution. The city remains part of Denmark until 1864 until it is captured in the Second Schleswig War and is now part of Germany as Glückstadt.source
1622Portugal loses control of the island of Ormus, after 107 years.source
1622Frederick Hamilton is given lands in Leitrim.Ireland source
1622The town of Grimstad was founded.Norway source
1623February 7 – France, Savoy and Venice sign the Treaty of Paris, agreeing to cooperate in removing Spanish forces from the strategic Alpine pass of Valtelline.source
1623February – France, Savoy, and Venice sign the Treaty of Paris, agreeing to cooperate in removing Spanish forces from the strategic Alpine pass of Valtelline.France source
1623May 2 – the Stewart Baronetcy, of Ramelton in the County of Donegal, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland for the soldier William Stewart.Ireland source
1623August 5 – The English ship Little James arrives at Plymouth Colony, 26 days after the Anne.source
1623September 10 – Murat IV, age 11, succeeds his deposed uncle Mustafa I as Ottoman Emperor. Because Murat is a minor, his mother, Kösem Sultan, serves as regent until 1632.source
1623December 30 – the Newcomen Baronetcy, of Kenagh in the County of Longford, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland for Robert Newcomen.Ireland source
1623Ladegården is established by Christian IV.Denmark source
1623The Dungan Baronetcy, of Castletown in the County of Kildare, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland for Walter Dungan.Ireland source
1623Treaty of Paris - A treaty signed in France by the Savoys and the Venetians.Italy source
1623Åbo (Turku) hovrätt is created as the court of appeal in the Swedish province of Finland.Sweden source
1624February 16 – Kara Mustafa Pasha becomes the Ottoman Governor of Egypt for the second time.source
1624February 19 – The last parliament of King James I of England begins its session.source
1624February 19 – King Filipe III of Portugal issues a decree prohibiting the enslavement of Chinese people in Portugal or in its colonies.source
1624March 2 – The English House of Commons passes a resolution making it illegal for a Member of Parliament (MP) to quit or willfully give up his seat. Afterward, MPs who wish to quit are appointed to an "office of profit", a legal fiction to allow a resignation.source
1624April 15: The city of Sala is granted town privileges by Gustaf II Adolf.Sweden source
1624May 11 – the title of Baron Brereton, of Leighlin in the County of Carlow, is created in the Peerage of Ireland in favour of Sir William Brereton.Ireland source
1624May 24 – After years of unprofitable operation, Virginia's charter is revoked, and it becomes a royal colony.source
1624June 10 – Treaty of Compiègne is signed between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.source
162410 June – Treaty of Compiègne is signed between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.France source
1624September 24 – King James approves a revised programme of reform for the Plantation of County Londonderry.Ireland source
16243 October – Étienne Ier d'Aligre becomes Grand Chancellor of France.France source
162421 October – Edict of Saint-Germain-en-Laye establishes a Chamber of Justice for the investigation of financial abuse and embezzlement in government.France source
1624A confrontation between Swedish and Danish councillors ends with a Swedish diplomatic victory due to Sweden's ability to mobilize quickly.source
1624Queen Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba starts to rule.source
1624The Parlement passes a decree forbidding criticism of Aristotle, on pain of death.France source
1624Conclusion of the Contention of the bards.Ireland source
1625June 2 – Prince Frederick Henry is sworn in as the stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland.source
1625June 18 – The English Parliament refuses to vote Charles I the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead.source
1625September 7 – The Treaty of Southampton makes an alliance between England and the Dutch Republic, against Spain.source
1625September – Recovery of Ré islandFrance source
1625December 9 – Thirty Years' War: The Netherlands and England sign the Treaty of The Hague, a military peace treaty for providing economical aid to King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, during his military campaigns in Germany.source
16259 December – The Treaty of The Hague leads to Denmark-Norway's intervention in the Thirty Years' War.Denmark source
1625December 9 – The Treaty of The Hague leads to Denmark-Norway's intervention in the Thirty Years' War.Norway source
1625Approximate date – Shyaam a-Mbul begins to unify the Kuba Kingdom in Central Africa.source
1625An English colony is established in Barbados.source
1625Castle at Ballycastle, County Antrim, rebuilt by Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim.Ireland source
1626February 5 – The Huguenot rebels and the French government sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the second Huguenot rebellion.source
1626February: Peace of Paris: The Huguenots agree to leave the islands of Olèron and Ré they've occupied since 1625 in exchange for keeping their fortified towns and the right to continue their worship.France source
1626March 5 – The Treaty of Monzón is signed between France and Spain to end the Valtellina War and the First Genoese-Savoyard War.source
1626March 7 – Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga becomes the new monarch of Kongo (in what is now Angola) after the overthrow of Garcia I Mvemba a Nkanga, restoring the Kwilu dynasty to power.source
1626May: Treaty of Monzon: The French and their allies, the Grisons, gain overlordship over the Val Tellina pass, an important pass through the Alps they've been fighting for with the Spaniards and the Papal troops for roughly a yearFrance source
1626June 15 – King Charles I of England dissolves the English Parliament.source
1626November 6 (O.S.) – The ship Arms of Amsterdam arrives in Europe from New Netherland (left September 23) with the news: "They have purchased the Island Manhattes [Manhattan] from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders."source
1626December 20 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Transylvanian monarch Bethlen Gabor sign the Peace of Pressburg.source
1626Charter of Waterford (revoked in 1618) is restored.Ireland source
1627March 17 – Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, is forced to abdicate after his spending brings Hesse-Kassel to bankruptcy. His son takes over as William V and cedes much of the landgravate in September to bring peace in its war against Hesse-Darmstadt.source
1627May 10 – The Kingdom of England reaches an agreement with Sidi Al-Ayyashi, a Moroccan Mujahidin leader to obtain his help in releasing English captives seized by Barbary corsairs.source
1627May 13 – France and England sign an agreement on dividing the island of Saint Kitts.source
1627May 23 – Ngarolamo becomes the new Sultan of Tidore in the Maluku Islands in modern-day Indonesia.source
1627June 15 – The States of Friesland promulgate the Resolution on the April 17 appeal about abuses.source
1627September 24 – William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, landgrave of the German state Hesse-Kassel, signs the Hauptakkord with George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, ceding much of its territory.source
1627September 30 – The reign of China's 21-year old ruler, the Ming dynasty Tianqi Emperor, Zhu Youjiao, ends after seven years.source
1627December 27 – In Madrid, ministers of King Philip IV of Spain, draw up proposals for a "Kingdom and Republic of Ireland" that would break with England, to have two Captains General to be executives of the Republic.source
1628March 1 – Writs issued in February, by King Charles I, require every county in England (not just seaport towns) to pay ship tax by this date.source
1628March 17 – Oliver Cromwell makes his first appearance in the English Parliament, as Member for Huntingdon.source
1628June 7 – King Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament, and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.source
1628December 11 – Muhammad Imaduddin I becomes the Sultan of Maldives and reigns for the next 29 years.source
1628December 16 – In the Joseon Kingdom of Korea, O Yun-gyeom becomes the new Yeonguijeong (Chief of the State Council, similar to Prime Minister) during the reign of King Injo.source
1628Members of the Parliament of Ireland propose The Graces, in an attempt to reverse anti-Catholic legislation.Ireland source
1629March 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a royal charter, and the colony is the first to be created in what will become the United States 150 years later, covering almost all of what will be the U.S. state of Massachusetts.source
1629March 10 – Charles I of England dissolves Parliament, starting the Eleven Years' Tyrannysource
1629May 22 – Thirty Years' War: Christian IV of Denmark and Albrecht von Wallenstein sign the Treaty of Lübeck, ending Denmark's involvement in the Thirty Years' War.source
162922 May – Christian IV signs the Treaty of Lübeck, bringing an end to Denmark-Norway's intervention in the Thirty Years' War.Denmark source
1629June 7 – The Dutch States-General ratifies the Dutch West India Company's Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, making it more attractive to invest in the colony of New Netherland in North America.source
162925 July – The County of Christiansborg (from 1741: The County of Christianssæde) is established by Christian Detlev Reventlow from the manors f Christianssæde, Ålstrup, Skelstofte and Pederstrup as well as the farm (parcelgård) Frihedsminde.Denmark source
1629August 26 – The Cambridge Agreement is signed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America, providing for the colony to be under the control of stockholders who actually emigrate to New England.source
1629August 29 – As a result of the Cambridge Agreement, the Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes a self-governing entity.source
1629September 25 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629): Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth sign the Truce of Altmark, ending the war in highly favourable terms for Sweden.source
162915 October – the Osborne Baronetcy, of Ballentaylor in the County of Tipperary, and Ballylemon in the county of Wexford, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland in favour of Richard Osborne.Ireland source
1629November 30 – The St Etienne baronets British nobility title is created.source
1629December 22 – (Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month) Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan abdicates the throne in favor of his daughter, Princess Okiko, who becomes Empress Meishō.source
1629New Hampshire is established as a British colony.source
1630March 3 – A fleet sent by the Dutch West India Company captures Recife from the Portuguese, establishing Dutch Brazil.source
1630March – Fedorovych Uprising: Zaporozhian Cossacks rebel against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and occupy a large part of modern-day Ukraine. After a number of indecisive skirmishes with a Polish army sent to pacify the region, the Treaty of Pereyaslav is signed, ending the uprising.source
1630June 12 – Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded, with John Winthrop as governor.source
1630July 6 – The Success, last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, lands safely at Salem harbor, Massachusetts Bay Colony.source
1630July 24 – The Sibbald baronets British nobility title is created.source
1630September 4 – Thirty Years' War: the Treaty of Stettin is signed by Sweden and the Duchy of Pomerania, forming a close alliance between them, as well as giving Sweden full military control over Pomerania.source
1630September 7 – Governor John Winthrop passes a resolution declaring "that Trimontaine" on Shawmut peninsula shall be called Boston from now on.source
1630September 17 (September 7 Old Style) – The settlement of Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony is founded.source
1630October 13 – War of the Mantuan Succession: the Peace of Regensburg is signed. Charles Gonzaga is confirmed as Duke of Mantua.source
163015 November – Conclusion of the Treaty of Madrid, ending the Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)Belgium source
1631January 23 – Thirty Years' War: Sweden and France sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany.source
163123 January – Thirty Years' War: France and Sweden sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to maintain an army campaign against northern Germany.France source
1631February 5 – Puritan leader Roger Williams arrives in Boston.source
16315 February – Puritan minister and theologian Roger Williams emigrates to Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.England source
16316 April – War of the Mantuan Succession is ended by the Treaty of Cherasco (confirmed 19 June) by which France renounces its conquests in Italy but in fact by secret agreement retains Pinerolo.France source
1631May 18 – In Dorchester, Boston, John Winthrop takes the oath of office, and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.source
1631May 30 – Thirty Years' War: Bavaria and France sign the Treaty of Fontainebleau, forming a secret alliance; however, this does not last long.source
163130 May – Thirty Years' War: France and Bavaria sign the Treaty of Fontainebleau, forming a secret alliance; this is largely negated by autumn.France source
1631June 19 – War of the Mantuan Succession: The Treaty of Cherasco is signed, ending the War of the Mantuan Succession.source
163118 July – Marie de' Medici leaves for the Low Countries.France source
163119 July – Marie de' Medici flees from Compiègne to the Low Countries.Belgium source
1631August 22 – The Treaty of Werben is signed as an alliance between Hesse-Cassel and Sweden.source
1631August 29 – (1 Safar 1041 A.H.) Abd Allah ibn Hasan, Emir of Mecca, abdicates in favor of two successors, his son Muhammad ibn Abd Allah and his great-nephew Zayd ibn Muhsin.source
16314 September – Richelieu is granted the dignity of duc et pair. The following day, he is received by the Parlement of Paris.France source
1631November 29 – The Treaty of Höchst is signed between King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, with Darmstadt giving up the fortress of Rüsselsheim in return for Sweden's recognition of Darmstadt's neutrality.source
1631Swedish treaty with Brandenburg.Sweden source
1632March 29 – The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, returning Quebec to French control, after the English had seized it in 1629.source
163229 March – The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed in which England agrees to return all of New France to French control.England source
163229 March – The Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, returning Quebec to French control after the English had seized it in 1629.France source
163222 May – States General of the United Provinces call upon southern provinces to rise against Spain, promising freedom of worship.Belgium source
1632Conspiracy of Nobles: the prince of Barbançon, prince of Espinoy, duke of Bournonville and count of Egmont plot to overthrow Spanish rule in the Southern Netherlands.Belgium source
1632June 20 – Charles I of England issues a charter for the colony of Maryland (named in honor of Henrietta Maria), under the control of Lord Baltimore.source
163220 June – A royal charter was issued for the foundation of the Maryland colony in North America. Lord Baltimore appointed as the first governor.England source
16323 October – Marquis of Santa Cruz leaves the Low Countries in disgrace.Belgium source
1632Catharina Stopia succeeds her spouse as Sweden's ambassador to Russia, becoming perhaps the first female diplomat in Europe.source
1632The Portuguese are driven out of Bengal.source
1632Catharina Stopia is appointed to succeed her deceased spouse as Sweden's ambassador to Russia, and becomes the first female diplomat of her country.Sweden source
1632Following the death of Gustaf II Adolf, king of Sweden, he is succeeded by his 6-year-old daughter Christina while five regents, headed by Axel Oxenstierna, govern the country since she is underage.Sweden source
1633January 15 – Edict creating the Parliament of Metz, which supersedes the courts of justice of the Three Bishoprics.France source
163327 January – Isabella approves a peace deal with the Dutch Republic on the condition of acknowledgement of Habsburg sovereignty.Belgium source
1633February 9 – the Duchy of Hesse-Cassel captures Dorsten from the Electorate of Cologne without resistance.source
1633March 1 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France, on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.source
16331 April – Dutch refuse to acknowledge Habsburg sovereignty; peace talks at an impasse.Belgium source
1633April 19 – The Treaty of Bärwalde is renewed between France and Sweden at the congress of Heilbronn. On April 23 an alliance is concluded between Sweden and the Upper Rhenish Circle, the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle, the Swabian Circle and the Franconian Circle against Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.France source
1633May 22 – Samuel de Champlain, founder of the French colony of New France, returns to Quebec after being gone for four years, commissioned as Lieutenant General of the troops of New France, but not as governor.source
1633May – King Charles revives medieval forest laws to raise funds from fines.England source
1633November 23 – Decision of the Conseil du Roi (confirmed by the Parlement of Paris on 5 July 1634), to construct a new section of the city walls of Paris.France source
1633Axel Oxenstierna appointed Sweden's ambassador in Germany for three years.Sweden source
1633Alliance between Sweden and the Protestant states of south-west Germany.Sweden source
