Religion & Belief in the 17th century

750 sourced entries, 1600 CE to 1699 CE, oldest first. Also see Religion & Belief across every century or everything else in the 17th century.

1600Approximate date – The Lutheran orthodox campaign intensifies, to reinforce the Book of Concord.source
160121 May – As Duke and Duchess of Luxembourg, the Archdukes Albert and Isabella conclude an agreement with Ernest of Bavaria, Prince-Bishop of Liège, concerning their rights of patronage over the Princely Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy.Belgium source
1601July 22 – General Yemişçi Hasan Pasha is selected as the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Mehmed III, 12 days after the death of Grand Vizier Damat Ibrahim Pasha. He served for only 15 months before being executed on the Sultan's orders on October 4, 1603.source
1601September 6 – Pope Clement VIII issues a decree forbidding the publication of any litany, except that of the saints as found in the liturgical books and the Litany of Loreto.source
1601October 26 – Johannes Kepler, assistant to Tycho Brahe, is promoted to the position of Royal Mathematician of the Holy Roman Empire after Brahe's sudden death.source
1601November 30 – Prince Hugh Roe O'Donnell, on his way to the Battle of Kinsale, visits and venerates a relic of the True Cross (Holy rood) on the Feast of St. Andrew, at Holy Cross Abbey.Ireland source
1602July 29 – Juan de Zúñiga Flores, Bishop of Cartagena, becomes the Grand Inquisitor of Spain but serves for only five months before his death at the age of 55.source
1602Copies are printed of the geographical map of East Asia created by Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit stationed in Ming dynasty Beijing, China, with Chinese-written labeling and map symbols.source
1602Hamar Cathedral School merged with Oslo Cathedral School.Norway source
1603April 28 – The funeral of Elizabeth I of England is held in Westminster Abbey.source
1603July 25 – The formal coronation of James I as King of England takes place at Westminster Abbey. Ceremonies are limited because of plague.source
1603November – Geoffrey Keating is one of forty students who sail for Bordeaux under the charge of the Rev. Diarmaid MacCarthy to begin their studies at the Irish College which has just been founded in that city by Cardinal François de Sourdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux.Ireland source
1603December 29 – Yavuz Ali Pasha, who had been appointed by Mehmed III in October as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, arrives at Constantinople to begin service. He dies from illness seven months later.source
1603Ballintubber Abbey is suppressed.Ireland source
1604January 14 – The Hampton Court Conference is held between James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of the Puritans. Work begins on the Authorized King James Version of the Bible and revision of the Book of Common Prayer.source
1604February 14 – King James of England denounces the Roman Catholic Church after learning from one of his spies, Sir Anthony Standen, that Queen Anne has been sent a rosary from the Pope.source
1604February 17 – King James issues an order for all Jesuits and all Roman Catholic priests to leave his kingdom by March 19.source
1604April 17 – Tsar Dmitry of Russia makes a public conversion to Roman Catholicism in order to attract the aid of Jesuits in his attempt to rule all of Russia.source
1604July 4 – The Jesuits Act 1603 (officially "An Act for the due execution of the Statutes against Jesuits, seminary Priests and recusants") is given royal assent by King James I of England to create penalties against Jesuits and Catholics who send their children abroad to Catholic colleges.source
1604July 7 – On 11 Safar 1013 AH in the Islamic calendar, the decree of Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I is read aloud in the Great Mosque of Mecca, declaring that Idris ibn Hasan has been proclaimed the new Sharif of Mecca, in partnership with Idris's brother Fuhayd ibn Hasan and Idris and Fuhayd's nephew, Muhsin ibn Husaynsource
1604July 22 – King James begins fundraising for his project for an accurate translation of the Holy Bible into English, asking Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, to contact all Anglican churches for donations.source
1604September 1 – Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the religious text of Sikhism, whose compilation by Guru Arjan was completed on August 29, is installed at Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar.source
16044 December – Christian IV’s Norwegian Law of 1604 is issued, essentially as a translation into Danish of the older Norwegian law of Magnus law-mender established and recorded in Norwegian in 1274 and 1276.Norway source
16044 December – Hiring anyone who had attended Jesuit schools in positions in schools and churches was made illegal.Norway source
1604The Papacy is expected to fall this year by Tobias Hess and Simon Studion according to their correspondence in 1597.source
1604A special court, Chambre de l’Édit, is established to resolve disputes between Protestants and Catholics.France source
1605March 14 – The March–April 1605 papal conclave of Roman Catholic cardinals to elect a successor to Pope Clement VIII opens at the Vatican in Rome, 11 days after Clement's death. Sixty-one of the 69 cardinals meet behind closed doors for the rest of the month. Discussion becomes heated, with shouting and jostling.source
1605April 1 – Cardinal Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, the Bishop of Pistoia, is elected by the assembled 61 cardinals at the papal conclave after 17 days of balloting. He takes the regnal name of Pope Leo XI to become the 232nd pope, but serves for less than four weeks.source
1605May 8 – A group of 59 Roman Catholic cardinals assemble at Rome for another papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Leo XI. During the meeting, a fistfight breaks out among the cardinals over the two rival candidates, Antonio Sauli and Domenico Toschi, neither of whom receive the necessary 40 votes for a two-thirds election. In the fight, Cardinal Alfonso Visconti sustains several fractures.source
1605May 16 – Camillo Borghese, Cardinal Vicar of Rome and cardinal-priest of Sant'Eusebio is elected the 233rd pope, and takes the name of Pope Paul V. Another "Year of Three Popes" will not occur until 373 years later, in 1978. Borghese is elected as a compromise candidate after the physical disagreements during the conclave.source
1605July 4 – A proclamation commands all Roman Catholic seminary priests and Jesuits to leave Ireland by December 10 and directs the laity to attend Church of Ireland services.source
16054 July – a proclamation commands all Roman Catholic seminary priests and Jesuits to leave the country by 10 December and directs the laity to attend Church of Ireland services.Ireland source
1605July 21 – Claiming to be Dmitriy, son of Ivan the Terrible, a pretender is officially crowned Tsar Dimitriy Ioannovich of Russia in Moscow by Patriarch Ignatius.source
16058 November – Thomas Jones is appointed to succeed Adam Loftus as Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland).Ireland source
1605The Priory of St. Gregory's is founded at Douai, Flanders, at this time in the Spanish Netherlands, by its first prior, John Roberts, and other exiles, thus becoming the first English Benedictine house to renew conventual life after the English Reformation. More than two centuries later the community will establish Downside Abbey back in England.source
1606January 9 – The Black Nazarene, a statue, arrives in Manila from Mexico.source
1606March 19 – Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, in the Fortezza Vecchia Chapel of Saint Francesco, elevates Livorno to the rank of city.source
1606April 17 – Venetian Interdict: Pope Paul V places the Republic of Venice under an interdict, as well as excommunicating Leonardo Donato, the Doge of Venice, and members of the Venetian Senate.source
1606June 22 – By Act of Parliament in England, all Roman Catholics in England become required to swear an oath of allegiance to King James I, a Protestant raised in the Presbyterian Church in Scotland.source
1606July 1 – Scottish minister Patrick Simson and 44 other ministers of the Church of Scotland sign Simson's Protest to the Scottish Parliament against the introduction to Scotland of a hierarchy of bishops.source
1606July 3 – The Russian Orthodox bishop Hermogenes is installed as the new Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, replacing Ignatius.source
1606July 10 – England deports 47 Roman Catholic priests, including Thomas Garnet, putting them on board a ship bound for Flanders in modern-day Belgium. A royal proclamation is read to the group, warning them that they will be put to death if they ever return to the British Isles.source
1606December 18 – Richelieu is nominated Bishop of Luçon.France source
1606December – Edict on reform of the Catholic clergy.France source
1606A sixth suffragan See to Goa was established at San Thome, Mylapore, near the modern Madras, and the site of the National Shrine of St. Thomas Basilica, advancing the Christianization of GoaIndia source