1634January 19 – Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine abdicates in favor of his brother Nicholas II, who is only able to hold the duchy for 75 days.source
1634January 19 – Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine abdicates in favour of his brother Nicholas Francis at Mirecourt; on February 1 he crosses the Rhine at Breisach and retires to Besançon.France source
1634April 1 – Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine, who assumed rule of the duchy on January 19 upon the abdication of his older brother Charles IV abdicates in favor of Charles.source
1634May 5 – King Charles I of England and Scotland first refers to the banner of the British Isles as the "Union Flag" in a proclamation that the flag shall not be used on any ships other than those "in our immediate Service and Pay, and none other." The term evolves into the description of the British flag as the "Union Jack".source
1634June 14 – The Treaty of Polyanovka is signed between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, concluding the Smolensk War.source
1634July 4 – The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France, in what is the modern-day Canadian province of Quebec.source
1634September 16–17 – Edict and declaration of the king at Monceaux ordering establishment of a sovereign council at Nancy (continues to 13 July 1637).France source
1634October 9 – Treaty between the king and the Swedish Empire over Alsace; French garrisons replace the Swedish here.France source
1634Cornelius Vermuyden begins the draining of The Fens to reclaim farmlandEngland source
1634François Leclerc du Tremblay (Père Joseph) becomes a member of the Conseil du Roi as Ministre d’État.France source
1634Robert Giffard de Moncel spearheads Perche migration to New France.France source
16358 February – French-Dutch treaty to partition the Spanish Netherlands, preliminary to the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59).Belgium source
1635March 22 – The Peacock Throne of India's Mughal Empire is inaugurated in a ceremony in Delhi to support the seventh anniversary of Shah Jahan's accession to the throne as Emperor.source
16352 June – French-Dutch manifesto calls on inhabitants of the Spanish Netherlands to rise against their government.Belgium source
16354 August – second writ for ship money is issued, extending the payments to inland towns.England source
1635September 12 – The Treaty of Sztumska Wieś is signed between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.source
1635October 9 – Rhode Island founder Roger Williams is banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony as a religious dissident, after speaking out against punishments for religious offenses, and giving away Native American land.source
1635Dominica is claimed by France.source
1635The ambassadorial mission of Axel Oxenstierna to Paris: alliance between Sweden and France.Sweden source
1636January 1 – Anthony van Diemen takes office as Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), and will serve until his death in 1645.source
1636February 26 – Nimi a Lukeni a Nzenze a Ntumba is installed as King Alvaro VI of Kongo, in the area now occupied by the African nation of Angola, and rules until his death on February 22, 1641.source
1636June 20 – Roger Williams and other Puritan settlers become founders of the colony of Providence Plantations, which later joins neighbouring territory to become the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. The area today is the U.S. state of Rhode Island.source
1636July 10 – The Senate of the Venetian Republic votes, 82 to 4, in favor of renewing the charter of Jewish merchants to sell within the city, after a delay of almost six months.source
1636August 25 (August 15 Old Style) – The covenant of the Town of Dedham, Massachusetts Bay Colony is first signed.source
1636December 23 (December 13 Old Style) – The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the United States National Guard.source
1636Manchus occupy the Liaoning region in north China, select Shenyang (Mukden) as their capital, and proclaim the new Qing dynasty (pure).source
1636The first American ancestor of John Adams, Henry Adams, emigrates to Massachusetts.source
1636Queen Christina expulse all non-taxpaying Finns (Forest Finns) from Värmland and Dalsland. Most moved across the Norwegian border into Solør, establishing a colony there.Norway source
1636Establishment of the Nya smedjegården.Sweden source
1637January 23 – John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen arrives from the Netherlands to become the Governor of Dutch Brazil, and extends the range of the colony over the next six years.source
16378 February – Louis XIII and his brother Gaston d’Orléans publicly reconcile their relationship, aided by Charles de Condren.France source
1637April 30 – King Charles I of England issues a proclamation, attempting to stem emigration to the North American colonies.source
163730 April – King Charles issues a proclamation attempting to stem emigration to the North American colonies.England source
1637July 23 – After a court battle, King Charles I of England hands over title to the North American colony of Massachusetts to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, one of the founders of Plymouth Council for New England.source
1637Corfitz Ulfeldt is appointed as Governor of Copenhagen.Denmark source
1637Member of Parliament John Hampden continues to refuse to pay ship money although a 7-5 majority verdict among a group of judges supports its legality.England source
1638February 28 – The Scottish National Covenant is signed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in opposition to changes to the Church of Scotland proposed by King Charles I.source
1638March 5 – Thirty Years' War: The Treaty of Hamburg is signed by France and Sweden, providing the latter with funds.source
1638March 5 – Thirty Years' War: The Treaty of Hamburg is signed between France and Sweden by Cardinal Richelieu of France and representatives of Queen Christina of Sweden.France source
1638March 5 – Thirty Years' War – The Treaty of Hamburg is signed by France and Sweden.Sweden source
1638April 25 – Settlement of what will become New Haven, Connecticut begins.source
1638May 23 – The Kandyan Treaty is signed between Singhala King Rajasimha II and the Dutch, to rid Ceylon of the Portuguese.source
1638September 21 – The Treaty of Hartford is signed, ending the Pequot War between British American colonists and the Pequot.source
1639January 19 – Hämeenlinna (Tavastehus) is granted privileges, after it separates from the Vanaja parish, as its own city in Tavastia.source
1639March 24 – The Dutch Republic renews its alliance with France.France source
163925 April – Charles issues a proclamation promising to pardon rebels.England source
1639June 18 – The Treaty of Berwick is signed between Charles I and the Scots.source
1639September 3 – The alliance of cantons in Switzerland known as the Three Leagues or Raetia agrees with Spain to bring Italy's Valtellina area back into the alliance, on the condition that the Catholic faith of the natives be respected.source
1639Sakoku, the isolationist foreign policy of Japan, comes fully into effect.source
1639The Treaty of Zuhab is signed between the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Safavid Persia, delineating the modern Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines.source
16405 January – Parliament fixes a quorum of 40 for its proceedings to be transacted.England source
164017 April – John Pym makes a speech attacking the King in Parliament.England source
1640May 5 – The Short Parliament is dissolved without agreeing to the King's demands.source
16405 May – the King dismisses the Short Parliament and prepares to attack Scotland.England source
1640July 15 – The first university of Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, is inaugurated in Turku.source
1640October 26 – The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between the Scottish Covenanters and Charles I of England.source
164026 October – Treaty of Ripon signed between the King and the Covenanters.England source
1640November 3 – The English Long Parliament is summoned; it will not be dissolved for 20 years.source
16403 November – the Long Parliament is summoned; it will not be dissolved for 20 years.England source
1640December 1 – The end of the Iberian Union of Spain and Portugal begins, as a revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie causes John IV of Portugal to be acclaimed as king, thus ending 60 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain, and the rule of the House of Habsburg (also called the Philippine Dynasty). The Spanish Habsburgs do not recognize Portugal's new dynasty, the House of Braganza, until the end of the Portuguese Restoration War in 1668.source
1640December 1 – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg begins to rule.source
1640undated – Habeas Corpus Act ("An Act for the Regulating the Privie Councell and for taking away the Court commonly called the Star Chamber") passed, abolishing the Star Chamber.England source
164115 February – the Long Parliament passes the Triennial Act 1640 (16 Cha. 1. c. 1).England source
1641February 16 – King Charles I of England gives his assent to the Triennial Act 1640, reluctantly committing himself to parliamentary sessions of at least fifty days, every three years.source
164118 March – The first diplomatic relations between Denmark-Norway and Portugal are established when Portuguese diplomats Francisco de Sousa Coutinho and António Moniz de Carvalho are sent to Copenhagen. Christian IV chose not to offer the diplomats a formal audience as he did not wish to compromise the neutrality of Denmark-Norway in the Spain as part of the Restoration War.Denmark source
1641April 21 – England's House of Commons votes 204 to 59 in favor of the conviction for treason and the execution of the Earl of Strafford, and the House of Lords acquiesces. King Charles refuses to give the necessary royal assent.source
1641May 3 – The Protestation of 1641 is passed by England's Parliament, requiring all officeholders to swear an oath of allegiance to King Charles I and to the Church of England.source
16413 May – the Protestation of 1641 is passed by Parliament, requiring all officeholders to swear an oath of allegiance to the monarch and to the Church of England.England source
1641May 7 – England's House of Lords votes, 51 to 9, in favor of the execution of the Earl of Strafford for treason. In fear for his own safety, King Charles I signs Strafford's death warrant on May 10.source
1641May 11 – The Long Parliament in England passes the "Act against Dissolving Parliament without its own Consent".source
1641June 1 – In Paris, representatives of Portugal and France sign a treaty of alliance.source
16411 June – Representatives of France and Portugal sign a treaty of alliance in Paris.France source
1641June 12 – The Treaty of The Hague is signed between representatives of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Portugal as a 10-year truce and alliance.source
1641June 12 – Treaty of The Hague (1641) is signed in The Hague representatives of the States-General of the Netherlands and by the ambassador of the Kingdom of PortugalPortugal source
1641July 5 – In England, the Long Parliament abolishes the Court of Star Chamber.source
1641July 12 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign a Treaty of Offensive and Defensive Alliance at The Hague. The treaty is not respected by both parties, and as a consequence has no effect in the Portuguese colonies (Brazil and Angola) that are under Dutch rule.source
1641August 10 – Charles I of England signs the Treaty of London ending the Bishops' Wars between England and Scotland.source
164110 August – King Charles signs the Treaty of London ending the Bishops' Wars between England and Scotland.England source
1641September 14 – The Treaty of Péronne is signed between Honoré II, Prince of Monaco and France's King Louis XIII, guaranteeing the Grimaldi family the right to rule Monaco in return for the principality becoming a French protectorate.source
164114 September – The Treaty of Péronne is signed between Honoré II, Prince of Monaco and King Louis XIII of France, guaranteeing the Grimaldi family the right to rule Monaco in return for the principality becoming a French protectorate.France source
1641October 2 – Scottish politician John Campbell takes office as Lord Chancellor of Scotland and is given the title of the Earl of Loudoun by Charles I in his capacity as King of Scotland.source
1641October 24 – The Irish rebel Sir Felim O'Neill of Kinard issues the Proclamation of Dungannon.source
1641November 18 – John IV ratifies the treaty of The HaguePortugal source
1641December 1 – The English Parliament presents the Grand Remonstrance to King Charles, who makes no response to it until Parliament has the document published and released to the general public.source
1641December 7 – The bill for the Militia Ordinance is introduced by Arthur Haselrig, an anti-monarchist member of the House of Commons, proposing for the first time to allow Parliament to appoint its own military commanders without royal approval. King Charles, concerned that the legislation would allow parliament to create its own army, orders Haselrig arrested for treason. Parliament passes the Militia Ordinance on March 15.source
1641The Massachusetts Bay Colony adopts a law making witchcraft a capital crime.source
1641The town of Falun, Sweden is given city rights by Queen Kristina.source
1642January 4 – King Charles I of England, accompanied by soldiers, arrives at a session of the Long Parliament and attempts to arrest his chief opponents, the Five Members, John Hampden, Arthur Haselrig, Denzil Holles, John Pym and William Strode, for what he regards as treason but they escape and are protected by the Lord Mayor of London. This is the last time any monarch enters the House of Commons.source
16424 January – Charles I attempts to arrest five leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape. This is the last time any monarch enters the House of Commons.England source
1642January – Charles I agrees to parliament's request to order that the last Wednesday in each month should be kept as a fast day.England source
1642February 15 – Royalist Endymion Porter is voted to be a "dangerous counsellor" by the English parliament.source
1642February 17 – The Treaty of Axim is signed between the Dutch West India Company and the chiefs of the Nzema people in the modern-day African nation of Ghana.source
1642February 20 – The Treaty of The Hague (1641), between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Portugal, is ratified by the Republic's States-General.source
1642March 1 – Georgeana, Massachusetts (later known as York, Maine) becomes the first incorporated city in the British colonies of North America.source
1642May 1 – Honours and titles granted by Charles I of England from this date onward will in 1646 be retrospectively annulled by Parliament.source
1642June 1 – "Nineteen Propositions" are sent by the English House of Lords and House of Commons to Charles I, asking the King to consent to parliamentary approval for the members of his privy council, his chief officers, and new seats created for the House of Lords, as well as regulating the education and choice of marital partners of the King's children, and barring Roman Catholics from the Lords. The King's Answer, rejecting the Propositions, is read in Parliament on June 21.source
16421 June – Parliament approves the Nineteen Propositions to be sent to the King, demanding parliamentary control of the civil government of the kingdom.England source
164221 June – The King's Answer, rejecting the Nineteen Propositions, is read in Parliament.England source
1642July 4 – The Committee of Safety is created by the English Parliament as a challenge to the authority of King Charles I. Five members of the House of Lords (Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex, Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke, and William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele) and ten members of the House of Commons (Nathaniel Fiennes, John Glynn, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, Henry Marten, John Merrick, William Pierrepoint, John Pym, Philip Stapleton and William Waller) are appointed to the Committee.source
1642July 12 – The English Parliament votes to raise its own Army, under the command of the Earl of Essex.source
164229 October – King Charles enters Oxford and establishes his court there.England source
1642October 30 – King Charles I of England enters Oxford and establishes his court there.source
16421 December – Storming of Farnham Castle: Parliamentarian forces easily take the Surrey stronghold from Royalist defenders.England source
1642The village of Bro (Broo), Sweden is granted city rights for the second time and takes the name Kristinehamn (literally "Christina's port") after the Swedish monarch at this time, Queen Christina.source
1642c. 14 November – the Confederate Assembly elects a Supreme Council.Ireland source
1642The village Bro, in Sweden, gains city rights for the second time.Sweden source
164313 May – First English Civil War: Parliamentary forces led by Oliver Cromwell defeat Royalist forces at Grantham.England source
1643May 14 – Louis XIV succeeds his father Louis XIII as King of France at age 4. His rule will last until his death at age 76 in 1715, a total of 72 years, which will be the longest reign of any European monarch in recorded history.source
1643May 19 – The New England Confederation is formed as a military alliance between Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony, Saybrook Colony (Connecticut), and New Haven Colony.source
16433 June – Royal proclamation renewing the privileges and exemptions of Bandes d'ordonnanceBelgium source
164325 September – the Solemn League and Covenant is signed between the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland.England source
1643November 14 – Empress Meishō abdicates and Emperor Go-Kōmyō accedes to the throne of Japan.source