1606Anglican churchman William Bedell translates the Book of Common Prayer into Irish.Ireland source
1607January 19 – San Agustin Church, Manila, is officially completed; by the 21st century it will be the oldest church in the Philippines.source
1607The rule of Andorra passes jointly to the king of France, and the Bishop of Urgell.source
1607A new Lutheran Church Ordinance is introduced in Norway.Norway source
160825 March: Annunciation: Following a sermon by Franciscan Father Basile, reform of the abbey of Port-Royal-des-Champs by abbess Mother Marie Angélique Arnauld is initiated.France source
1608November 20 – Sir Thomas Gates, Governor of the London Company's colony at Jamestown, Virginia, is ordered by the Board of Directors to forcibly convert the native Indians in the area to Christianity as Anglicans.source
1608December 13 – At the Morača monastery in Kolašin, in what is now the nation of Montenegro, Patriarch Jovan Kantul assembles the rebel leaders of Montenegro and Herzegovina. The group agrees with a representative of the Duchy of Savoy to deliver Duke Charles Emmanuel I a monarchy within the Balkans, in return for special privileges to the Serbian Orthodox Church.source
16081–16 October: Political assembly of Protestants at Jargeau.France source
1609May 20 – London publisher Thomas Thorpe issues Shake-speares Sonnets, with a dedication to "Mr. W.H.", and the poem A Lover's Complaint appended; it is uncertain whether this publication has Shakespeare's authority.source
1609July 9 – Bohemia is granted freedom of religion by a 'Letter of Majesty'.source
1609July 10 – The German Catholic League is formed in Munich by Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria to counteract the Protestant Union. Maximilian assembles representatives from Augsburg, Konstanz, Passau, Regensburg, and Würzburg in an alliance "for the defense of the Catholic religion and peace" within the Holy Roman Empire.source
1609English-born Sister Mary Ward founds the Sisters of Loreto at Saint-Omer, at this time in the Spanish Netherlands.source
1609The Scrooby Congregation of Protestant English Separatists (predecessors of the Pilgrim Fathers) moves from Amsterdam to Leiden.source
1609James I issues letters patent granting the Church of St. Colman in Dromore the title and status of The Cathedral Church of Christ the Redeemer.Ireland source
1609Establishment of the titles of Lord Dingwall and Lord Cranstoun, two titles in the Peerage of ScotlandScotland source
1610May 15 – By the first lit de justice of Louis XIII, his mother Marie de' Medici is proclaimed regent of France.France source
1610June 24 – Henri Membertou, Grand Chief of Mi'kmaq nation, becomes the first North American aboriginal person to accept baptism into the Christian faith and signs the Concordat of 1610, an agreement with the Roman Catholic Church recognizing the Mi'kmaq as an independent nation.source
1610September 1 – Claudio Monteverdi's musical work Vespro della Beata Vergine (Vespers for the Blessed Virgin) is first published, printed in Venice and dedicated to Pope Paul V.source
1610October 17 – Louis XIII is crowned King of France at Reims Cathedral.France source
1610Publication is completed of the Douay–Rheims Bible (The Holie Bible Faithfully Translated into English), a translation of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate into English made by members of the English College, Douai, in the service of the Catholic Church.source
1610Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark is publicly hailed in Denmark and Norway.Denmark source
1610Poet and historian Geoffrey Keating (Seathrún Céitinn) is appointed by the Catholic Church to the cure of souls at Uachtar Achaidh in the parish of Knockgraffon, near Cahir, County Tipperary.Ireland source
1611March 4 – George Abbot is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury in England.source
1611May–December – Entrepreneur Thomas Sutton founds Charterhouse School, on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, London.source
1611June – Roman Catholic priest Patrick O'Loughran returns from exile.Ireland source
1611August 5 – Nasuh Pasha becomes the new grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire after the death of Kuyucu Murad Pasha.source
161119 August – the Church of Ireland Bishop of Elphin, John Lynch, resigns, declaring himself a Roman Catholic, and is succeeded by Edward King (consecrated December).Ireland source
1611September 11 – Greek Orthodox bishop Dionysios Skylosophos leads an army of 700 men in a surprise attack on the city of Yanya (formerly the ancient Greek city of Ioannina) in an attempt to liberate the inhabitants from Ottoman Imperial rule. The Ottoman provincial governor, Osman Pasha, is forced to flee and his home is burned down, but Ottoman troops commanded by Aslan Pasha rout the rebels. Skylosophos is captured on September 14, then tortured to death in public.source
1612June 13 – Archduke Matthias of Austria is formally elected as the new Holy Roman Emperor.source
1612June 26 – The coronation of Matthias as Holy Roman Emperor takes place at the Frankfurt Cathedral.source
1613July 28 – Gregor Richter, the chief pastor of Görlitz, denounces Jacob Boehme as a heretic, in his Sunday sermon.source
1613December 27 – Mateo Leal de Ayala becomes the new Governor of Rio de la Plata y Paraguay, covering what will become the nations of Argentina, Chile and Paraguay. He succeeds Diego Marín de Negron, who was poisoned on July 26.source
1613St. Michael's Church, Anjuna was constructed in Anjuna, GoaIndia source
1613King James I commissions George Calvert, Sir Humphrey Wynch, Sir Charles Cornwallis and Sir Roger Wilbraham to investigate Catholic grievances in Ireland. They report that conformity should be enforced more strictly, Catholic schools be suppressed, and bad priests removed and punished.Ireland source
1614June 22 – the Synod of Kilkenny regulates discipline and practice in the Catholic Province of Dublin.Ireland source
1614Kristianstad is founded by Christian IV in Scania, then a part of Denmark.Denmark source
1615February 17 – Japan's envoy to Europe, Hasekura Tsunenaga, receives a Christian baptism by the royal chaplain, Diego de Guzmán, and receives the European name Felipe Francisco Hasekura.source
1615March 10 – John Ogilvie, a Jesuit priest, is hanged and drawn at Glasgow Cross in Scotland for refusing to pledge allegiance to King James VI of Scotland; he will be canonised in 1976, becoming the only post-Reformation Scottish saint.source
161525 April – convocation of the Church of Ireland ends, having adopted 104 Articles of Religion largely drafted by James Ussher.Ireland source
1615November 3 – Japanese diplomat Hasekura Tsunenaga and his delegation are received by Pope Paul V in Rome, and present a request for trade between the Roman Catholic Church and the Japanese shogunatesource
1615Easter – Persian Safavid hordes, led by Shah Abbas the Great, kill all the monks at the David Gareja monastery complex in Georgia, and set fire to its collection of manuscripts and works of art.source
1616February 1 – James I of England grants Ben Jonson an annual pension of 100 marks, making him de facto poet laureate.source
1616February – English merchants of the East India Company complain that the great troubles and wars in Japan since their arrival have put them to much pains and charges. Two great cities, Osaka and Sakaii, have been burned to the ground, each one almost as big as London, and not one house left standing, and it is reported above 300,000 men have lost their lives, “yet the old Emperor Ogusho Same hath prevailed and Fidaia Same either been slain or fled secretly away, that no news is to be heard of him.” Jesuits, priests, and friars are banished by the emperor and their churches and monasteries pulled down; they put the fault on the arrival of the English; it is said if Fidaia Same had prevailed against the emperor, he promised them entrance again, when without doubt all the English would have been driven out of Japan.source
1616March 5 – De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, written by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books, by the Congregation of the Index of the Roman Catholic Church "until corrected".source
1616March 11 – English Roman Catholic priest, Thomas Atkinson, is hanged, drawn, and quartered at York, at age 70 (he will be beatified by Pope John Paul II on November 22, 1987).source
1616March 11 – Galileo Galilei meets Pope Paul V in person, to discuss his position as a defender of Copernicus' heliocentrism. The Pope promises Galileo safety from any enemies, and Galileo complies for the next seven years with the injunction against teaching Copernican doctrines.source
1616July 2 – Sir Oliver St John is appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland. He served until 1622.Ireland source
1616November 5 – Bishop Lancelot Andrewes preaches the annual Gunpowder Treason sermon before King James I of England at Whitehall, both having been intended victims of the plot.source
1616November 13 – Italian artist Guido Reni's famous Pietà, commissioned by the Senate of Bologna, is placed on the greater altar of the church of Santa Maria della Pietà.source
1616November 16 – Marco Antonio de Dominis, Roman Catholic Archbishop of the See of Spalato and Primate of Dalmatia, having run afoul of Pope Paul V over secular matters relating to Venice, submits to King James I of England and later becomes Dean of Windsor.source
1616December 22 – An Indian youth (called one of "the first fruits of India") is baptized with the name "Peter" in London at the St. Dionis Backchurch, in a ceremony attended by the Lord Mayor, the Privy Council, city aldermen, and officials of the Honourable East India Company. Peter thus becomes the first convert to the Anglican Church in India. He returns to India as a missionary, schooled in English and Latin.source
1616December 25 – "Father Christmas" is a main character of Christmas, His Masque, written by Ben Jonson and presented at the court of King James I of England. Father Christmas is considered a papist symbol by Puritans, and later banished from England until the English Restoration. The traditional, comical costume for this jolly figure, as well as regional names, indicate that he is descended from the presenter of the medieval Feast of Fools.source
1616Francesco Albani paints the ceiling frescoes of Apollo and the Seasons, at the Palazzo Verospi in Via del Corso, for Cardinal Fabrizio Verospi.source
1616Scholar Robert Burton is made vicar of St Thomas the Martyr's Church, Oxford.source
1616A fatal disease of cattle, probably rinderpest, spreads through the Italian provinces of Padua, Udine, Treviso and Vicenza, introduced most likely from Dalmatia or Hungary. Great numbers of cattle die in Italy, as they have in previous years (1559, 1562, 1566, 1590, 1598) in other European regions when harvest failure also drove people to the brink of starvation (for example, 1595–97 in Germany). The consumption of beef and veal is prohibited, and Pope Paul V issues an edict prohibiting the slaughter of draught oxen that are suitable for plowing. Calves are also not slaughtered for some time afterwards, so that Italy's cattle herds can be replenished.source
1616Ambrose Barlow, recently graduated from the College of Saint Gregory, Douai, France, and the Royal College of Saint Alban in Valladolid, Spain, enters the Order of Saint Benedict. In 1641 he will be martyred in England.source
1616John Speed publishes an edition of his Atlas of Britain, with descriptive text in Latin.source
1616Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, known as Allameh Majlesi, is born in the city of Isfahan.source
1616Francis de Sales' literary masterpiece Treatise on the Love of God is published, while he is Bishop of Geneva.source
1616Orlando Gibbons' anthem See, the Word is Incarnate is written.source
1616John Donne is appointed as Reader in Divinity at his old inn of court in London, Lincoln's Inn.source
1616In Tunis, the mosque of Youssef Deyis is built. It is completed with an octagonal minaret crowned with a miniature green-tiled pyramid for a roof.source
1616Johannes Valentinus Andreae claims to be the author of Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosencreutz Anno 1459 published in Strasbourg.source
1616Istanbul's Sultan Ahmed Mosque (also known as the Blue Mosque) is completed during the rule of Ahmed I.source
1616Johan Friis and Karen Krabbe presents a new pulpit to Otterup Church.Denmark source
1617March 7 – Francis Bacon is appointed as Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England and is designated by King James I to serve as regent during the time that the King of England is away from Westminster to travel to Scotland.source
1617May 26 – Eliya VIII becomes the new Patriarch of the Church of the East and leader of the Christians of Mesopotamia.source
1617May 27 – In Germany, the Prince-Bishops of Bamberg, Eichstädt and Würzburg, and the Prince-Provost of Ellwangen, withdraw their states from the Catholic League.source
1617June – Contention of the bards: Teige MacDaire in a letter to Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh and the northern poets proposes a decisive face-to-face poetic disputation.Ireland source
1617September 1 – The weighing ceremony of Jahangir is described by the first English ambassador to the Mughal court, Sir Thomas Roe.source
1617October 17 – proclamation ordering banishment of Roman Catholic priests educated abroad.Ireland source
1617Trinity Church begins construction in Kristianstad, then a part of the Kingdom of Denmark.Denmark source
1617Barnabe Rich publishes The Irish Hubbub, or the English Hue and Crie.Ireland source
1618February 26 – Osman II deposes his uncle Mustafa I as Ottoman sultan (until 1622).source
1618October 9 – Residents of Mogilev revolt against Uniate bishop Josaphat Kuntsevych.source
1618November 13 – The Synod of Dort has its first meeting.source
1619May 8 – The Synod of Dort has its final meeting.source
1619May 13 – Anne of Denmark, queen consort of England, is buried at Westminster Abbey.source
1619August 28 – Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria and King of Bohemia, is elected Holy Roman Emperor unanimously by the prince-electors.source
16193 October – Lancelot Bulkeley is consecrated Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland), an office he will hold until 1650.Ireland source
1620June 3 – The oldest stone church in French North America, Notre-Dame-des-Anges, is begun at Quebec City in modern-day Canada.source
162012 December – the title of Earl of Antrim is created in the Peerage of Ireland in favour of Randal MacDonnell, Viscount Dunluce.Ireland source
1620Juan Pablo Bonet, teacher of deaf children in the Spanish court, creates a sign alphabet.source
1620The title of Viscount Grandison is created in the Peerage of Ireland in favour of Oliver St John, Lord Deputy of Ireland.Ireland source
1621January 29 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares the Elector of the Palatinate, Frederick V, to be a traitor to the Empire.source
1621February 9 – Papal Conclave of 1621: Pope Gregory XV succeeds Pope Paul V, as the 234th pope.source
1621May 24 – The Protestant Union is formally dissolved.source
1621Maribo Abbey closes, and its lands eventually become part of Sorø AcademyDenmark source
1621Benedictine Congregation of Saint Maur established.France source
1621Soumenkielinen virskirja, a Finnish language psalm book, by Olof Elimaeus.Sweden source
1622January 7 – The Holy Roman Empire and Transylvania sign the Peace of Nikolsburg.source
1622March 12 – Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Ávila, Isidore the Farmer and Philip Neri are canonized by Pope Gregory XV.source
162223 May – Nathaniel Butter begins publication in London of Newes from Most Parts of Christendom or Weekly News from Italy, Germany, Hungaria, Bohemia, the Palatinate, France and the Low Countries, one of the first regular English language newspapers.England source
1622September 5 – Armand Jean du Plessis becomes Cardinal Richelieu.source
1622Albertus Magnus is beatified, and Teresa of Ávila is canonized, by the Roman Catholic Church.source
1622Vicariate Apostolic of England (and Wales) is established.England source
1622Compagnie Ordinaire de la Mer established by Cardinal Richelieu.France source
1622Thomas Dease is consecrated Roman Catholic Bishop of Meath, returning to Ireland from Paris.Ireland source
1623January 21 – Viscount Falkland, England's Lord Deputy of Ireland, issues a proclamation ordering all Roman Catholic priests to leave Ireland, affecting negotiations over the "Spanish match" (which resume in March).source
1623June 20 – order issued requiring civic officials to take the Oath of Supremacy and enforcing excommunication against those who have relapsed.Ireland source
1623June 29 – Malcolm Hamilton is consecrated Church of Ireland Archbishop of Cashel.Ireland source
1623August 6 – 1623 papal conclave: Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) succeeds Pope Gregory XV, as the 235th pope.source
1623October 9 – Kara Mustafa Pasha is replaced as the Ottoman Governor of Egypt on orders of Sultan Murad IV.source
1623October 20 – Cardinal Antonio Marcello Barberini informs Galileo Galilei that his brother, the newly-enthroned Pope Urban VIII, wishes to receive a visit from Galileo.source
1623Procopius' long-lost Secret History is rediscovered, in the Vatican Library.source
1623Frederick III, then Prince Frederick, becomes administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, a title which he held until being expelled by the Catholic League in 1629, and then regained from 1635 to 1645.Denmark source
1623The title of Viscount Magennis of Iveagh is created for the chief of the clan Magennis.Ireland source
16246 January – Étienne Ier d'Aligre becomes Keeper of the Seals of France.France source
1624January 21 – proclamation ordering all Catholic Church ecclesiastics to leave Ireland within 40 days; suspended after a month.Ireland source
1624January 24 – Afonso Mendes, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa.source
1624February 28 – A decree is issued in Norway making it illegal for Jesuits or Roman Catholic monks to be harbored in the country.source