1643An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, The Ó Conchubhair Donn, Chief of the Name of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as the last King of Connacht in Ireland.source
1643Johan Björnsson Printz is appointed governor of the Swedish colony of New Sweden until 1653.Sweden source
1644January 22 – The Royalist Oxford Parliament is first assembled by King Charles I of England.source
164422 January – King Charles I opens the Royalist 'Oxford Parliament'.England source
1644March 24 – Roger Williams is granted an official grant for his Rhode Island Colony from the Parliament of England, allowing the establishment of a general assembly.source
1644May 6 – Johan Mauritius resigns as Governor of Brazil.source
1644June 3 – Li Zicheng proclaims himself emperor of China.source
164414 July – Queen Henrietta Maria leaves the country for France.England source
164416 July – First English Civil War: Parliamentary forces capture York.England source
1644October 24 – the Long Parliament of England passes an Ordinance of no quarter to the Irish.Ireland source
164419 December – the House of Commons passes the Self-denying Ordinance.England source
164425 December – Christmas falls on a date set aside for fasting by Parliament, whose supporters are enjoined to observe the fast.England source
1644the Torstenson War breaks out between Denmark–Norway and Sweden. It was resolved by the Second Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645.Denmark source
1644Queen Christina is declared to be of legal majority and the regency government is dissolved.Sweden source
1645February 15 – English Civil War: The New Model Army is officially founded.source
1645April 3 – The House of Lords passes the Self-denying Ordinance, requiring members of the Parliament of England to resign commissions in the armed services.source
16453 April – the House of Lords passes the Self-denying ordinance, requiring members of the Parliament of England to resign commissions in the armed services.England source
164513 August — The Second Treaty of Brömsebro is signed, putting an end to the Torstenson War. The island Øsel is ceded to Sweden.Denmark source
164513 August - The Treaty of Brömsebro resulted in the ceding of the Norwegian provinces of Jemtland and Herjedalen to Sweden.Norway source
164513 August - The Treaty of Brömsebro is signed between Sweden and Denmark–Norway, ending the Torstenson War and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and Ösel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee.Sweden source
1645August 23 (August 13 Old Style) – The Treaty of Brömsebro is signed between Sweden and Denmark–Norway, ending the Torstenson War and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and Ösel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee.source
1646January 5 – The English House of Commons approves a bill to provide for Ireland to be governed by a single Englishman.source
1646May 6 – American colonial poet Anne Bradstreet becomes a founding mother of Andover Parish (modern-day North Andover), Massachusetts.source
1646May 30 – Eighty Years' War: Habsburg Spain and the Dutch Republic sign a temporary cease-fire.source
16464 July – Pierre Teuleron, sieur de Repentigny, granted Jules Trottier II land in La Rochelle to build and develop New France, under the authorization of Jacques Le Neuf de la Poterie.France source
1646July 30 – Commissioners of the Parliament of England and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals ("Newcastle Propositions") demanding that King Charles I gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement.source
164630 July – Commissioners of Parliament and Scottish Covenanters meeting in Newcastle upon Tyne set out the Heads of Proposals ("Newcastle Propositions") demanding that the King gives up control of the army and place restrictions on Catholics, as the basis for a constitutional settlement.England source
164623 September – Le Cardinal arrives in Quebec (New France) with Jules Trottier II and his familyFrance source
1646October 10 – France takes Dunkirk from the Spanish Netherlands for the first time.source
164610 October – France takes Dunkirk from the Spanish Netherlands for the first time.France source
1646November 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony enacts the death penalty as punishment for denying Biblical inspiration.source
1646December 23 – The Covenanters hand over King Charles I of England to the Parliamentarians.source
164623 December – the Covenanters hand over the King to the Parliamentarians.England source
1646The Treaty of Brömsebro (August 13): This treaty concluded the Torstenson WarSweden source
164730 January – Scots hand over King Charles I to England in return for £40,000 of army back-pay. Thomas Fairfax meets the King beyond Nottingham and escorts him to Holdenby House in Northamptonshire.England source
1647February 5 – The Yongli era is proclaimed as Zhu Youlang is declared the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming.source
1647March – Following the Treaty of Ulm that removed Bavaria from the Thirty Years War, the Bavarian troops' commander, Holy Roman Imperial General Johann von Werth, defies Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria, and von Werth attempts to move the Bavarian troops out of Bavaria and into Austria to come under Imperial jurisdiction. The troops refuse, and von Werth flees to Austria.source
164718 May – the House of Commons decides to disband the Army.England source
1647June 25 – The "Remonstrance of The Army" is presented to the English parliament by former Royal Army supporters of King Charles I, pledging their loyalty to the new English Commonwealth.source
16472 August – the King rejects the proposals set out in the Heads of Proposals.England source
1647August 5 – The New Model Army marches into London, "fulfilling the worst nightmares of Presbyterian MPs," and restores the members of Parliament who were deposed on July 27.source
16477 August – Oliver Cromwell takes control of Parliament with the New Model Army, an attempt by Presbyterian MPs to raise the City of London having been unsuccessful.England source
1647August 17 – Peter Stuyvesant is appointed Director of New Netherlands, the Dutch colony in what is later the U.S. state of New York, by the Dutch West India Company to replace Willem Kieft, who departs New Amsterdam on the ship Princess Amelia.source
164720 August – Parliament passes the Null and Void Ordinance.England source
1647October 28 – The Putney Debates, a series of discussions between officers of the New Model Army following Parliament's military defeat of the absolutist monarchy of King Charles, begin at the St. Mary's Church, Putney about what form of government would replace the monarchy in the new republican Commonwealth of England.source
1647October – the Levellers publish their manifesto Agreement of the People.England source
1647November 15 – Henry of Guise lands in Naples, to become the leader of the Neapolitan Republic.source
164724 December – Parliament presents the King with new demands which he rejects.England source
164726 December – the King signs a secret treaty with Scotland in which he promises to impose Presbyterianism in England in return for military assistance.England source
1648January 17 – By a vote of 141 to 91, England's Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Addresses, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I, and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.source
164817 January – the Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Addresses, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the Second English Civil War.England source
1648January 20 – France's Royal Council votes to create the Académie royale after accepting the proposal of Martin de Charmois.source
1648January 30 – The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Peace of Münster, ending the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the States General), which was previously a province of the Spanish Empire. The treaty is ratified by the Netherlands on May 15.source
16482 May – The Parliament of England passes an act against blasphemy.England source
16482 May – The Parliament of Scotland votes in favour of war with England on behalf of the King.England source
1648May 15 – The Peace of Münster is ratified by both the United Netherlands and the Spanish Empire.source
1648August 8 – Mehmed IV (1648–1687) succeeds Ibrahim I (1640–1648), as Ottoman Emperor.source
164827 August – Second English Civil War: Thomas Fairfax takes Colchester for Parliament.England source
164815 September–27 November – Second English Civil War: Parliamentary Commissioners and the King negotiate the Treaty of Newport at Newport, Isle of Wight.England source
1648October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück concludes the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States can personally convert to Protestant, Catholic or Calvinist. Ecclesiastical property is restored to the status of 1624, with the minorities of each of the three recognized faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659. Prisoners of war should be released and allowed to return to their homelands without ransom after hostilities end.source
1648October 24 – Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück conclude the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States have powers to decide their state religion, Protestant, Catholic, or Calvinist, with the minorities of each of those faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659.Sweden source
1648October 31 – A treaty is signed between the Arabs and the Portuguese. The terms include a provision that the Portuguese should build fortresses at Kuriyat, Dibba Al-Hisn (Sharjah) and Muttrah (Oman).source
1648November 11 – France and the Netherlands agree to divide the Caribbean island of Saint Martin between them.source
16485 December – majority of the House of Commons votes in favour of accepting the Treaty of Newport.England source
16486 December – Pride's Purge: Troops of the New Model Army under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride (and under the orders of General Ireton) arrest or exclude Presbyterian members of the Long Parliament who are not supporters of the Army's Grandees or Independents, creating the Rump Parliament which on 13 December annuls the Treaty of Newport.England source
1649January 4 – In England, the Rump Parliament passes an ordinance to set up a High Court of Justice, to try Charles I for high treason.source
16494 January – The Rump Parliament passes an ordinance to set up a High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I for high treason in the name of the people of England.England source
1649January 29 – Serfdom in Russia begins legally as the Sobornoye Ulozheniye (Соборное уложение, "Code of Law") is signed by members of the Zemsky Sobor, the parliament of the estates of the realm in the Tsardom of Russia. Slaves and free peasants are consolidated by law into the new hereditary class of "serfs", and the Russian nobility are given the exclusive privilege of owning the serfs.source
164930 January – Prince Charles Stuart declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. At this time none of the three Kingdoms have recognised him as ruler. Parliament this day has passed an "Act prohibiting the proclaiming any person to be King of England or Ireland, or the Dominions thereof".England source
164930 January – Prince Charles Stuart declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. At the time all three Kingdoms had not recognised him as ruler.Ireland source
1649February 5 – In Edinburgh, the Scottish Parliament declares Prince Charles, son of the recently executed King Charles I, as King Charles II of Scotland. Prince Charles, at the time, is at sea in charge of royalist forces fighting to drive Oliver Cromwell from the British Isles. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.source
1649February 7 – The English Parliament rejects a proposal to continue the English monarchy after Oliver Cromwell makes clear that he does not wish to be crowned as King of England.source
1649March 4 – The first ever set of rules and regulations for England's Parliamentary Navy, Robert Blake's The Laws of War and Ordinances of the Sea, is adopted by the House of Commons, and Blake is promoted to the position of General at Sea of the English fleet.source
164911 March – signing of the Peace of RueilFrance source
1649March 17 – The English Parliament, having voted February 7 against a proposal to continue the monarchy under Oliver Cromwell, passes the "Act Abolishing the Kingship" with the goal of creating a republic under a Lord Protector selected by an elected Parliament.source
164917 March – The Rump Parliament formally abolishes the English monarchy by passing an act abolishing the kingship creating the Commonwealth of England, a republican form of government later extended to Scotland and Ireland.England source
1649March 19 – The House of Commons of England passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, which it describes in the act as "useless and dangerous to the people of England".source
164919 March – The House of Commons passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is "useless and dangerous to the people of England".England source
1649April 21 – The Maryland Toleration Act is passed in the American colony, allowing all freedom of worship.source
1649May 19 – "An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth" is passed by the Rump Parliament.source
1649July 5 – After news reaches the Western Hemisphere that King Charles I has been deposed and executed, the English colonial government of the Somers Isles, now called Bermuda, proclaims its recognition of Charles II as the rightful ruler of the islands.source
164915 August – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.England source
164915 August – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin with the New Model Army to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.Ireland source
1649August 17 – The Treaty of Zboriv is signed by representatives of King John II Casimir of Poland and the representatives of the Cossacks and Crimean Khanate to partially settle the Khmelnytsky Uprising.source
1650March 10 – João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos, Portuguese Count of Castelo Melhor, becomes the new Governor of Brazil.source
16501 May – claimant King Charles II of England signs the Treaty of Breda with the Scottish Covenanters.England source
16501 May – Charles II repudiates his alliance with Irish Catholics in favour of one with Scottish Covenanters in the Treaty of Breda. Most English Royalists in Ireland surrender to the Parliamentarians after this point.Ireland source
165026 May – Cromwell leaves Ireland from Youghal and passes his command to Henry Ireton.Ireland source
1650September 19 – Treaty of Hartford: the English Commonwealth's Connecticut Colony and the Dutch Republic's colony of New Netherland establish their frontiers in North America.source
165019 September – Treaty of Hartford: the English Connecticut Colony and the Dutch Republic's colony of New Netherland establish their frontiers in North America.England source
1650October 17 – The Western Remonstrance is signed by members of the Parliament of Scotland who condemn the recognition of Charles II being crowned King of Scotland, and pledging allegiance to England's General Oliver Cromwell.source
1650October 30 – The Commonwealth of England government passes a law prohibiting trade between English merchants and English colonies that had sided with Charles II over Oliver Cromwell. Specifically labeled as rebel colonies for purposes of the ban are the North American colonies of Virginia and the Somers Isles (alias Bermuda), as well as the Caribbean islands of Barbados and Antigua.source
165017 December – Treaty of navigation and commerce concludedBelgium source
1650The town of Sharon, Massachusetts is founded.source
1650Jews are allowed to return to France.source
1650Jews are allowed to return to France and England.France source
1651January 24 – Parliament of Boroa in Chile: Spanish and Mapuche authorities meet at Boroa, renewing the fragile peace established at the parliaments of Quillín, in 1641 and 1647.source
165114 February–18 June – a diplomatic team headed by Oliver St John and Walter Strickland is sent to The Hague to negotiate an alliance between the English Commonwealth and the Dutch Republic, in which they are unsuccessful.England source
165128 October – Tender of Union: Parliament issues a declaration that England and Scotland should be incorporated into a single commonwealth.England source
1651October – An English diplomatic team, headed by Oliver St John, goes to The Hague to negotiate an alliance between the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic.source
1651Queen Christina declared her wish to abdicate in favor of her cousin, but is convinced not to.Sweden source
1652February 4 – At Edinburgh, the parliamentary commissioners of the Commonwealth of England proclaim the Tender of Union to be in force in Scotland, annexing the Scottish nation with the concession that Scotland would have 30 representatives in the parliament of the English Commonwealth.source
1652May 18 – Rhode Island passes the first law in North America making slavery illegal.source
1652August 12 – the Parliament of England passes the Act for the Settlement of Ireland.Ireland source
1653February 2 – New Amsterdam (now New York City) received municipal rights by a charter from New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant.source
1653February 3 – Cardinal Mazarin returns to Paris from exile.source
1653April 20 – Oliver Cromwell expels the Rump Parliament in England.source
165320 April – Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament.England source
1653July 4 – Barebone's Parliament, named for a prominent Puritan member, Praise-God Barebone, opens its session in London with elected representatives to pass laws for the Commonwealth of England.source
16534 July–12 December – the Barebones Parliament meets in London.England source