1624March 25 – In a ceremony, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, renews his oath to restore Catholicism in Germany, Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia.source
1624April 29 – Louis XIII of France appoints Cardinal Richelieu to the Conseil du Roi (Royal Council).source
162429 April – Louis XIII appoints Cardinal Richelieu to the Conseil du Roi (Royal Council).France source
1624May 25 – The Scottish city of Dunfermline is destroyed by fire, but The Abbey, The Palace, the Abbot House and many other buildings survive.source
1624August 13 – Cardinal Richelieu is appointed by Louis XIII of France to be his chief minister, having intrigued against Charles de La Vieuville, Superintendent of Finances, arrested for corruption the previous day.source
162413 August – Cardinal Richelieu is appointed by Louis XIII to be his chief minister, having intrigued against Charles de La Vieuville, Superintendent of Finances, arrested for corruption the previous day.France source
1624September 4 – The Parlement of Paris registers a decree forbidding the publication of criticism of "anciently approved authors" without prior approval from the Faculty of Theology of the University of Paris, on pain of death.source
1624September 11: The royal secretary Göran Bähr is hung for his apostasy of the Protestant religion.Sweden source
1624September 21 – The Roman Catholic church's Dicastery for the Clergy issues a decree that no monk may be expelled from his order "unless he be truly incorrigible."source
1624October 3 – A combined squadron of fifteen Neapolitan (Spain), Tuscan, and Papal galleys defeat a squadron of six Algerian ships on the island of San Pietro, near Sardinia. (details)source
1624The German-language Luther Bible is publicly burned, by order of the Pope.source
1624Congregation of the Mission settles in the Collège des Bons Enfants in Paris.France source
1625February 6 – Bogislaw XIV becomes the final Duke of Pomerania, an office that becomes extinct after his death in 1637.source
1625February 8 – Hafız Ahmed Pasha is designated as the new grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Murad IV, 11 days after the death of Çerkes Mehmed Pasha.source
1625March 21 – James Ussher is appointed Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland) and Primate of All Ireland.source
1625April 7 – Albrecht von Wallenstein is appointed German supreme commander of the armies of Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.source
1625The first members of the Society of Jesus move to Quebec, Canada.source
1626February 11 – Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia and Patriarch Afonso Mendes declare the primacy of the Roman See over the Ethiopian Church, and Roman Catholicism the state religion of Ethiopia.source
1626November 18 – The new St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is consecrated, on the 1,300th anniversary of the previous church in 326.source
1626Hans Poulsen Resen succeeds Christen Sørensen Longomontanus as rector of the University of Copenhagen.Denmark source
1627November 7 – Shahryar Mirza, the 22-year-old son of Jahangir and son-in-law of Jahangir's widow Nur Jahan, is installed as the new Mughal Emperor at Lahore.source
1627Muircheartach Óg Ó Cíonga is employed by William Bedell, Provost of Trinity College Dublin, to teach Irish to the Protestants studying there.Ireland source
1627The parish of Iisalmi is formed around Gustav Adolf Church.Sweden source
1627Katedralskolan ( 'The Cathedral School) is founded in Linköping.Sweden source
16281 January – the first seminarians enter into residence at the Irish College in Rome, established by Cardinal Ludovisi.Ireland source
16283 January – Ambrogio Spinola summoned to Spain.Belgium source
1628April 8 – A decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites of the Roman Catholic Church is made to prohibit the veneration of saints whose sanctity has not been declared by the Holy See.source
1628April 26 – Cardinal Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni is appointed as the Governor of Rome by Pope Urban VIII.source
1628Publication of Sir Edward Coke's Institutes of the Lawes of England begins with A Commentary upon Littleton. This will remain an influential legal text on both sides of the Atlantic for three centuries.source
1629January 28 – Sam Mirza, son of the late Mohammad Baqer Mirza and grandson of Abbas the Great, is crowned as the new Shah of Persia and takes the regnal name Safi.source
1629March 6 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Restitution, ordering all Catholic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 to be restored. The Edict further provides that Catholics and Lutherans (but not Calvinists, Hussites or members of other sects) are to be allowed to practice their faith.source
1629Anthony van Dyck, The Vision of the Blessed Hermann JosephBelgium source
1630January 11 – Otto III and his brother William Augustus, both, Dukes of Brunswick-Harburg, sell their rights to inherit rule of Brunswick-Lüneburg to Prince Christian in return for their debts of more than 150,000 thaler being paid.source
163012 March – Infanta Isabella grants permission for the civic Latin school in Mechelen to become the Oratorian CollegeBelgium source
163027 March – The first regulation regarding the Dannebrog Splitflag in which King Christian IV ordered that Norwegian Defensionskibe (armed merchant ships) may only use the Splitflag if they are in Danish-Norwegian war service.Norway source
1630June 4 – Scottish-born Presbyterian (and former physician) Alexander Leighton is brought before Archbishop William Laud's Star Chamber court in London for publishing the seditious pamphlet An Appeale to the Parliament, or, Sions Plea Against the Prelacy, an attack on Anglican bishops (printed in the Netherlands, 1628). He is sentenced to be pilloried and whipped, have his ears cropped, one side of his nose slit, and his face branded with "SS" (for "sower of sedition"), to be imprisoned, and be degraded from holy orders.source
1630July 30 – John Winthrop helps in founding a church in Massachusetts, which will later become known as First Church in Boston.source
1630December 3 – (28 Rabi II 1040 AH) Abd Allah ibn Hasan is selected as the new Emir of Mecca after the death from tuberculosis of Mas'ud ibn Idris.source
1630In the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan's Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is consecrated (completed 1635).source
1630The Vision of the Blessed Hermann JosephBelgium source
1630Madonna and Child with Two DonorsBelgium source
1630Jørgen Ringnis completes an elaborately carved new pulpit for Nakskov Church.Denmark source
1630Lismore Cathedral is destroyed.Ireland source
1630Mícheál Ó Cléirigh's Félire na naomh nÉrennach ("Calendar of Irish Saints" or "Martyrology of Donegal") is completed.Ireland source
163130 January – Gaston, Duke of Orléans, breaks with Cardinal Richelieu and leaves the court.France source
16318 February – Council of Flanders reissues a 1605 clarification of their 1601 proclamation on the production and sale of brandywine, prohibiting innkeepers and tavernkeepers from distilling brandywine, and brandywine distillers from selling retail except to medical professionals.Belgium source
1631March 10 – Al Walid ben Zidan becomes the new Sultan of Morocco upon the death of Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II.source
163122 March – Detailed proclamation on hunting in the County of Flanders issued in Brussels.Belgium source
1631June 17 – The death in childbirth of Mumtaz Mahal at Burhanpur causes her husband Shah Jahan to commission the Taj Mahal at Agra, as a mausoleum for her. Construction is started in 1632, and finished in 1653.source
16311 September–10 October – National Synod of Charenton of the Protestant Reformed Church of France at Charenton-le-Pont.France source
1631December 22 – the titles of Viscount Clanmalier and Baron Phillipstown are created in the Peerage of Ireland in favour of Terence O'Dempsey.Ireland source
1631Moses Amyraut's Traite des Religions.source
1631Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke.source
1631Membership of the Walloon Province (Provincia Gallo-Belgica) of the Society of Jesus peaks at 856.Belgium source
1631Worshipful Company of Clockmakers established in London.England source
1632June 25 – Fasilides, Emperor of Ethiopia in succession to his father Susenyos, declares the state religion of the country again to be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and confiscates the lands of the Jesuit missionaries, relegating them to Fremona.source
163225 June ¬– Circular from the Infanta Isabella brands Bergh a traitor.Belgium source
163222 August – Fall of Maastricht: Brabantine lordship of the city lost to the Dutch Republic; the Prince-Bishop of Liège retains his share in the lordship.Belgium source
1632September 3 – The last executions of Christians in Japan take place as four Spanish missionaries (including Augustinin friar Bartholomew Gutierrez) and two Japanese converts are burned alive in Nagasaki. They are beatified in 1867 as the last of the 205 Martyrs of Japan.source
163218 September – Cardinal de la Cueva, Spanish ambassador, leaves Brussels.Belgium source
1632King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland forbids anti-Semitic books and printings.source
1632The rural parish of Loppi was founded.source
1632Compilation of the Annals of the Four Masters begins at Donegal.Ireland source
1633January 12 – Congregation of the Mission founded by Vincent de Paul is constituted as a congregation by the pope in the bull Salvatoris nostri.France source
1633February 6 – the formal coronation of Władysław IV Vasa as King of Poland takes place at the cathedral in Kraków. He had been elected as king on November 8.source
1633February 28 – Pierre Séguier becomes Keeper of the Seals of France (until 1650).France source
163324 April – Great Council of Mechelen sentences René de Renesse, 1st Count of Warfusée to perpetual banishment and forfeiture of all goods for his role in the Conspiracy of Nobles.Belgium source
1633June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, according to Anglican rite in his first visit to Scotland since early childhood, although he has been Scottish monarch since 1625.source
1633June 22 – the Roman Catholic Church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the Solar System. According to legend, he claims Eppur si muove.source
1633June 25 – Beginning of Vincent de Paul’s regular Tuesday ecclesiastical conferences.France source
1633August 6 – William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.source
16336 August – William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.England source
1633The Jews of Poznań are granted the privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter.source
1633St Columb's Cathedral, Derry, Ireland, the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe, is completed.source
1633Mission San Luis de Apalachee is built in the New World by two Spanish friars.source
1633Emperor of Ethiopia Fasilides expels Jesuit missionaries.source
1633St Columb's Cathedral, Derry is completed; the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe.Ireland source
1634January 12 – After suspecting that he will be dismissed, Albrecht von Wallenstein, supreme commander of the Holy Roman Empire's Army, demands that his colonels sign a declaration of personal loyalty.source
1634January 24 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a classified order dismissing Albrecht von Wallenstein, the supreme commander of the Imperial Army.source
1634February 18 – Emperor Ferdinand II's dismissal of Commander Wallenstein for high treason, and the order for his capture, dead or alive, is made public.source
1634March 26 – Giorgio Bolognetti is appointed Apostolic Nuncio to France.France source
163423 May – Gaspard Nemius appointed bishop of Antwerp.Belgium source
1634October 8 – Gaston, Duke of Orléans, leaves Brussels and returns to Paris. On October 21 at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, he swears before the king "to love the cardinal as much as he had hated him".France source
1634November 17 – Cardinal Mazarin, named apostolic nuncio extraordinary on August 19, arrives in Paris to negotiate restitution of the estates of the Duke of Lorraine and to reconcile France and the Habsburgs, taking up his duties on November 26.France source
1634December 8 – Francesco Niccolini obtains an audience with Pope Urban VIII and pleads him to reconsider the Church's punishment of astronomer Galileo Galilei. The Pope replies that although he esteems Galileo highly, nothing will change.source
1634December 16 – Gregorio Panzani, an emissary of Pope Urban VIII, is welcomed in England by King Charles I, marking the first time since England's break with the Roman Catholic Church that a monarch has received an agent of the Vatican.source
1634Suspecting that Patriarch Afonso Mendes played a part in the Portuguese assault on Mombasa, Emperor Fasilides expels him and several Jesuit missionaries from Ethiopia.source
1634Jørgen Ringnis completes an elaborately carved new pulpit for Stubbekøbing Church.Denmark source
1634Temple du Marais completed in Paris.France source
1634The Parliament of Ireland accepts the Thirty-Nine Articles under pressure from King Charles and Archbishop Laud.Ireland source
1635March 26 – Philipp Christoph von Sötern, the Archbishop-Elector of Trier, is taken prisoner in a surprise attack by Spanish Habsburg troops, leading to a declaration of war against Spain by France and the beginning of the Franco-Spanish War.source
163526 March – Ferdinand seizes Trier and has Archbishop-Elector Philipp Christoph von Sötern imprisoned.Belgium source
16352 May – Great Council of Mechelen condemns Guillaume de Melun, Prince of Espinoy, in absentia as a traitor for his role in the Conspiracy of Nobles (1632).Belgium source
1635May – Without consulting the Parliament of Scotland, Charles I authorized a new Book of Canons, which among others made him the head of the Church of Scotland.Scotland source
163522 July – Gaspard Nemius consecrated bishop of Antwerp in Antwerp Cathedral.Belgium source
1635November 15 – Thomas Parr, dead at the alleged age of 152, is buried in Westminster Abbey.source
1635December 23 – Shah Jahan, Emperor of India's Mughal Empire, issues a decree against Portuguese Jesuits, ordering that the Agra Church be demolished and barring them from attempting to convert Hindus and Muslims to the Christian faith, but allows them to conduct their religious ceremonies in private.source
1635In the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan's Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is completed.source
1635Publication of the 1635 edition of Scottish Psalter.Scotland source
1636May 31 – proclamation regulating the production of linen yarn.Ireland source
163617 July – People of Liège appeal to Pope Urban VIII against imperial troops called in by prince-bishop Ferdinand.Belgium source
1636August 12 – following a public disputation in Belfast, Henry Leslie, Church of Ireland Bishop of Down and Connor, sentences Edward Brice, Henry Calvert, James Hamilton, John Ridge and one other non-subscribing Presbyterian minister to silence.Ireland source
1636November 5 – English theologian Henry Burton preaches two sermons on Guy Fawkes Day, heavily critical of the Anglican bishops, and is soon summoned before the Star Chamber.source
1636Establishment of Kohra (estate) by Babu Himmat Sah.source
1636The first synagogue of the New World, Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue, is founded in Recife by the Dutch.source
1636Compilation of the Annals of the Four Masters is completed by Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, assisted by Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh, Fearfeasa Ó Maol Chonaire and Peregrine Ó Duibhgeannain, in the Franciscan friary in Donegal Town under the patronage of Fearghal Ó Gadhra.Ireland source
1637February 15 – Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor upon the death of his father, Ferdinand II, although his formal coronation does not take place until later in the year.source
1637February – Mícheál Ó Cléirigh seeks approbation for the text of the Annals of the Four Masters from Thomas Fleming, Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic), before carrying the manuscript to Leuven.Ireland source
1637March 25 – The Blessed Virgin is proclaimed Queen of Genoa.source
163713 May – Cardinal Richelieu invents the table knife by ordering his staff to round the edges off all his knives.France source
1637July 23 – Introduction of a new Scottish Prayer Book is met with widespread demonstrations, notably that of Jenny Geddes at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, who is said to have thrown a stool at the Dean's head.source
1637Laurentius Paulinus Gothus is made Archbishop of Uppsala and Primate of SwedenSweden source
163813 January – proclamation enforcing the monopoly on tobacco held by the Lord Deputy of Ireland, Sir Thomas Wentworth.Ireland source
163818 April – flogging of John Lilburne for refusing to swear an oath when brought before the court of Star Chamber for distributing Puritan publications.England source
1638June 27 – Patriarch Cyril of Constantinople is deposed for high treason, strangled and thrown into the sea by Janissaries, on Ottoman Sultan Murad IV's command.source
1638July 20 – Scottish Covenanters meet at Muchalls Castle to compose a response to the 14 demands of the Bishops of Aberdeen.source
163816 September – Jesuit College in Brussels stages Conversio S. AugustiniBelgium source
1638November 21 – The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is summoned to Glasgow, by King Charles I.source
1638December 18 – Cardinal Mazarin becomes the first adviser to French potentate Richelieu, on the death of Leclerc du Tremblay.source
1638December 18 – Cardinal Mazarin becomes premier adviser to Cardinal Richelieu on the death of François Leclerc du Tremblay (Père Joseph).France source
1638Jesper Brochmand is installed as Bishop of Zealand.Denmark source
1638Henrik Werner completes the Orebygård altarpiece.Denmark source
1638Peder Winstrup is installed as Bishop of Lund.Denmark source