1653August 5 – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg reaffirms the nobility's freedom from taxation, and its unlimited control over the peasants, in return for a grant to him of 530,000 silver Joachimsthalers to be paid in installments over six years.source
1653August 8 – The petite post, a system of postage using prepaid labels and post boxes, is inaugurated in Paris by Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer for the mailing of letters within the city, an event noted by Madeleine de Scudéry in her manuscript Chroniques du samedi.source
1653September 26 – an act provides for transplanting all native Irish people into Connacht.Ireland source
1653November 30 – Jacques Dyel du Parquet completes his installment payments, totaling 41,500 French livres, to become the exclusive owner of the Caribbean islands of Martinique, Grenada, Saint Lucia and the Grenadines.source
1653November – John Casor, a servant of African descent in Northampton County of the colony of Virginia, leaves Anthony Johnson's farm, after claiming his contract of indenture had expired, and goes to work for a new employer, Robert Parker. Johnson sues Parker, claiming that Casor is a slave for life, rather than an indentured servant, and the court issues a landmark ruling on March 8, 1655, establishing African-Americans as property.source
1653December 12 – The dissolution of Barebone's Parliament is voted by its members after having passed laws for the Commonwealth of England.source
165323 December – Charles de Hovyne replaces Pieter Roose as president of the Brussels Privy CouncilBelgium source
1653Stephen Bachiler, a clergyman and early advocate for the separation of church and state returns to England after having spent more than 20 years overseas in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.source
1653Jean-Baptiste Boësset and Jean-Baptiste Lully start their collaboration to produce ballets de courFrance source
1653End of The fronde in France. Cardinal Mazarin becomes First Minister.Sweden source
165417 March – Treaty of Tienen agreed between representatives of Philip IV and Maximilian Henry of Bavaria, formally recognising the neutrality of the Prince-Bishopric of LiègeBelgium source
1654April 5 – The Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War, is signed.source
16545 April – signing of the Treaty of Westminster ends the First Anglo-Dutch War, and the Dutch agree to observe the Navigation Acts.England source
1654April 11 – A commercial treaty between England and Sweden is signed.source
165411 April – Anglo-Swedish alliance: A commercial treaty between England and Sweden is signed.England source
1654April 12 – Oliver Cromwell creates a union between England and Scotland, with Scottish representation in the Parliament of England.source
1654April - The 1654 Anglo-Swedish alliance is forged to offset the Danish-Dutch alliance.Sweden source
16546 June - Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.Sweden source
1654June 16 (June 6 Old Style) – Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.source
1654September 3 – In England, the First Protectorate Parliament assembles.source
16543 September – First Protectorate Parliament assembles.England source
16541 October – Formal diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom begins: The United Kingdom opens an embassy in Copenhagen. Denmark has an embassy in London.Denmark source
1654October 31 – Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, is crowned. His absolutist style of leadership becomes a benchmark for the rest of Germany.source
1654December 14 – Jerónimo de Ataíde, Count of Atouguia, becomes Portugal's new Governor-General of Brazil, succeeding João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa.source
1654English Parliamentarian supporters take control of Galway Corporation, dismissing the previous urban elite as "the Tribes of Galway".Ireland source
1655January 5 – Emperor Go-Sai ascends to the throne of Japan.source
165522 January – Oliver Cromwell dissolves the First Protectorate Parliament.England source
1655March 8 – John Casor becomes the first legally recognized slave in what will become the United States, as a court in Northampton County in the Colony of Virginia issues its decision in the Casor lawsuit, the first instance of a judicial determination in the Thirteen Colonies holding that a person who has committed no crime could be held in servitude for life.source
1655July 20 – The Amsterdam Town Hall (the modern-day Royal Palace) is inaugurated.source
1655July 27 – The Jews in New Amsterdam petition for a separate Jewish cemetery.source
1655July 27 – The Netherlands and Brandenburg sign a military treaty.source
1655August 9 – Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell divides England into 11 districts, under major-generals.source
1655August 28 – New Amsterdam and Peter Stuyvesant bar colonial Jews from military service.source
1655September 26 – Peter Stuyvesant recaptures the Dutch Fory Casimir, and defeats the New Sweden (Delaware) colony.source
1655September – Diplomatic relations with the Commonwealth of England broken offBelgium source
1655November 3 – England and France sign military and economic treaties.source
1655December 18 – The Whitehall Conference ends with the determination that there is no law preventing Jews from re-entering England after the Edict of Expulsion of 1290.source
1655Frederick III of Denmark-Norway gives control of the Faroe Islands to Christoffer Gabel and his son, which will last until 1709.source
1655The King summon the 1655 Riksdag and introduces a Reduction (Sweden) of a quarter of all lands granted to the nobility from the crown since 1632.Sweden source
1656January 17 – The Treaty of Königsberg is signed, establishing an alliance between Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.source
1656January 17 – Treaty of Königsberg is signed, establishing an alliance between Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.Sweden source
1656April 2 – The Treaty of Brussels is signed, creating an alliance between Philip IV of Spain and the exiled Royalists of the British Isles, led by Charles II.source
16562 April – Treaty of Brussels concluded between representatives of Philip IV of Spain and the exiled Charles II of Great BritainBelgium source
16562 April – Anglo-Spanish War: King Philip IV of Spain signs a treaty with the exiled Charles II of England for the reconquest of England.England source
1656June 29 – The Treaty of Marienburg is signed by representatives of Sweden and of Brandenburg and Prussia to create a military alliance during the Second Northern War. King Karl X Gustav signs for Sweden and the Elector Friedrich Wilhelm signs for Brandenburg and Prussia.source
1656August 27 – The Treaty of Butre is signed in West Africa by representatives of the Dutch West India Company and of the Ahanta Kingdom and allows the Netherlands to have a protectorate over the Dutch Gold Coast. The area is now part of the Republic of Ghana.source
165617 September – The Second Protectorate Parliament assembles.England source
1656November 20 – The Treaty of Labiau is signed, between Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.source
1656December 1 – A treaty of alliance is signed between the Holy Roman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.source
1656December 6 – The Treaty of Radnot is signed between Sweden, the Electorate of Brandenburg, Transylvania (now Romania), and two rebels groups within Poland on how to divide the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the event of a victory in the Second Northern War.source
1656December 20 – Treaty of Labiau is signed between Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.Sweden source
1656Resettlement of the Jews in England is permitted.England source
1657January 29 – Rule of the Major-Generals (regional military government) in England is abolished.source
1657January – Iver Krabbe was appointed commander-in-chief of the Norwegian army, the first non-Stattholder of Norway to hold the position.Norway source
1657February 4 – Resettlement of the Jews in England: Oliver Cromwell gives Antonio Fernandez Carvajal the assurance of the right of Jews to remain in England.source
165713 March – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660): With the Treaty of Paris, France and England form an alliance against Spain; England receives Dunkirk.England source
1657March 23 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60): By the Treaty of Paris, France and England form an alliance against Spain; England will receive Dunkirk.source
1657Treaty of Paris: Anglo-French alliance targeting DunkirkBelgium source
1657March – The Treaty of Paris allied the English Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell with King Louis XIV of France against King Philip IV of Spain.France source
1657April 20 – The Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York City) are granted freedom of religion, as full citizens.source
16578 June – the Parliament of England passes the Act of Settlement for the Assuring, Confirming and Settling of lands and estates in Ireland, confirming legal arrangements made under the Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652.Ireland source
1657July 13 – Following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, English army leader John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.source
165713 July – following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, English army leader John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.England source
1657September 19 – Brandenburg and Poland sign the Treaty of Wehlau.source
1657September 24 – The first autopsy and coroner's jury verdict in the Colony of Maryland are recorded.source
1657October 1 – Treaty of Raalte: William III, Prince of Orange is no longer stadtholder of Overijssel.source
1657November 6 – Brandenburg and Poland sign the Treaty of Bromberg.source
165717 November – Henry Cromwell, son of Oliver Cromwell, appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.Ireland source
1657The 54th Infantry Regiment was formed.France source
16584 February – Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Second Protectorate Parliament.England source
1658February 5 – Prince Muhi al-Din Muhammad, one of the sons of India's Mughal, Emperor Shah Jahan, proclaims himself Emperor after Jahan names Muhi's older brother, Dara Shikoh, as regent, and departs from Aurangabad with troops.source
165811 February – Having not expected a Swedish offensive until spring at the earliest, Denmark panics and yields. The Treaty of Taastrup is signed as a preliminary accord and negotiations continue.Denmark source
165826 February – After the signing of the treaty, the Danish king hosts a peace banquet (Fredstaffelet) at Frederiksborg Castle.Denmark source
165826 February – The negotiations are finalized with the signing of the Treaty of Roskilde in Roskilde. It cedes Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bornholm as well as two provinces in Norway to Sweden. Even after the treaty enters into force, the Swedish forces continue their campaign.Denmark source
1658February 26 – The peace between Sweden and Denmark is concluded in Roskilde by the Treaty of Roskilde, under which Denmark is forced to cede significant territory.Sweden source
1658March 8 (February 26 OS) – The peace between Sweden and Denmark-Norway is concluded in Roskilde by the Treaty of Roskilde, under which Denmark is forced to cede significant territory. This leads to Sweden reaching its territorial height during its time as a great power.source
16588 March - The Treaty of Roskilde resulted in the ceding of the Norwegian provinces of Båhuslen and Trondhjems len to Sweden. (At the Treaty of Copenhagen (1660) Trondhjems len was returned to Norway).Norway source
1658July 31 – After Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire.source
165810 August – As Swedish troops approach Copenhagen once again, the king, in a letter, promises that Copenhagen and Christianshavn will be free rigsstæder and heard on all matters of national importance, particularly those relating to customs and octroi.Denmark source
1658August 14 – The League of the Rhine (Rheinische Allianz) is formed by 50 German princes whose cities are on the Rhine river.source
1658December 20 – Representatives of the Russian Empire and the Swedish Empire sign the Treaty of Valiesar at the Valiesar Estate near Narva, part of modern-day Estonia. In return for ceasing hostilities between the two empires in the Second Northern War, Russia is allowed to keep captured territories in Livonia (part of modern-day Latvia) for a term of three years.source
1658The end of the Swedish occupation of BornholmSweden source
1659January 27 – The third and final session of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland is opened by Lord Protector Richard Cromwell, with Chaloner Chute as the Speaker of the House of Commons, with 567 members. "Cromwell's Other House", which replaces the House of Lords during the last years of the Protectorate, opens on the same day, with Richard Cromwell as its speaker.source
1659May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Concert of The Hague, agreeing a common stance on the Second Northern War.source
165921 May – Signing of the Concert of The Hague, an outline of the common stance of England, France and the Dutch Republic regarding the Second Northern War. The powers agree that the Swedish and Denmark shall settle for a peace treaty based on the Treaty of Roskilde, including free navigation through The Sound and the Baltic Sea based on the Treaty of Elbing. The subsequent Dano-Swedish Peace of Copenhagen largely followed the terms dictated by the Concert of the Hague.Denmark source
165921 May – France, the Commonwealth of England, and the Dutch Republic sign the Concert of The Hague.France source
165925 May – Richard Cromwell (son of Oliver) resigns as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.Ireland source
1659July 31 – Dodda Kempadevaraja (Devaraja Wodeyar I) becomes the new maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore (part of modern-day India's Karnataka state) upon the death of his cousin, Kanthirava Narasaraja I. He is crowned on August 19.source
1659August 27 – Portuguese Jesuits led by António Vieira sign the Treaty of the Mapuá with various indigenous peoples on the Marajó Archipelago at the mouth of the Amazon River.source
1659October 12 – The English Rump Parliament dismisses John Lambert, and other generals.source
1659October 13 – General-major John Lambert drives out the English Rump-government.source
1659November 7 – The Treaty of the Pyrenees is signed by representatives of Kings Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain. Spain agrees to French acquisition of the counties of Roussillon and Upper Cerdanya (Principality of Catalonia) and most of Artois, formally ending the 24-year-long Franco-Spanish War.source
16594 December – Sir Arthur Haselrig arrives in Portsmouth and draws up a declaration encouraging citizens to "restore Parliament to their former freedom"; the garrison comes over to him.England source
1659December 16 – General George Monck demands free parliamentary elections in Scotland and resolves to overthrow the military government that has ruled the British Isles since 1648.source
1659December 26 – The Long Parliament reforms occur in Westminster.source
1659At the behest of Hong Chengchou, the Qing court grants Wu Sangui own fiefdom, effectively gaining all civilian and military control in Yunnan province.China source
1659Bornholm, previously part of Skåneland, rebels against Sweden, leading to its return to Denmark with the Treaty of Copenhagen the following year..Denmark source
1659The reign of Aurungzebe begins (reigned till 1707).India source
1659End of the Swedish occupation of Courland.Sweden source
1660January 1 – At daybreak, English Army Colonel George Monck, with two brigades of troops from his Scottish occupational force, fords the River Tweed at Coldstream in Scotland to cross the Anglo-Scottish border at Northumberland, with a mission of advancing toward London to end military rule of England by General John Lambert and to accomplish the English Restoration, the return of the monarchy to England. By the end of the day, he and his soldiers have gone 15 mi through knee-deep snow to Wooler while the advance guard of cavalry had covered 50 mi to reach Morpeth.source
16601 January – Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and advances towards London in support of Parliament.England source
1660January 6 – The Rump Parliament passes a resolution requesting Colonel Monck to come to London "as speedily as he could", followed by a resolution of approval on January 12 and a vote of thanks and annual payment of 1,000 pounds sterling for his lifetime on January 16.source
1660February 26 – The Rump Parliament, under pressure from General Monck, votes to call back all of the surviving members of the group of 231 MPs who had been removed from the House of Commons in 1648 so that the Long Parliament can be reassembled long enough for a full Parliament to approve elections for a new legislative body.source
1660February 27 – John Thurloe is reinstated as England's Secretary of State, having been deprived of his offices late in the previous year.source
1660March 16 – The Long Parliament, after having been reassembled for the first time in more than 11 years, votes for its own dissolution and calls for new elections for what will become the Convention Parliament to make the return from republic to monarchy.source
1660April 4 – The Declaration of Breda, signed by Charles Stuart, son of the late King Charles I of England, promises amnesty, freedom of conscience, and army back pay, in return for support for the English Restoration. The Declaration is read to the new parliament on May 1.source
1660April 25 – The Convention Parliament, a new House of Commons for England, freely elected with no requirement for candidates to swear loyalty to the Commonwealth of England, assembles in London to work out the restoration of the monarchy.source
1660May 1 – The Convention Parliament votes to welcome the Declaration of Breda and unanimously approves a resolution for England declaring that "according to the ancient and fundamental laws of this kingdom, the Government is, and ought to be, by Kings, Lords and Commons."source
1660May 3 – In the Treaty of Oliva, peace is made between the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia.source
16603 May: Treaty of Oliva: Formally ended the Second Northern War (1655–1660) with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, where3 John II Casimir Vasa renounced his claim to the Swedish throne.Sweden source
1660May 8 – In exile in the Netherlands, Prince Charles Stuart receives word that the Parliament of England has declared his elevation to the throne as King Charles II of England.source
16608 May – Parliament declares that Charles has been lawful King of England since 1649 and invites him to return.England source
1660May 14 – The Irish Parliament declares Charles to be King of Ireland.source
1660May 27 – The Treaty of Copenhagen is signed, marking the conclusion of the Second Northern War. Sweden returns Trøndelag to Norway, and Bornholm to Denmark.source
1660May 27 – William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.source
166027 May – The Treaty of Copenhagen is signed, marking the conclusion of the Second Northern War.Denmark source
166027 May - Trondhjems len was returned to Norway, following the Treaty of Copenhagen (after having been ceded to Sweden at the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658).Norway source
166027 May - The Treaty of Copenhagen (1660) is signed, marking the conclusion of the Second Northern War.Sweden source
1660June 1 – Mary Dyer is hanged for defying a law banning Quakers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.source
1660July – Richard Cromwell, the last Lord Protector of England during its years as a republic, leaves the British Isles quietly and goes into exile in France, taking on an alias as "John Clarke".source
1660September 1 – Grigore I Ghica becomes the new Prince of Wallachia (now in Romania)source
1660October 13 – The Rigsraad (High Council) of Denmark is abolished and Denmark-Norway becomes an absolute monarchy as King Frederik III is recognized by the nobility as being entitled to have his throne passed to his descendants by hereditary monarchy.source
166014 October – A Constituent Commission set up by the king meets for the first time to embark on the task of drawing up a new constitution but unable to agree it simply decides to cancel the existing Håndfæstning and leave it to the king to write the new constitution.Denmark source
16608 December - Ove Bjelke became Chancellor of Norway.Norway source
1660December 29 – The Convention Parliament is dissolved by King Charles II and elections are called for what will be called the Cavalier Parliament.source
166110 January – The decision to introduce absolute monarchy from the previous year enters into effect.Denmark source
166112 January – The State College proposes a comprehensive codification of Danish law, later resulting in the Danish Code of 1683.Denmark source
1661January 29 – The Rokeby baronets, a British nobility title is created.source
166114 February - A common Supreme Court is established for Denmark-Norway.Norway source
1661May 8 – The "Cavalier Parliament", the longest serving Parliament in British history, is opened following the first parliamentary elections since the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. The first session of the House of Commons and the House of Lords lasts until June 30 and then reopens on November 20. The Cavalier Parliament continues meeting, without new elections, until being dissolved on January 24, 1679.source
1661June 14 – General Zheng Chenggong of China takes control of most of the island of Taiwan from the Dutch East India Company and proclaims the Kingdom of Tungning, with himself as the ruler.source
1661June 23 – The "Marriage Treaty" is signed between representatives of King Charles II of England and King João IV of Portugal, providing a military alliance between the two kingdoms and a marriage between Charles of the House of Stuart and João's daughter Catherine of the House of Braganza on May 21, 1662. The treaty also sets the transfer of Portuguese territory in India (at Bombay) and in North Africa (Tangier) to England as well as military aid from England to Portugal.source
166123 June – Charles II signs a marriage treaty with Portugal. He will marry Catherine of Braganza; as part of the dowry, Portugal cedes Bombay and Tangier to England and grants free trade with Brazil and the East Indies.England source
1661July 1 – The war between the empires of Russia and Sweden is ended with the signing of the Treaty of Cardis in what is now the Estonian city of Kärde. Russia returns those portions of Livonia and Ingria that it had taken earlier from Sweden.source
1661August 6 – Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague, whereby the Dutch Republic's South American colony of Nieuw-Holland is sold to Portugal for the equivalent of roughly 63,000 kg of gold, and incorporated into Brazil. The territory includes much of what will later become the Brazilian states of Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte. Among the major Dutch settlements lost are Mauritsstad (Recife), Fort Schoonenborch (Fortaleza), Nieuw-Amsterdam (Natal), and Frederikstadt (João Pessoa).source
16617 August - The Sovereignty Act was signed by the estates of the realm, turning Norway into an absolute monarchy.Norway source
166120 December – Parliament passes the Corporation Act 1661 restricting public office to members of the Church of England.England source
1661The Earldom of Drogheda is created in the Peerage of Ireland.Ireland source
1661The Legal Deposit Act is passed, requiring the then established National Library of Sweden to collect copies of all printed works in Swedish.Sweden source
1662January 4 – Dziaddin Mukarram Shah becomes the new Sultan of Kedah, an independent kingdom on the Malay Peninsula, upon the death of his father, Sultan Muhyiddin Mansur.source
1662February 18 — The Kangxi era begins with the start of the following Lunar YearChina source
166219 February – A royal decree introduces the subdivision Amt as a replacement for the len subdivision.Denmark source
1662May 3 – John Winthrop the Younger, the son of the first governor of Massachusetts, is honored by being made a fellow of the Royal Society, England's new scientific society. Winthrop uses his election to the Society to gain access to the king, who grants him a new charter, uniting the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven.source
166219 May – The Poor Relief Act ("Settlement and Removal Act") sets out principles for establishing the parish to which a person belongs (their place of 'settlement'), which would be responsible should they become in need of Poor Relief.England source
1662June 15 – The Matthews baronets British nobility title is created.source
1662June 23 – Koxinga, who had founded the Kingdom of Tungning on the island of Taiwan a year earlier, names his successor while on his deathbed. He appoints his son, Zheng Jing, whom he had earlier ordered unsuccessfully to be executed, as the new King.source
1662December 4 – The Purefoy baronets British nobility title is created.source
1662Act of Settlement, passed by the Parliament of Ireland, orders that settlers under the Cromwellian Act of Settlement 1652 should give up a portion of their allotted land to "Old English" and "innocent Catholics". The first Court of Claims sits from 20 September 1662 to 21 August 1663.Ireland source
1663January 23 – The Treaty of Ghilajharighat is signed in India between representatives of the Mughal Empire and the independent Ahom Kingdom (in what is now the Assam state), with the Mughals ending their occupation of the Ahom capital of Garhgaon, in return for payment by Ahom in silver and gold for costs of the occupation, and King Sutamla of Ahom sending one of his daughters to be part of the harem of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.source
1663February – Parliament pressures King Charles into withdrawing a proposed Declaration of Indulgence for Catholics and nonconformists.England source
166324 March – the colony of Province of Carolina is established in North America.England source
1663July 8 – King Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal Charter for the American colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.source
16638 July – King Charles grants a Royal Charter to the North American Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.England source
1663July 27 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act, requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports.source
166327 July – Parliament passes the second Navigation Act, requiring all goods bound for the American colonies to be sent in English ships from English ports.England source
1663November 19 – Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy is appointed by King Louis XIV of Frances as the new Governor General of the French West Indies as the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Saint Martin, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Croix are put under a unified rule for the colonies in the Caribbean Sea for the first time since 1651.source
1663November 24 – The General Court of Commissioners for Rhode Island and Providence Plantations convenes for the final time, meeting in Newport to formally receive the Rhode Island Royal Charter issued on July 8 by King Charles II.source
1663December 27 – Jacob Hustaert becomes the new Governor of Dutch Ceylon.source
1663The first Maroon community arises in Suriname.source
1663The Cooper family are granted Markree Castle.Ireland source
1663Colony of the Swedish Gold Coast seized by the Netherlands, and integrated into Dutch Gold Coast.Sweden source
1664February 12 – The Treaty of Pisa is signed between France and the Papal States to bring an end to the Corsican Guard Affair that began on August 20, 1662, when the French ambassador was shot and killed by soldiers in the employ of Pope Alexander VII.source
1664February 14 – A peace treaty is signed in Turin in Italy to end the War of the Banished between the Duchy of Savoy and the Waldensians.source
166412 March – Province of New Jersey becomes an English colony in North America.England source
16645 April – Passing of the Triennial Parliaments Act 1664.England source
166422 April - The fortified town Frederiksodde is renamed Fredericia.Denmark source
166425 April – King Charles appoints the Royal Commission of 1664 to increase oversight of the American colonies.England source
166418 August – England annexes the New Netherland colony in North America, renaming it the Province of New York (after James, Duke of York).England source
1664October 4 – New Netherland is captured by England. The English promptly rename the fledgling city New York, after the Duke of York (later King James II).source
1664The English conquest of New Netherland, which led to the end of New Sweden's governanceSweden source
1665June 11 – Shivaji, leader of the Bhonsale clan of the Marathas in India, signs the Treaty of Purandar with the Mughal Empire, giving up 23 of the 35 forts under his control, agreeing to pay reparations to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, and sending his son to stay as a hostage at Agra.source
1665June 12 – England installs a municipal government in New York City (the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam).source
166512 June – the city of New Amsterdam in the Province of New York is reincorporated as New York, named after James, Duke of York, and the first Mayor appointed.England source
1665June 30 – King Charles II of England issues a second charter for the Province of Carolina, which clarifies and expands the borders of the Lords Proprietors' tracts.source
1665September 17 – Charles II of Spain becomes king while not yet four years old.source
166531 October – Parliament passes the Five Mile Act preventing non-conformist ministers from coming within five miles of incorporated towns or the place of their former livings.England source
166514 November – The King's Law or Lex Regia (Danish and Norwegian: Kongeloven) was introduced.Denmark source
1665The Act of Explanation states that Cromwellian settlers (with some named exceptions) have to give up one third of the lands they received after 1652 in order to compensate innocent Catholic landowners.Ireland source
1665The town of Fredrikshald is founded (now known simply as Halden).Norway source
1666April 20 – In colonial British North America, "Articles of Peace and Amity" are signed between the governments of the Province of Maryland and 12 Eastern Algonquian tribes — the Piscataways, Anacostancks, Doegs, Mattawomans, Portobackes, Chopticos, Mikikiwomans, Manasquesends, Chingwawateicks, Hangemaicks, Sacayos, and Panyayos.source
1666May 12 – In India, General Shivaji Bhonsale of the Maratha Empire arrives at the Agra Fort for a meeting with Emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire, as part of the terms of peace under the 1665 Treaty of Purandar. After taking offence at the disrespect shown to him, he gets angry and attempts to leave; he and his son Sambhaji are immediately placed under arrest and imprisoned at the fort.source
1666May 21 – The Holy Roman Empire, ruled by Leopold I, repurchases the territory of the Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (Oppeln und Ratibor), which it had ceded to Poland in 1645, for the sum of 120,000 guldens and consolidates it with Upper Silesia. The territory will be ceded from Germany to Poland in 1945 at the end of World War II.source
1666May 21 – Iliaș Alexandru becomes the ruler of Moldavia, part of modern-day Romania.source
1666July 31 – The Agreement of Legonice is signed, with Poland restoring the titles of Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and Lubomirski's officers, granting amnesty to all the rebels, and King Jan II Kazimierz abandoning further reform plans.source
16666 September – Cestui que Vie Act passed by Parliament to provide for disposal of the property of missing persons.England source
1666Jean Talon completes a census of New France, the first census in North America.source
1666Lord Maurice Roche of Castletownroche in County Cork loses his entire estate to Lieutenant Colonel John Widenham who receives the Castle as a reward for his loyalty to the Crown. The Castle of the Roches is thus renamed "Castle Widenham".Ireland source
1666The Parliament of Ireland meets for the last time until 1692 (apart from the Patriot Parliament of 1689).Ireland source
1667February 6 (January 27 O.S.) – The Treaty of Andrusovo is signed during the Russo-Polish War. Poland cedes eastern Ukraine, including Kiev and Smolensk, to Russia, ending Poland's status as a major Central European power.source
1667February – Charles II secretly signs a treaty with France, formally agreed in April.England source
166721 July (Old Style – 31 July New Style) – The Second Anglo-Dutch War is ended by the Treaty of Breda, negotiation of which began on 14 May and coming into effect in August. In the Americas, the Dutch retain control of Surinam, the English retain New Netherland and the French Acadia.England source
1667July 31 – Second Anglo-Dutch War – The Treaty of Breda ends the war by England against the Dutch Republic, France and Denmark and Norway. In the Americas, the Dutch retain control of Surinam, the English retain New Netherland and the French Acadia.source
166731 July – Denmark-Norway signs an agreement with England as part of the Treaty of Breda (1667), ending the Second Anglo-Dutch War.Denmark source
166731 July – The Treaty of Breda ends the Second Anglo-Dutch War and recognizes Acadia as a French possession.France source
1667August 24 – The Treaty of Breda goes into effect after having been signed on July 31, bringing an end to hostilities between England and its three opponents.source
166730 August – The Earl of Clarendon is dismissed as Lord Chancellor.England source
1667Overhoffretten, the highest legal court in Norway, is established.Norway source
1667Swedish Diplomats are involved in The Treaty of Breda.Sweden source
1668January 23 – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed between England, Sweden and the United Provinces of the Netherlands.source
166823 January – England signs the Triple Alliance with the Dutch Republic and Sweden.England source
1668February 13 – In Lisbon, a peace treaty is established between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England, in which the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch is recognized. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.source
166813 February – Charles II mediates a peace treaty between Spain and Portugal.England source
166813 April – John Dryden becomes Poet Laureate.England source
1668April 24 – The Treaty of Breda, signed in 1667 and ending the Second Anglo-Dutch War, goes into effect worldwide.source
1668April 25 – The Swedish Empire signs a treaty with England and the Dutch Republic to join the Triple Alliance.source
1668April 25 – The Swedish Empire signs a treaty in Westminster to join England and the Dutch Republic in the Triple Alliance, a coalition formed to halt the expansion of Louis XIV of France during the War of DevolutionSweden source
1668May 2 – The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.source
1668June 4 – Tangier, a city in Morocco that had come under control of the English colonial empire in 1661, is elevated by the English crown to the status of "free city".source
1668September 16 – Jan II Kazimierz Waza abdicates his titles of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania after a 20-year reign.source
1668November 8 – Iliaș Alexandru steps down as the voivode or elected ruler of Moldavia (now part of Romania and the Republic of Moldova) and is replaced by his predecessor, Gheorghe Duca.source