163926 January – King Charles I raises (with difficulty) an army and begins to march north to fight the Scottish Covenanters in the First Bishops' War, opening the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.England source
1639April 22 – Pope Urban VIII issues a papal bull prohibiting slavery in the New World colonies of Spain and Portugal, encompassing most of Latin America.source
1639May 28 – King Charles I of England arrives with his army at Berwick-upon-Tweed as the first of the Bishops' Wars breaks out between the English Army and the Scottish Covenanters.source
163919 June – Treaty of Berwick signed between the King and the Covenanters, ending the First Bishops' War.England source
1639July 1 – Parthenius I becomes the new leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church as he is selected as Patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Cyril II.source
163915 July – Great Council of Mechelen declares Louis of Egmont guilty of treasonBelgium source
1639September 12 – Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, Jansenist Abbé of Saint-Cyran, publishes Théologie familière, ou Instruction de ce que le Chrétien doit croire et faire en cette vie pour être sauvé in Paris.France source
1639French nobleman Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière obtains the seigneurial title to the island of Montreal in New France (modern-day Quebec) in the name of the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal to establish a Roman Catholic mission to evangelize indigenous peoples.source
1639Antoine Le Maistre, leader of the ascetic Solitaires of Port-Royal, returns to the abbey of Port-Royal-des-Champs.France source
1639Cardinal Richelieu suspends the États provinciaux of Provence after they refuse to register fiscal edicts. They are replaced by an Assemblée des communautés which brings together only representatives of the Third Estate.France source
1639Theobald Stapleton publishes (in Brussels) a catechism in the Early Modern Irish language, Catechismus seu doctrina christiana latino-hibernica or, in Irish, Cathcismus sen Adhon, an Teagasc Críostaí iar na foilsiú a Laidin & a Ngaoilaig. It is the first Roman Catholic book in which the Irish language is printed in the antiqua typeface and the first notable attempt to simplify Irish orthography.Ireland source
1639The Cathedral Hellig Trefoldigheds Kirke in Christiania completed (burned down in 1686).Norway source
164012 January – Thomas Wentworth becomes Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland and Earl of Strafford.England source
164017 January – John Finch becomes Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.England source
1640February 9 – Ibrahim I succeeds his brother Murad IV (r. 1623–1640) as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire; he will rule until his death in 1648.source
1640April 13 – The Short Parliament assembles, as King Charles I of England attempts to fund the second of the Bishops' Wars.source
164013 April – King Charles I summons the Short Parliament in an attempt to fund the Second Bishops' War against the Scottish Covenanters.England source
1640May 11/12 – Following the Short Parliament's dissolution, an angry and armed mob makes an attack on Lambeth Palace in London in the hope of killing the unpopular Archbishop William Laud.source
164018 December – Archbishop Laud impeached for treason.England source
1640Approximate date – Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh transcribes the only surviving copy of the Chronicon Scotorum.Ireland source
1641January 18 – The Junta de Braços (council of Estates) of the Principality of Catalonia, led by Pau Claris, accepts the proposal to establish the Catalan Republic under French protection.source
164118 January – The Junta de Braços (council of Estates) of the Principality of Catalonia, led by Pau Claris, accepts the proposal to establish the Catalan Republic under French protection.France source
1641March 7 – King Charles I of England decrees that all Roman Catholic priests must leave England by April 7 or face being arrested and treated as traitors.source
1641March 22 – The trial for high treason begins for Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, director of England's Council of the North.source
164122 March – the trial for high treason begins for Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, President of the Council of the North.England source
1641April 7 – The deadline for Catholic priests to leave England expires. Among those who refuse to leave, Ambrose Barlow and William Ward become martyrs. Barlow surrenders on Easter Sunday, April 25, and is hanged on September 10; he will be canonized as a saint in 1970. Ward is caught on July 15 and executed on July 26.source
1641April 15 – Aegidius Ursinus de Vivere is appointed by Pope Urban VIII to be the Roman Catholic Church's Patriarch of Jerusalem.source
1641May 12 – Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, former director of England's Council of the North, is publicly beheaded in London in front of a crowd of thousands of people.source
164112 May – Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, former President of the Council of the North, is publicly beheaded in London in front of a crowd of thousands.England source
16415 July - The town of Christianssand is formally founded by King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway.Norway source
1641November 22 – By a vote of 159 to 148, the Long Parliament of England passes the Grand Remonstrance, with 204 specific objections to King Charles I's absolutist tendencies, and calling for the King to expel all Anglican bishops from the House of Lords.source
1641December 16 – Pope Urban VIII announces the creation of 12 new cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church.source
1641December 23 – King Charles replies to the Grand Remonstrance and refuses the demand for the removal of bishops from the House of Lords. Rioting breaks out in Westminster after the King's refusal is announced, and the 12 Anglican bishops stop attending meetings of the Lords.source
1641December 27 – According to a journalist who witnesses the events, John Rushworth, the term "roundhead" is first used to describe supporters of the English Parliament who have challenged the authority of the monarchy. Rushworth writes later that during a riot on the 27th, one of the rioters, David Hide, draws his sword and, describing the short haircuts of the anti-monarchists, says that he would "cut the throat of those round-headed dogs that bawled against bishops."source
1641December 30 – At the request of King Charles, John Williams, the Anglican Archbishop of York joins with 11 other bishops in disputing the legality of any legislation passed by the House of Lords during the time that the bishops were excluded. The House of Commons passes a resolution to have the 12 bishops arrested. King Charles, in turn, issues an order on January 3 to have five members of the House of Commons arrested for treason.source
1641Christian IV's Chapel at Roskilde Cathedral is completed by Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger (finishing the work started by his brother Lorenz van Steenwinckel).Denmark source
1641Altarpiece of Maribo Cathedral.Denmark source
1641William Bedell, Church of Ireland Bishop of Kilmore, with other refugees is imprisoned and tortured by rebels at Cloughoughter Castle.Ireland source
1641Elias Fiigenschoug's portrait of Erik Iversen Nordal, is painted. (It is located in Leikanger Church, where Nordal served as priest from 1618 to 1658).Norway source
1642February 5 – The Bishops Exclusion Act is passed in England to prevent any member of the clergy from holding political office.source
164213 February – Charles assents to the Bishops Exclusion Act thereby removing all bishops from the House of Lords.England source
164217 March – a group of nobles sign the "Catholic Remonstrance" at Trim, County Meath addressed to King Charles I.Ireland source
164222 March – in a Catholic synod at Kells chaired by Hugh O'Reilly (Archbishop of Armagh), a majority of bishops proclaim that the rebellion is a just war.Ireland source
1642May 10 – In a Catholic synod at Kilkenny, bishops draft the Confederate Oath of Association, calling on Catholics to swear allegiance to King Charles I and to obey orders and decrees made by a "Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics", hence the Irish rebels of 1641 become known as Confederate Ireland.source
164210 May – in a Catholic synod at Kilkenny, bishops draft the Confederate Oath of Association, calling on Catholics to swear allegiance to Charles I and to obey orders and decrees made by a "Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics", hence the rebels become known as Confederate Ireland.Ireland source
1642May 17 – Ville-Marie (later Montreal) is founded as a permanent settlement.source
1642June 10 – Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Archbishop of Mexico, dismisses the Viceroy of New Spain, Diego López Pacheco, allegedly on orders of King Philip IV, and takes office as the new Viceroy. Palafox is in office for only five months before being recalled to Spain.source
164224 October – the first Confederate Assembly is held in Kilkenny where it sets up a provisional government, largely Catholic Royalist; start of the Irish Confederate Wars.Ireland source
1642Isaac Aboab da Fonseca is appointed rabbi in Pernambuco, Brazil, thus becoming the first rabbi of the Americas.source
1642The Presbytery of Ulster, a predecessor of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, is created by chaplains of the Presbyterian Scottish army in Ulster.Ireland source
1642As part of the Thirty Years' War, Lennart Torstensson, Count of Ortala, led the Swedish army in capturing Olomouc, in the Czech Republic, in June 1642. They destroyed many monuments, including the Hradisko Monastery, and rebuilt the city into a military fortress. Olomouc became the most important stronghold of Sweden during the Habsburg Monarchy.Sweden source
164314 February – Body of Marie de' Medici arrives in Liège on its journey to FranceBelgium source
164321 April – Maximilien Villain presides over a diocesan synod of the Diocese of TournaiBelgium source
1643July 1 – The Westminster Assembly of theologians ("divines") and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England.source
16431 July – the Westminster Assembly of theologians ("divines") and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England.England source
164318 August – Parliament passes "An Ordinance for Explanation of a former Ordinance for Sequestration of Delinquents Estates with some Enlargements", including an "Oath of Abjuration" of the Pope.England source
164326 August – Brussels Council of Finances issues specifications of coins to be considered legal tender.Belgium source
1643October 8 – The Shunzhi Emperor of China is crowned at five years old, 17 days after the death of his father and the decision of the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers.source
164320 December – Ottavio Piccolomini appointed commander in chief of the Army of FlandersBelgium source
1643Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, places the first Mount Royal Cross atop Mount Royal above Montreal.source
1643Chapel of Our Lady of the Thorn, Heffen, built to house a miraculous image of the Blessed Virgin Mary that had previously been attached to a treeBelgium source
1643The first printed book in Norway; "Allmanach paa det aar efter Jesu Christi Fødsel 1644" is printed and published for the first time.Norway source
1644January – Oliver Cromwell and his soldiers impose a Puritanical regime of worship at Ely Cathedral.England source
1644September 15 – Pope Innocent X succeeds Pope Urban VIII, becoming the 236th pope.source
16441644 Baptist Confession of Faith drawn up in London.England source
1645January 3 – The Long Parliament adopts the Directory for Public Worship in England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, replacing the Book of Common Prayer (1559). Holy Days (other than Sundays) are not to be observed.source
16453 January – the Long Parliament adopts A Directory for the Publique Worship of God throughout the Three Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Together with an Ordinance of Parliament for the taking away of the Book of Common-Prayer, and for Establishing and Observing of this Present Directory throughout the Kingdom of England and the Dominion of Wales, drawn up by a parliamentary subcommittee appointed by it, replacing the Book of Common Prayer. Holy Days (other than Sundays) are not to be observed.England source
164510 January – Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud executed for treason on Tower Hill, London.England source
1645November 20 – The Colegio de Santo Tomas is elevated by Pope Innocent X into the University of Santo Tomas, in his brief In Supreminenti. It has the oldest extant University Charter in the Philippines, as well as the whole of Asia.source
1645Regarding the Chinese Rites controversy, Rome's Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith sided with the Dominicans over the Jesuit in 1645 by condemning the Chinese rites based on their brief, rendering them incompatible with Roman Catholic faithChina source
1645The Society of Jesus establishes a school in Galway, the predecessor of Coláiste Iognáid.Ireland source
1646January 20 – Francesco Molin is elected as the 99th Doge of Venice after 23 ballots, and governs the Venetian Republic for nine years until his death in 1655.source
164628 March – the first "Ormonde Peace": the Supreme Council of the Irish Catholic Confederation signs an agreement with James Butler, Marquess of Ormonde, as lieutenant of Charles I of England which would procure some rights for Catholics in return for their military support of the royalists in England, but this is renounced by the Confederation's General Assembly.Ireland source
1646April 24 – The Union of Uzhorod brings the Ruthenian Greek Orthodox Church into the fold of the Catholic Church while allowing it to retain its Eastern and Rusyn character.source
1646August 19 – The Westminster Assembly of Divines, meeting in London, approves a resolution to begin the drawing up of the Westminster Confession of Faith, declaring that "These heads of Faith, Repentance, and Good Works shall be referred to the three Committees in their order to prepare something upon them for the Confession of Faith."; the draft is printed and sent to the Parliament of England in December.source
1646August – The Westminster Assembly of Divines begins to draw up the Westminster Confession of Faith; the draft is printed and sent to Parliament in December.England source
1646October 9 – The Anglican episcopacy is formally abolished by an act of England's Parliament.source
1646October 28 – The first Protestant church assembly for Native Americans (specifically, the Waban people) is held in Massachusetts.source
1646October – Anglican episcopacy formally abolished.England source
1646November 16 – Following up on the abolition of the episcopacy, Parliament passes an act to sell the bishops' lands across the Commonwealth.source
1646Un miracle du frère Francisco by Bartolomé Esteban MurilloFrance source
1646Question celebre. S'il est nécessaire, ou non, que les filles soient sçavantes by Anna Maria van SchurmanFrance source
1646Construction begins on the Church of Saint-Sulpice, founded by parish priest Jean-Jacques OlierFrance source
1646The transept stained glass windows of Saint-Étienne Cathedral in Sens are installedFrance source
1646Carl Gustaf Wrangel appointed the new leader of the Swedish army.Sweden source
1647January 7 – The Westminster Assembly begins debating the biblical proof texts, to support the new Confession of Faith.source
1647December 28 – King Charles of England promises a church reform. This agreement leads to the Second English Civil War.source
1647The word Geysir is first used in Iceland, by Bishop Sveinsson.source
1648January 15 – Manchu invaders of China's Fujian province capture Spanish Dominican priest Francisco Fernández de Capillas, torture him and then behead him. Capillas will be canonized more than 350 years later in 2000 in the Roman Catholic Church as one of the Martyr Saints of China.source
1648May 12 – Construction of the Kaunghmudaw Pagoda is completed in the Kingdom of Burma on the 6th waning of Kason, 1010, near the end of the reign of King Thalun. Hmannan Yazawinsource
164812 August - King Frederick III was hailed as King of Norway in Christiania.Norway source
1648August – The Cambridge Platform, a new, localized system of Christian church governance, is agreed upon and written down in New England.source
1648George Fox founds the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in England.source
1648Approximate date – a Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) begins to form around George Fox.England source
16487–18 November – the New Model Army's General Council, convening at St Albans Abbey, debates and adopts the "Remonstrance of General Fairfax and the Council of Officers", largely drawn up by Henry Ireton, proclaiming the sovereignty of the people and calling for a trial of the King. On 20 November, a delegation of officers present the Remonstrance to Parliament.England source
1648Lauritz Galte was ennobled, and given the noble family name Galtung.Norway source
1649September 2 – The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.source
165020 April – Governor General Leopold William lays the foundation stone of the new pilgrimage church in Jezus-EikBelgium source
165023 June – Charles arrives in Scotland (at Garmouth) where he signs the Covenant.England source
165016 July – New regulations issued for the book trade in the city of BrusselsBelgium source
165030 October – the Religious Society of Friends acquires the nickname "Quakers" when the judge at George Fox's blasphemy trial says that they "tremble at the word of the Lord".England source
1650Cloister of St. Bernard's Abbey, Hemiksem, completedBelgium source
1650Jean-Baptiste della Faille appointed president of the Council of FlandersBelgium source
1650Hans Nielsen Bang completes a pulpit for Skeby Church.Denmark source
1650Jørgen Ringnis completes an altarpiece for Torkilstrup Church.Denmark source