1668December 28 – Fritz Cronman arrives in Moscow as the Swedish Empire's ambassador to the Russian Empire, accompanied by a staff of 35 people.source
1668December 28 – The Swedish ambassador Fritz Cronman arrives in Moscow to represent the Swedish Empire at the court of the Russian Empire.Sweden source
1668The Forest of Dean is re-established as a royal forest.England source
1668Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery, resigns the office of Lord President of Munster on account of disputes with James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.Ireland source
1669July – The Hanseatic League, after 400 years of operation, holds its last official meeting, taking place at the city of Lübeck. At its height, the economic alliance of German cities had 180 members; only nine (Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen, Danzig, Braunschweig, Cologne, Hildesheim, Osnabrück and Rostock) are represented for the final gathering. The final series of meetings had started on May 29.source
1669October 19 – The Parliament of Scotland holds its first new session in six years (although two Conventions of Estates had been held briefly in 1665 and 1667). The session is opened in Edinburgh by Charles II of England in his capacity as King of Scotland.source
1669The Chinese Kangxi Emperor allows coastal residents deported in the Great Clearance of 1662 to return home.source
16702 May – a royal charter is granted to the Hudson's Bay Company with the jurisdiction to control administration and commerce in Rupert's Land, governed for the crown by Rupert, Duke of Cumberland, the King's cousin, a 1.5 million square mile area around Hudson Bay in North America.England source
1670May 23 – Cosimo III de' Medici becomes the Grand Duke of Tuscany, at the time an independent nation in Italy, upon the death of his father Ferdinando de' Medici.source
1670June 1 – At Dover, England, Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover, ending hostilities between their kingdoms. Louis will give Charles 200,000 pounds annually. In return Charles will relax the laws against Catholics, gradually re-Catholicise England, support French policy against the Dutch Republic (leading England into the Third Anglo-Dutch War), and convert to Catholicism himself. The treaty is ratified three days later. The terms will not become public until the early 19th century. Louis is represented in the negotiations by Charles' sister Princess Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans, who dies suddenly soon after returning to France.source
16701 June – the secret Treaty of Dover is signed between King Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France, ending hostilities between their kingdoms. Louis will give Charles 200,000 pounds annually. In return Charles promises to relax the laws against Catholics, gradually re-Catholicize England, support French policy against the Dutch Republic (leading England into the Third Anglo-Dutch War), and convert to Catholicism himself when conditions permit. The treaty is ratified on 4 June. The terms will not become public until the early 19th century. Louis is represented in the negotiations by Charles' sister, Princess Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans, who dies suddenly on 30 June soon after returning to France.England source
16701 June – At Dover, England, Louis XIV and Charles II of England sign the Secret Treaty of Dover, ending hostilities between their kingdoms. Louis will give Charles 200,000 pounds annually. In return, Charles will relax the laws against Catholics, gradually re-Catholicize England, support French policy against the Dutch Republic, and convert to Catholicism himself.France source
1670June 10 – King Louis XIV of France issues an ordinance prohibiting the French colonies in the Americas from trading with any other nation except France.source
16708 July O.S. – by the Treaty of Madrid (Godolphin treaty), Spain recognises Jamaica and the Cayman Islands as English possessions.England source
1670July 11 – Representatives of England (led by King Charles II) and Denmark (led by King Christian V) sign a treaty of alliance and commerce, the Treaty of Copenhagen.source
167011 July – The Treaty of Copenhagen is signed in Copenhagen.Denmark source
167011 July – the Treaty of Copenhagen is signed between Charles II and King Christian V of Denmark to promote alliance and commerce.England source
1670July 18 (July 8, O.S.) – The Treaty of Madrid, also known as the Godolphin Treaty, is signed between England and Spain to formally end hostilities left over from the Anglo-Spanish War, in the Caribbean, that ended ten years earlier. For the first time, Spain acknowledges that it is not entitled to all territory in the Americas west of Brazil, as provided by the 1493 line of demarcation decreed by Pope Alexander VI, and by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal. Spain acknowledges that Jamaica and the Cayman Islands are English possessions.source
1670August 26 – The Parliament of France enacts a uniform criminal code for the nation with the passage of the Criminal Ordinance of 1670, which takes effect on January 1. The code remains in force until October 9, 1789, when it is abrogated during the French Revolution.source
167021 December – The Cabal Ministry in London signs a treaty with France based on June's secret Treaty of Dover but with the conversion clause removed.England source
1670William Robinson is appointed Surveyor General of Ireland.Ireland source
167113 March – The Parliament of England addresses the King against the growth of popery.England source
1671March 13 – the Parliament of England addresses the King against the growth of popery.Ireland source
1671July 24 – Awashonks, the female sachem who leads the Sakonnet Indians in what is now the U.S. state of Rhode Island, signs a peace agreement with the English leaders of the neighboring Plymouth Colony (now part of Massachusetts), along with chiefs Totatomet, Tattacommett and Somagaonet.source
1671August 1 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine heads his first commission into land settlement in Ireland.Ireland source
1671October 30 – The Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire sign a treaty delineating the borders between their territories in modern-day Greece, with Venice acknowledging the loss of the island of Crete in the Cretan War.source
1671November 19 – Lê Gia Tông, age 10, is installed as the figurehead Emperor of Vietnam (a kingdom known as Đại Việt or Annam) by the warlord Trịnh Tạc, after the death, three days earlier, of Lê Huyền Tông. He reigns until his death on April 3, 1675.source
1671The titles Landgrave and Land Baron are introduced as the highest noble ranks in Denmark with the creation of counties and baronies.Denmark source
1671The military Garnisons Cemetery is inaugurated outside Copenhagen's Eastern City Gate.Denmark source
167227 March – The Barony of Holckenhavn is by Eiler Holck from the manors of Kogsbølle, Ellensborg and Nygård.Denmark source
16726 April – The County of Frijsenborg is established by Mogens Friis from the manors of Frijsenborg, Jernit, Søbygård, Østergård, Favrskov, Lyngballe, Fuglsang, Frijsendal, Boller, Christiansminde, Thyrasminde and Møgelkær.Denmark source
1672May 21 – The Earl of Essex is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (sworn 5 August).Ireland source
167226 May – Jørgen Iversen Dyppel becomes the first governor of the renewed establishment of St. Thomas in the Danish West Indies.Denmark source
1672September 24 – elected representatives on corporations are to take an Oath of Supremacy to the Crown unless exempted.Ireland source
1672October 18 – The Treaty of Buchach, between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, is signed.source
167228 November – after more than five years of administration of the Treasury by a five-member commission, Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, one of the members, becomes the Lord High Treasurer of England.England source
1672December 18 – Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp ends her regency of the Swedish Empire after more than 12 years, having exercised power in the name of her minor son, Charles XI, since the death of her husband Karl X Gustav in 1660. Hedwig Eleonora had served as the chair of the six-member Regency Council.source
1672Alliance between Sweden and France.Sweden source
1672The King is declared to legal majority, and the regency government is thereby dissolved.Sweden source
16738 March – under pressure from Parliament, King Charles II withdraws the Royal Declaration of Indulgence.England source
1673July 11 – The Netherlands and Denmark-Norway sign a defense treaty.source
167330 July (9 August New Style) – Third Anglo-Dutch War: a Dutch fleet retakes New York in the American colonies, renaming it New Orange.England source
1673August 30 – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Netherlands and the Lutherans form an anti-French covenant.source
167330 August – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Netherlands and the Lutherans form an anti-French covenant.France source
1673December 19 – King Louis XIV of France issues a decree recognizing the legitimacy of (and giving royal titles to) the three children whom he had sired through his mistress, Madame de Montespan: Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine; Louis César, Count of Vexin; and Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé.source
1673Wu Sangui ends his connection to the Qing dynasty and declares the Zhou dynasty. An Emperor is not named, implying that an heir to the Ming dynasty will become emperor.China source
1673Parliament of England votes an annual Regium Donum to augment the stipends of Presbyterian clergy in Ireland.Ireland source
1674January 15 – The Earl of Arlington, a member of the English House of Commons, is impeached on charges of popery, but the Commons rejects the motion to remove him from office, 127 votes for and 166 against.source
167415 January – The Earl of Arlington is impeached by the House of Commons on charges of popery, but the Commons rejects the motion to remove him from office, 127 votes for and 166 against.England source
16749 February (19 February New Style) – England and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Westminster ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War.England source
1674February 19 – England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster, ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Its provisions come into effect gradually (see November 10).source
1674April 26 – In the Netherlands, the jurisdiction of Willem, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland (on the west coast, including Amsterdam and Rotterdam) and Zeeland (southwest coast, including Middelburg, Zeeland), increases in the Dutch Republic as his followers in the inland States of Utrecht (Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel) designate him as the hereditary stadtholder. In 1689, he becomes the King of England in addition to his role as the Stadtholder of the Netherlands.source
1674September 17 – Sukjong of the Joseon Dynasty, age 13, becomes the new Emperor of Korea upon the death of his father, the Emperor Hyeonjong. Sukjong reigns for more than 45 years until his death on July 12, 1720.source
1674November 10 – As provided in the Treaty of Westminster of February 19, the Dutch Republic cedes its colony of New Netherland to England. This includes the colonial capital, New Orange, which is returned to its English name of New York. The colonies of Surinam, Essequibo and Berbice remain in Dutch hands.source
167410 November – as provided in the Treaty of Westminster of 19 February, the Dutch Republic cedes its colony of New Netherland to England. This includes the colonial capital, New Orange, which is returned to its English name of New York.England source
1674The Revolt of the Three Feudatories continuesChina source
1674Formal diplomatic relations with China.Denmark source
1675April 13 – King Charles II of England suspends Parliament after just nine weeks when the members refuse to vote additional funding to him.source
167513 April – Parliament refuses to vote funds for Charles II and is suspended after sitting for just nine weeks.England source
1675April 27 – Lê Hy Tông becomes the new Emperor of Vietnam at the age of 12, after being appointed as a figurehead by the warlord Trịnh Tạc upon the death of Lê Gia Tông.source
1675June 14 – Colonial authorities of Rhode Island, Plymouth, and Massachusetts attempt a negotiation with Metacomet (King Philip), leader of the Wampanoags, and seek guarantees of fidelity from the Nipmuck and Narragansett tribes. The negotiations end after 11 days, closing on June 25.source
1675July 15 – The Narragansett tribe signs a peace treaty with Connecticut.source
167527 August – The Strasbourg Agreement, first international agreement to ban use of chemical weaponsFrance source
1675September 18 – The Narragansetts sign a treaty with the English in Boston; meanwhile, Massachusetts troops are ambushed near Northampton, Massachusetts.source
1675November 2 – Commissioners of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Plymouth Colony (which are later merged into Massachusetts) begin a 10-day discussion on organizing a united force to attack the Narragansett tribe.source
1675The Revolt of the Three Feudatories continuesChina source
1675Law on the right to draft Romani males to military service.Sweden source
1676January 29 – Feodor III becomes Tsar of Russia.source
1676February 23 – While the Massachusetts Council debates how to handle the Christian Indians they had exiled to Deer Island on October 13, 1675, a coalition of Indians led by Metacomet attacks colonial settlements just 16 km outside of Boston.source
1676May 2 – Mary Rowlandson is ransomed from captivity by Native Americans by a subscription raised by women of Boston.source
1676July 2 – Major John Talcott and his troops begin sweeping Connecticut and Rhode Island, capturing large numbers of Native Americans from Algonquian tribes and exporting them out of the English colonies as slaves.source
1676July 31 – the title Viscount Lanesborough is first created in the Peerage of Ireland in favour of George Lane, 2nd Baronet, of Tulsk.Ireland source
1676August 28 – The Irish Donation of 1676 is shipped from Dublin, to relieve Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.source
1676August 28 – Irish Donation of 1676 is shipped from Dublin to relieve Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.Ireland source
1676October 17 – The Treaty of Żurawno is signed, between the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.source
1676November 16 – A prison is founded on Nantucket Island, in the English colony of Massachusetts.source
1676An Åbo Lantdag (assembly) meets in Turku, Finland.source
1676The Revolt of the Three Feudatories continuesChina source
1677April 16 – The Statute of Frauds is passed into English law.source
1677May 29 – The Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians.source
1677October 29 – Michel le Tellier becomes Chancellor of France.source
1677November - Sweden retakes Jemtland.Norway source
1677The Revolt of the Three Feudatories continuesChina source
1677Laurence Parsons is created Sir Laurence Parsons, 1st Baronet, of Birr Castle in the King's County, in the Baronetage of Ireland.Ireland source
1677Richard Jones, Viscount Ranelagh, is created 1st (and only) Earl of Ranelagh in the Peerage of Ireland.Ireland source
1678January 10 – England and the Dutch Republic sign a mutual defense treaty in order to fight against France.source
167810 January – England and the Dutch Republic sign a mutual alliance against France.England source
1678April 12 – The Treaty of Casco Bay is signed between officials of the Province of New York and the Penobscot tribe and the Wabanaki Confederacy, bringing an end to further fighting that has happened in the two years since the end of King Philip's War in the modern-day U.S. state of Maine. Under the terms of the treaty, English settlers pay rent to the Penobscots and are given back farm land that had been confiscated in the war, while the English settlers agree to respect the Penobscot land rights.source
1678July 29 – Muhammad Azam Shah is appointed as the Mughal Governor of Bengal by his father, the Emperor Aurangzeb, but serves for a little more than a year before being recalled from Dhaka.source
1678August 10 – The Treaties of Nijmegen end the Franco-Dutch War. The County of Burgundy is ceded to the Kingdom of France.source
1678August 1678 to December 1679 – The Treaties of Nijmegen, in the aftermath of the Franco-Dutch War of 1672–78France source
1678December 1 – The Test Act provides that members of both the House of Lords and House of Commons of England must swear an anti-Catholic oath, before taking office.source
16783 December – the Test Act provides that members of both the House of Lords and House of Commons must swear an anti-Catholic oath before taking office.England source
1678The Revolt of the Three Feudatories continuesChina source
1679January 24 – King Charles II of England dissolves the "Cavalier Parliament", after nearly 18 years.source
167924 January – King Charles II dismisses the Cavalier Parliament after nearly 18 years in an attempt to avoid the impeachment of Lord Danby by the House of Commons.England source
1679February 5 – The Treaty of Celle is signed between France and Sweden on one side, and the Holy Roman Empire, at the town of Celle in Saxony (in modern-day Germany). Sweden's sovereignty over Bremen-Verden is confirmed and Sweden cedes control of Thedinghausen and Dörverden to the Germans.source
1679March 6 – In England, the "Habeas Corpus Parliament" (or "First Exclusion Parliament") is opened.source
167916 March – The institution Chancellor of Norway is abolished, ending a tradition that had lasted for 400 years.Norway source
1679May 27 – The Parliament of England passes the Habeas Corpus Act, "for the better securing the liberty of the subject" and then adjourns.source
167919 June – Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)Sweden source
1679July 12 – In England, the "Habeas Corpus Parliament" (or "First Exclusion Parliament") is dissolved, while in recess, by King Charles II. The King exercises his royal prerogative of dissolution to prevent the parliament from passing a bill that would exclude non-Anglicans from the succession to the English throne, specifically the king's Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York, as part of the Exclusion Crisis.source
16792 September – The Treaty of Fontainebleau ends hostilities between Denmark-Norway and the Swedish Empire in the Scanian War. Denmark, pressured by France, restores all conquests made during the war to Sweden in turn for a "paltry indemnity".Denmark source
1679September 18 – The Province of New Hampshire is separated from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.source
167926 September – The Peace of Lund end the Scanian War.Denmark source
1679October 12 – Representatives of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Sweden sign the last of the nine Treaties of Nijmegen, ending the last of the conflicts that began during the Franco-Dutch War.source
1679December 10 – A peace treaty is signed between Ali Bey al-Muradi, Bey of Tunis; his brother whom he had overthrown in 1678, Muhammad Bey al-Muradi; and their uncle, Muhammad al-Hafsi al-Muradi, the Pasha of Tunis, after mediation by the Dey of Algiers.source
1679The Dzungar conquest of Altishahr resulted in the Tibetan Buddhist Dzungar Khanate in Dzungaria conquering and subjugating the Genghisid-ruled Chagatai Khanate in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin). It put a final end to the independence of the Chagatai KhanateChina source
1679The Revolt of the Three Feudatories continuesChina source
1679Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-LayeFrance source
168024 January – William Harris, one of the four English Puritans who established the Plymouth Colony and then the Providence Plantations at Rhode Island in 1636, is captured by Algerian pirates when his ship is boarded while he is making a voyage back to England. After being sold into slavery on 23 February, he remains a slave until ransom is paid. He dies in 1681, three days after his return to England.England source
1680February 12 – The Marquis de Croissy, Charles Colbert, becomes France's Minister of Foreign Affairs and serves for 16 years until his death, when he is succeeded as Foreign Minister by his son Jean-Baptiste Colbert.source
1680June 4 – Tokugawa Tsunayoshi becomes the new Shōgun of Japan upon the death of his older brother, Tokugawa Ietsuna, who had been shōgun for 29 years.source
1680June 10 – England and Spain sign a mutual defense treaty.source
1680September 15 – A treaty is concluded between the Dutch Republic and the Ottoman Empire for Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and his subjects to apply Dutch law to Dutch visitors to Ottoman territory.source
168021 October – Charles II's fourth parliament (the "Exclusion Bill Parliament", summoned in 1679) assembles. The term Whig comes to be used for those in favour of the Exclusion Bill and Tory for those who oppose it.England source
1680October 29 – At the request of King Charles XI of Sweden, the Riksdag in Sweden enacts the Great Reduction, returning fiefs which had been granted to the Swedish nobility to the Crown. The nation becomes an absolute monarchy under the rule of Charles.source
1680Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV) decide on the complete annexation of Alsace.source
1680The first Portuguese governor is appointed to Macau.source
1680the provinces of Hunan, Guizhou, Guangxi, were also recovered by the QingChina source
1680The Revolt of the Three Feudatories continues.China source
1680The Dzungar conquest of Altishahr resulted in the Tibetan Buddhist Dzungar Khanate in Dzungaria conquering and subjugating the Genghisid-ruled Chagatai Khanate in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin). It put a final end to the independence of the Chagatai KhanateChina source
1680Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV) decide on complete annexation of Alsace.France source
1680During the Riksdag, the Great Reversion was introduced: The Baronies and Counties of the nobility, the donations from the foreign provinces, and all donations worth more than 600 silver a year was reverted to the crown, which led to the confiscation of about 80 percent of all the property donated from the crown to the high nobility during the 17th-century.Sweden source
1680In the Riksdagen 1680, Charles XI introduces absolute monarchy in Sweden by banning the council from making suggestions unless asked to bey the monarch.Sweden source
1681January 3 – The Treaty of Bakhchisarai is signed, between the Ottoman vassal Crimean Khanate and the Russian Empire.source
1681January 18 – The "Exclusion Bill Parliament", summoned by King Charles II of England in October, is dissolved after three months, with directions that new elections be held, and that a new parliament be convened in March in Oxford.source
168118 January – 'Exclusion Bill Parliament' dissolved.England source
1681March 4 – In order to settle a debt of £16,000, King Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn, for territory west of Delaware River in America between 40° N and 42° N, later to be called Pennsylvania.source
16814 March – William Penn receives a royal charter to establish a sectarian colony in the Americas.England source
1681March 21 – The "Oxford Parliament" is summoned in England by King Charles II and meets in Oxford rather than in Westminster, but is dissolved seven days later. No further sessions of parliament are held until after the death of Charles in 1685.source
168116 April – A royal decree orders the execution of a new cadastral survey. Christian V's Cadastre is completed in 1688.Denmark source
1681The Revolt of the Three Feudatories concludesChina source
1681The Barony of Høegholm is established by Christian V from Fævejle and Lykkesholm as well as other land in the area.Denmark source
1681Robert Robartes, Viscount Bodmin is the English ambassador to Denmark.Denmark source
168121–28 March – the Oxford Parliament meets and debates the Exclusion Bill. The Bill is rejected by the House of Lords. No further sessions of parliament are held until after the death of Charles II in 1685.England source
1682July 19 – Iyasus succeeds his father Yohannes I as Emperor of Ethiopia.source
1682The official Qing account of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, entitled P’ing-ting san-ni fang-lüeh, compiled by Ledehun, Han T’an, and others, beginsChina source
1682Absolute monarchy is established when the Estates acknowledge the right of the monarch to write laws without their participation.Sweden source
1682The Great Reversion of the property of the nobility is placed entirely in the hands of the monarch.Sweden source
1683January 5 – The Brandenburger-African Company, of the German state of Brandenburg, signs a treaty with representatives of the Ahanta tribe (in modern-day Ghana), to establish the fort and settlement of Groß Friedrichsburg, in honor of Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. The location is later renamed Princes Town, also called Pokesu.source
1683March 31 – Authorized representatives of King John III Sobieski of Poland and Emperor Leopold I of the Holy Roman Empire sign a military alliance treaty in Warsaw.source
1683September 12 – Pedro II becomes the King of Portugal after having served as regent since 1668 for his older brother Afonso VI.source
1683November 1 – The English crown colony of the Province of New York is subdivided into 12 counties: Albany, Dutchess, Orange, Ulster, and Westchester (upstate); Kings, New York County, Queens, Richmond (within New York City); Suffolk (eastern Long Island), and two areas not in New York state, Dukes County (now in Massachusetts) and Cornwall County (now 11 counties in Maine).source
1683The end of the rebel stronghold and capture of the Ming princes allowed the Kangxi Emperor to relax the Sea Ban and permit resettlement of the Fujian and Guangdong coasts. The financial and other incentives to new settlers particularly drew the Hakka, who would have continuous low-level conflict with the returning Punti people for the next few centuries.China source
1683The titles of Viscount Mountjoy and Baron Stewart of Ramelton in the Peerage of Ireland are conferred upon Sir William Stewart, 3rd Baronet, of Ramelton.Ireland source
1684February 7 – Morocco retakes control of the city of Tangier from England, which had controlled the North African port since 1661. During the five months prior to evacuation of the English from the city, the Governor, Lord Dartmouth had ordered the destruction of the wall around the city, its fortifications and port facilities that had been built by the English during the occupation.source
1684February 8 – Prince Dumitrașcu Cantacuzino returns to the throne of the principality of Moldavia for a third reign but is overthrown 14 months later on June 25. In 1859, Moldavia will unite with neighboring Wallachia to form the Kingdom of Romania.source
1684June 27 – Francisco de Távora, the Viceroy of Portuguese India, a small colony located in southwestern India at Goa, issues an order prohibiting indigenous residents from speaking their native language, Konkani, and directs them to learn Portuguese within the next three years.source
168415 August – Signing of the Truce of RatisbonFrance source
1684December 17 – The Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War, which had been going on since 1679, ends with the signing of the Treaty at Tingmosgang between the 5th Dalai Lama (Desi Sangye Gyatso) and King Delek Namgyal of Ladakh. The Ladakh kingdom agrees to not invite foreign armies into the area (now part of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir) in return for a respect for its sovereignty.source
1685March – Louis XIV passes the Code Noir, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies.source
168519 May – beginning of the first session of the Loyal Parliament.England source
168528 September – Jeffreys is appointed Lord Chancellor by the king.England source
16851 October – Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.Ireland source
16853 October – The County of Reventlow is established by Conrad von Reventlow from the manors of Sandbjerg and Ballegård as well as the farm Bøgskov.Denmark source
168522 October – Louis XIV of France issues the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal in his country, causing Huguenot refugees to flee to England and elsewhere; among them is the Toyé family, who establish the jewellery and clothing business which, as Toye, Kenning and Spencer, will still be operating in the hands of the original family in the 21st century.England source
1685November 8 (October 29 O.S.) – The Edict of Potsdam is issued by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg in response to France's Edict of Fontainebleau, welcoming the Protestant Huguenots of France to resettle in eastern Germany in Brandenburg. The French Colony of Magdeburg is established on December 1 in Saxony as a community separate from Magdeburg.source
168520 November – the Loyal Parliament is prorogued and never meets again.England source
1685December 10 – In what is now Thailand, King Narai of Ayutthaya signs a treaty with representatives of France at Lopburi, allowing Roman Catholic missionaries to preach the Gospel and exempting Thai Catholics from work on Sunday, as well as appointing a special court to settle disputes between Thai Christians and non-Christians.source
1685The Chinese army of the Qing dynasty attacks a Russian post at Albazin, during the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor and the dual Russian rulers Ivan V and Peter I. The event leads to the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689.source
1685The decree Code Noir, passed by King Louis XIV, defines the conditions of slavery in the French colonial empire.France source
1686January 17 – King Louis XIV of France reports the success of the Edict of Fontainebleau, issued on October 22 against the Protestant Huguenots, and reports that after less than three months, the vast majority of the Huguenot population had left the country.source
1686May 6 – The Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686) is signed between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, recognizing the former's possession of Left-bank Ukraine and the city of Kiev, as agreed upon in the earlier Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667. The treaty also brings the Tsardom of Russia into the Great Turkish War, on the side of the Holy League of 1684.source
1686July 9 – The Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg) is founded, in response to claims made by Louis XIV of France on the Electorate of the Palatinate in western Germany. It comprises the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Sweden, Spain, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony and the Electorate of the Palatinate.source
1686July 22 – Albany, New York, is granted a city charter by the colonial governor.source
1686August 15 – Christina, who had ruled as the monarch of Sweden until her abdication in 1654 in favor of her cousin Charles, responds to the revocation in France of the Edict of Nantz and declares that Jews within Sweden will be under her protection.source
1686August 16 – King James VII of Scotland dismisses the Parliament of Scotland after the members refuse to remove restrictions on Roman Catholics and on Protestants outside of the Church of Scotland and the Church of England. The Parliament does not meet again for more than two and a half years.source
1686October 17 – As the Savoyard–Waldensian wars, draw to a close, the Duke of Savoy announces that the Protestant Valdisi defenders will be granted safe passage to Switzerland, and that children taken during the war will be allowed to return to their families. By January, a little more than 2,500 Valdisi take the offer.source
1686November 26 – The Treaty of Whitehall, more formerly the Treaty of Neutrality for America, is signed at the Palace of Whitehall in Westminster between representatives of King Louis XIV of France and King James II of England, with both sides pledging that "though the two Countries might be at war in Europe their Colonies in America should continue in peace and Neutrality". The treaty is broken less than two years later when King William's War breaks out in what is now the U.S. state of Maine.source
1686November 30 – Melchor Portocarrero, 3rd Count of Monclova becomes the new Viceroy of New Spain (encompassing what is now Mexico and much of the southwestern United States) as he arrives in Mexico City to take over at the end of the term of Tomás de la Cerda, 3rd Marquess of la Laguna.source
1686December 20 – Edmund Andros arrives in Boston to become the British Governor of the newly created Dominion of New England, which includes most of the what are now the U.S. states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont and much of the eastern portion of New York. The unpopular Andros, who reigns as a dictator after being appointed by King James II, is driven out of office in 1689 after the overthrow of James, and the Dominion of New England is broken up into its constituent colonies.source
1686December 22 – Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, head of the House of Hohenzollern, enters into an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire.source
1686Russian settlers and troops had returned to Albazin in September 1686, rebuilt the walls (this time with earth), harvested crops, and killed Qing troopsChina source
1686A Commission is formed to create a new civil code, which eventually leads to the Civil Code of 1734.Sweden source
1686The first Swedish language theater is inaugurated with the Dän Swänska Theatren in Lejonkulan.Sweden source
1687January 3 – With the end of latest of the Savoyard–Waldensian wars in the Duchy of Savoy between the Savoyard government and Protestant Italians known as the Waldensians, Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy, carries out the release of 3,847 surviving prisoners and their families, who had forcibly been converted to Catholicism, and permits the group to emigrate to Switzerland.source
1687January 8 – Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, is appointed as the last Lord Deputy of Ireland by the English crown, and begins efforts to include more Roman Catholic Irishmen in the administration. Upon the removal of King James II in England and Scotland, the Earl of Tyrconnell loses his job and is replaced by James, who reigns briefly as King of Ireland until William III establishes his rule over the isle.source
1687May 6 – Emperor Higashiyama succeeds Emperor Reigen, on the throne of Japan.source
1687July 2 – King James II of England disbands the English parliamentsource
1687October 31 – The legend of the Charter Oak begins as a successful attempt to hide the 1662 Royal Charter of the British colony (and now a U.S. state) of Connecticut after Edmund Andros, the Governor of the Dominion of New England, makes a mission of attempting to confiscate the founding documents for the seven colonies that make up the new administrative area. After Governor Andros arrives in Hartford and comes to the tavern of Zachariah Sanford to demand the Connecticut Colony charter, Captain Joseph Wadsworth spirits the parchment away from the and hides the Charter in a hollowed out portion of a white oak tree on Wyllys Hyll until Andros is recalled to London.source
1687November 8 – Suleiman II succeeds the deposed Mehmed IV, as Ottoman Emperor.source
1687Conquest of the Deccan by Emperor Aurungzebe; Hyderabad becomes the residence of the governor of the Deccan.India source
1687Lasse Cock elected to Assembly.Sweden source
168824 August – James II orders the issue of a writ of election, withdrawn in September.England source
168829 September - The Norwegian Code enters into force.Norway source
1688November 15 (November 5 OS) – The Glorious Revolution begins: William of Orange lands at Torbay, England with a multinational force of 20,000 soldiers. He makes no claim to the British Crown, saying only that he has come to save Protestantism and to maintain English liberty, and begins a march on London.source
1688December – John Dryden dismissed as Poet Laureate for refusing to swear loyalty to the new monarchy.England source
1688The Tong of Fushun, originally Han Bannermen, begin reinventing themselves as ManchuChina source
1688The monarch extends the Great Reversion to Swedish Livonia.Sweden source
1689January 22 (January 12, 1688 O.S.) – Glorious Revolution in England: The Convention Parliament is convened to determine if King James II of England, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, vacated the throne when he fled to France, at the end of 1688. The settlement of this is agreed on 8 February.source
168922 January – the Convention Parliament is convened to determine if James II, the last Roman Catholic king, had vacated the throne when he fled to France at the end of 1688.England source
16896 February – the Convention Parliament reads the Declaration of Right to William of Orange and his wife, Mary (daughter of the exiled James II) in formally offering them the throne.England source
1689February 12 – John Locke returned to London from exile in Holland.source
16897 May–20 July – first and only session of the Patriot Parliament, the Parliament of Ireland called by James II in Dublin, with Richard Nagle as Speaker. This declares that James remains King, passes The Great Act of Attainder against those who have rebelled against him and repeals the Act of Settlement (1662) while, at James's urging, also passing an Act for Liberty of Conscience.Ireland source
1689May 11 – William and Mary accept the Scottish throne a month after the Scottish Parliament votes to depose King James VIIsource
1689May 24 – The Act of Toleration, drawn up by the Convention Parliament of England to protect Protestants but with Roman Catholics intentionally excluded, is passed; this effectively concludes the Glorious Revolution.source
168924 May – the Toleration Act passed by Parliament protecting freedom of worship for Protestant Nonconformists (Roman Catholics and nontrinitarians are intentionally excluded). This effectively concludes the Glorious Revolution.England source
1689June 5 – The Convention of Estates adjourns in Scotland after 11 weeks and its members form a new Scottish parliament.source
1689August 2 – Boston Revolt: Edmund Andros, former governor of the Dominion of New England, escapes from Boston to Connecticut, but is recaptured.source
1689August 27 – China and Russia sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk.source
1689December 16 – The Bill of Rights (An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown), drawn up by the Convention Parliament of England to establish constitutional monarchy in England, but with Roman Catholics barred from the throne, receives royal assent; it will remain substantially in force into the 21st century.source
168916 December – the Bill of Rights (An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown), drawn up by the Convention Parliament, receives royal assent; it will remain substantially in force into the 21st century.England source
1689The latter realms entering the Nine Years War and its expansion to the American colonies in the King William's War.source
1689The English East India Company expands its influence, and a Committee of the House of Commons is formed to deal with the concerns of the Company.source
1689The Bill of Rights becomes law in England.source
1689Resolved with the signing of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, the first treaty between Russia (Tsardom of Russia) and China (Great Qing Empire). The Russians gave up the area north of the Amur River as far as the Stanovoy Range and kept the area between the Argun River and Lake Baikal.China source
1690January 27 – The Convention Parliament is dissolved in England.source
1690February 6 – King William III of England calls for new elections for the 512-member House of Commonssource
1690March 20 – The 2nd Parliament of William III and Mary II is assembled in London, split almost equally with 243 Whigs, 241 Tories, and 28 independent members.source
1690March – London, Quo Warranto Judgment Reversed Act 1689 ("An Act for Reversing the Judgment in a Quo Warranto against the City of London and for Restoreing the City of London to its antient Rights and Privileges") passed by Parliament.England source
16909 April – Christian V approves the creation of Nyholm as a new home for Royal Dockyard.Denmark source
1690August 24 – In India, the fort and trading settlement of Sutanuti is founded on the Hooghly River by the English East India Company, following the signing of an Anglo-Mughal treaty.source
1690December 20 (December 10, 1690 O.S.) — The General Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay creates the first authorized paper money issued by any government in the Western World as a substitute for coins. The first money is printed on February 13, 1691 (N.S.) and is dated "Feb. 3, 1690" based on the British old style calendar in use at the time.source
1691January 23 – Spanish colonial administrator Domingo Terán de los Ríos, most recently the governor of Sonora y Sinaloa on the east side of the Gulf of California, is assigned by the Viceroy of New Spain to administer a new province that governs lands on both sides of the Río Bravo del Norte, "Coahuila y Tejas", and effectively becomes the first Governor of Texas.source
1691February 13 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony issues the first paper money in North America, in lieu of coins, two months after a December 20 law authorizing the printing. The oldest known specimen, for 20 Massachusetts shillings bears the date "Feb. 3, 1690" based on the British old style calendar in use at the time.source
1691May 6 – The Province of New York establishes the New York Supreme Court as the Supreme Court of Judicature. It is the oldest Supreme Court with general original jurisdiction.source
169122 July – surrender and treaty of Galway.Ireland source
1691October 3 – The Treaty of Limerick, ending the Williamite War in Ireland and guaranteeing civil rights to Roman Catholics, is signed. The Flight of the Wild Geese follows.source
16913 October – the Treaty of Limerick ends the Williamite War in Ireland. The Flight of the Wild Geese – the departure of the Jacobite army – follows.England source
16913 October – Treaty of Limerick ends the Williamite War. Its terms are immediately broken by the English.Ireland source
1691October 17 (October 7 O.S.) – In New England, the two separate colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity by an act of the King and Queen of England.source
169110 November – A new dock is inaugurated at the Royal Naval Shipyard at Bremerholm.Denmark source
169224 February – the Treaty of Limerick is ratified.Ireland source
1692August 12 – The city of Ponce is founded in Puerto Rico.source
16925 October – the first meeting of the Parliament of Ireland under William III is held. This is the first time it has met for 26 years (apart from the Patriot Parliament of 1689). It passes An Act of Recognition of their Majesties undoubted Right to the Crown of Ireland.Ireland source
1692November – Henri de Massue, 2nd Marquis de Ruvigny, a French Huguenot soldier in English service and commander in chief in Ireland for a time this year, is created Viscount Galway and Baron Portarlington in the Peerage of Ireland and receives a large grant of seized estates in Ireland.Ireland source
16939 March – the House of Commons of England presents an address to King William III complaining of mismanagement of Irish affairs. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Viscount Sydney, is recalled on 13 June and administration left in the hands of Lords Justices.Ireland source
1693November 7 – King Charles II of Spain issues a royal edict providing sanctuary in Spanish Florida for escaped slaves from the English colony of South Carolina.source
1694February 6 – The colony of Quilombo dos Palmares, created by rebel African slaves in Brazil, is destroyed by the bandeirantes, colonial troops under the command of Domingos Jorge Velho. After a successful attack on its capital, Cerca do Macaco, the last King of Dos Palmares, Zumbi, flees after a reign of more than 13 years, but is later captured and executed.source
1694March 8 – The Casa da Moeda do Brasil is formed by Peter II of Portugal.source
1694May – the First Whig Junto is appointed to government.England source
1694July 27 – The Bank of England is founded through Royal charter by the Whig-dominated Parliament of England, following a proposal by Scottish merchant William Paterson to raise capital, by offering safe and steady returns of interest guaranteed by future taxes. A total of £1.2 million is raised for the war effort against Louis XIV of France by the end of the year, to establish the first-ever government debt.source
1694December 3 – The Parliament of England passes the Triennial Act 1694, requiring general elections every three years.source
16943 December – Parliament passes the Meeting of Parliament Act (Triennial Act) requiring general elections every three years and an annual meeting.England source
1694The Jewish Cemetery in Nørrebro is inaugurated.Denmark source
1694The Million Lottery, the first state lottery, is drawn.England source
1695March 14 – Paul Foley is elected as the new Speaker of the House after the expulsion of John Trevor.source
1695April 17 – The House of Commons of England decides not to renew the Licensing Order of 1643, and states its reasoning, beginning with "Because it revives, and re-enacts, a Law which in no-wise answered the End for which it was made". The lifting of censorship creates a more open society, and an explosion of print results. Within 30 years, the number of printing houses in England increases from 20 to 103.source
1695April – Parliament decides not to renew the Licensing Order of 1643 requiring press censorship.England source
16953 May – Parliament passes the Corrupt Practices Act to tackle bribery in general elections.England source
16955 June – the title of Viscount Lisburne and Baron Fethard, of Feathered in the County of Tipperary is created in the Peerage of Ireland in favour of Welsh politician John Vaughan.Ireland source
169527 August – Parliament of Ireland opens. Robert Rochfort is elected Speaker of the Irish House of Commons.Ireland source
1695October 11 – King William III of England dissolves Parliament in the wake of a scandal involving former Speaker of the House of Commons John Trevor and other Tory MPs.source
1695November 22 – The new Parliament, with 513 members of the House of Commons is opened by King William III. Commons is composed of 257 Whigs (who hold a majority of one), 203 Tories and 53 members of other parties or independents.source
1695November – general election results in victory for the Whigs.England source
1695Motzmanns Plads, now known as Christiansholm or Papirøen, is created in Copenhagen.Denmark source
1695Quakers Act ("An Act that the Solemne Affirmation & Declaration of the People called Quakers shall be accepted instead of an Oath in the usual Forme") permits Quakers (who conscientiously object to taking an oath) to substitute an affirmation in certain legal proceedings.England source
1695Sir Richard Reynell is dismissed as Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench in Ireland for incapacity and is succeeded by Sir Richard Pyne.Ireland source
1696January 21 – The Recoinage Act, passed by the Parliament of England to pull counterfeit silver coins out of circulation, becomes law.source
169619 April – Church of Our Saviour on Christianshavn in Copenhagen is inaugurated.Denmark source
1696August 29 – King Louis XIV of France and Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, sign the Treaty of Turin, ending Savoy's involvement in the Nine Years' War.source
1696September 8 – The Parliament of Scotland passes the Education Act 1696, providing for locally funded, Church-supervised schools to be established in every parish in Scotland.source
1696October 20 – The Imperial Russian Navy is founded on the recommendation of Tsar Peter the Great and approval by the Russian Duma.source
1696William Penn offers an elaborate plan for intercolonial cooperation largely in trade, defense, and criminal matters.source
1696Polish replaces Ruthenian as an official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.source
1696Great Recoinage of 1696: The Parliament of England passes the Recoinage Act.England source
1697February 22 – Gerrit de Heere becomes the new Governor of Dutch Ceylon, succeeding Thomas van Rhee and administering the colony for almost six years until his death.source
1697March 22 – Charles II of Spain issues a Royal Cedula extending to the indigenous nobles of the Spanish Crown colonies, as well as to their descendants, the preeminence and honors customarily attributed to the Hidalgos of Castile.source
1697September 20 – The Treaty of Ryswick is signed by France and the Grand Alliance, to end both the Nine Years' War and King William's War. Louis XIV of France recognises William III as King of England & Scotland, and both sides return territories they have taken in battle. In North America, the treaty returns Port-Royal (Acadia) to France.source
169720 September – the Treaty of Ryswick ends the War of the Grand Alliance; France recognises William III as King of England.England source
169720 September – The Treaty of Ryswick is signed by France and the Grand Alliance to end both the Nine Years' War and King William's War. The conflict having been inconclusive, the treaty is proposed because the combatants have exhausted their national treasuries. Louis XIV recognises William III as King of England and Scotland, and both sides return territories they have taken in battle. In North America, the treaty returns Port Royal (Nova Scotia) to France. In practice, the treaty is little more than a truce; it does not resolve any of the fundamental colonial problems, and the peace lasts only five yearsFrance source
1697The Parliament of England passes the Trade with Africa Act 1697 (An Act to settle the Trade to Africa), which end the Royal African Company's monopoly on all English trade with Africa.source
1697The Manchus of the Qing dynasty conquer Outer Mongolia.source
1698January 1 – The Abenaki tribe and Massachusetts colonists sign a treaty, ending the conflict in New England.source
1698July 7 – The English House of Commons is dissolved and new elections are held between July 19 and August 10 for a parliament to be summoned on August 24.source
1698July–August – general election results in victory for the New Country Tories.England source
1698August 24 – King William III opens the newly elected House of Commons at Westminster.source
1698October 11 – The Treaty of the Hague is signed between the Dutch Republic, England and France.source
169811 October – Treaty of the Hague signed between France, England and Holland.England source
1698November 14 – The Spanish king Carlos names his grandson Jozef Ferdinand as his heir.source
1698December 9 – Francis Nicholson becomes the new British colonial governor of Virginia, succeeding Sir Edmund Andros.source
1698Samuel Cranston becomes the governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.source
1698Danmarksnagore becomes part of Danish India.Denmark source
1699January 26 – The Republic of Venice, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire sign the Treaty of Karlowitz with the Ottoman Empire, marking an end to the major phase of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars. The treaty marks a major geopolitical shift, as the Ottoman Empire subsequently abandons its expansionism and adopts a defensive posture while the Habsburg monarchy expands its influence.source
1699January 26–June 14 – the Parliament of Ireland meets and enacts legislation to levy duties on exported woolens; to encourage the construction of parsonages; to oblige landowners to plant and conserve trees; and to prevent Roman Catholics from becoming solicitors.Ireland source
1699February 1 – the Parliament of England requires the disbandment of foreign troops in Ireland.Ireland source
1699May 1 (O.S.) – A series of five student orations at the College of William & Mary precipitate the Colony of Virginia's capital moving from Jamestown to Middle Plantation, resulting in the establishment of Williamsburg.source
1699May 4 – the Parliament of England enacts legislation providing for the appointment of a commission of inquiry into the administration of forfeited estates in Ireland.Ireland source
1699May 10 – Billingsgate Fish Market in London is sanctioned as a permanent institution by Act of Parliament.England source
1699June 11 – England, France and the Dutch Republic agree on the terms of the Treaty of London (1700) (Second Partition Treaty) for Spain.source
1699June 11 – England, France and the Dutch Republic agree on the terms of the Second Partition Treaty for Spain.England source
169911 June: France, England and the Dutch Republic agree on the terms of the Treaty of London (1700) (Second Partition Treaty) for Spain.France source
169914 September – The Treaty of Dresden is concluded, preparing the Great Northern War.Denmark source
1699October – An edict by King Louis XIV establishes an office of police magistrate in almost every village in France, with the title of lieutenant general de police created.source
1699November 22 – The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye, negotiated by Johann Patkul, is signed at a palace of the Tsar of Russia Peter the Great, and representatives of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony to provide for the partition of Swedish Empire between Saxony, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Kingdoms of Denmark-Norway and the Russian Empire. The attack on Sweden, which takes place on February 22, starts the Great Northern War.source
1699The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye is signed.Denmark source