165128 February – Philip IV prohibits the dissemination or defence of the doctrines condemned by Pope Urban VIII in the 1642 bull In eminentiBelgium source
1651March 6 – The town of Kajaani is founded by Count Per Brahe the Younger.source
165120 March – Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria lays the foundation stone of the new Capuchin church in Brussels, designed by Fr Charles of Brussels.Belgium source
165123 March – Brussels Privy Council issues a proclamation on behalf of Philip IV prohibiting his subjects from contributing to the building of Protestant churches in Dutch territoryBelgium source
165127 March – Proclamation in Liège revaluing 16-sou coins at 12 sous and prohibiting foreign copper coinsBelgium source
165126 May – Council of Brabant issues a decree regulating the production, distribution and consumption of aqua vitae in the Duchy of BrabantBelgium source
165112 October – Maximilian Henry of Bavaria installed as Prince-Bishop of LiègeBelgium source
1651December – the Fifth Monarchists emerge as a separate sect when a group of preachers including Christopher Feake, John Rogers and John Simpson meet in London and, disillusioned by the apparent failure of Parliament to further the "Godly Revolution", agree a programme of action to support their objectives, including active resistance to the government.England source
1651The Madanmohan-jiu Temple is built at Samta (India), a village in the Howrah district of West Bengal.source
1651The House of the Holy Ghost in Copenhagen is turned over to the Church of the Holy Ghost.Denmark source
165210 January – Proclamation in Liège banishing brigands, vagabonds and beggars from the territoryBelgium source
1652February 12 – Oliver Cromwell, England's Lord Protector, announces that his Council of Scotland will regulate church affairs as part of the Terms of Incorporation of Scotland into England, and eliminates Presbyterianism as Scotland's state religion.source
165217 April – Brussels Council of Finances relaxes restrictions on the importation of English cloth, but limiting imports to Ostend.Belgium source
165214 July – Jacobus de la Torre consecrates the new Capuchin church in Brussels, designed by Fr Charles of Brussels.Belgium source
1652Katharina Pepijn, Portrait of Johannes Chrysostomus vander Sterre, Abbot of St. Michael's Abbey, AntwerpBelgium source
1652Erik Brockenhuus of Lerbæk Manor presents a chalice created by Claus Christensen (Odense) to Hover Church.Denmark source
1653January 3 – By the Coonan Cross Oath, the Eastern Church in India cuts itself off from colonial Portuguese tutelage.source
1653January 6 – a law declares any Roman Catholic priest in Ireland to be guilty of treason.Ireland source
16533 February – Cardinal Mazarin returns to Paris from exile.France source
165331 May – Pope Innocent X's bull Cum occasione published in the Spanish NetherlandsBelgium source
16537 July – Council of Guelders prohibits gypsies and vagrants from congregating around the pilgrimage site KevelaerBelgium source
1653December 7 – The Moti Masjid, an Islamic mosque made completely of white marble and within the walls of the Agra Fort in what is now the city of Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, is dedicated by the Mughal Emperor, Shah Jahan, on 16 Muharram 1064.source
1653December 16 – The Instrument of Government in England becomes Britain's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled English Council of State. This is the start of The First Protectorate, bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the Commonwealth of England.source
165316 December – Instrument of Government: Britain's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, being advised by a remodelled Council of State. This is the start of The First Protectorate, bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the Commonwealth of England.England source
1653December 16 – Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.Ireland source
1653Pieter Neefs the Younger, Interior of Antwerp CathedralBelgium source
1653Sir Robert Shirley has a new parish church built at Staunton Harold in Leicestershire.England source
165420 March – establishment of Commission of Triers which will fill empty Anglican benefices with Puritan ministers.England source
1654May 5 – Cromwell's Act of Grace, officially the Act of Pardon and Grace to the People of Scotland, is proclaimed at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh.source
1654August 22 – Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam: 23 Sephardic Jews arrive as refugees from Brazil and settle in New Amsterdam, forming the nucleus of what will be the second largest urban Jewish community in history, that of New York City, and of Congregation Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in North America.source
165413 September – Ambrosius Capello consecrated as bishop of AntwerpBelgium source
16543 November – Prince-bishop of Liège posthumously rehabilitates Pierre de Bex, executed in 1651Belgium source
165413 December – Jean de Wachtendonck consecrated as bishop of NamurBelgium source
16556 February – Vuku Church is consecrated.Norway source
1655April 7 – Pope Alexander VII (born Fabio Chigi) succeeds Pope Innocent X, as the 237th pope.source
1655July – Henry Cromwell, son of Oliver, is appointed as major-general of the forces in Ireland and a member of the Irish council of state. After the Lord Deputy, Charles Fleetwood, departs for England in September, Henry Cromwell de facto takes over that role also.Ireland source
165531 October – Jurisdiction over Herstal transferred from Philip IV to the Prince-Bishopric of LiègeBelgium source
1655December 4 – Middelburg, the Netherlands forbids the building of a synagogue.source
1655December 27 – Second Northern War/the Deluge: Monks at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Częstochowa are successful in fending off a month-long siege.source
16554–18 December – Whitehall Conference convened by Cromwell to debate the Resettlement of the Jews in England.England source
1656March 7 – The First War of Villmergen in the Confederation of Switzerland ends with a peace agreement, mediated by France and the Duchy of Savoy, between the Protestant and Roman Catholic cantons.source
1656March 23 – Roman Catholic Pope Alexander VII issues a decree ending the Chinese Rites controversy between Jesuit missionaries (who tolerate the rites as compatible with Catholicism) and Dominican and Franciscan missionaries (who consider the Chinese rituals incompatible). The Pope rules that practices ""favorable to Chinese customs", including Confucianism and ancestor worship, can be accepted as compatible with Catholic rites.source
1656April 1 – John II Casimir Vasa, King of Poland, crowns the Black Madonna of Częstochowa as Queen and Protector of Poland in the cathedral of Lwów, after the miraculous saving of the Jasna Góra Monastery during the Deluge, an event which changed the course of the Second Northern War. The King swears a vow, the Lwów Oath, pledging to protect Poland's people from being conquered again.source
1656April 1 – Lwów Oath: John II Casimir Vasa, King of Poland, grands the title of the "Queen and Protector of Poland", to the painting Black Madonna of Częstochowa in the cathedral of Lwów after the saving of the Jasna Góra Monastery during the Deluge, an event which changed the course of the Second Northern War.Sweden source
1656May 17 – In elections by the nobility of Venice for the Leader of the Venetian Republic, Francesco Cornaro defeats Bertuccio Valier. Cornaro dies less than three weeks later, on June 5.source
1656July 27 – A Writ of Excommunication is issued against Baruch Spinoza.source
1656Cromwellian soldier William Morris becomes a Quaker, founding a meeting at Belturbet, County Cavan, before returning to his home at Castle Salem, Cork.Ireland source
1656Halsnøy Kloster, a prospect of Halsnøy Abbey was painted by Elias Fiigenschoug, it is regarded as the first Norwegian landscape painting.Norway source
1656The case of Karin Svensdotter, who claimed to have sexual relations with a fairy.Sweden source
1657May 8 – Lord Protector Cromwell confirms his refusal of the crown of England, preferring the title "Lord Protector".source
16578 May – Cromwell formally rejects the offer to become King.England source
1657June 1 – The first eleven Quaker settlers arrive in New Amsterdam (later New York City), and are allowed to practice their faith.source
165726 June – Andreas Creusen installed as Archbishop of MechelenBelgium source
165726 June – Parliament reinforces the "Oath of Abjuration": anyone refusing to swear an oath to renounce the Pope's supremacy is to be "adjudged a Papist" and suffer confiscation of two-thirds of their property.England source
1657Katharina Pepijn, Portrait of Norbertus van Couwerven, Abbot of St Michael's Abbey, AntwerpBelgium source
1658June 3 – Pope Alexander VII appoints François de Laval vicar apostolic of New France.source
16589 June – In a letter to the king, citizens of Copenhagen make a demand for special privileges and a City Council of 32 men.Denmark source
1658July 18 – Prince Leopold of the House of Habsburg, son of the late Ferdinand III, is elected as the new Holy Roman Emperor.source
1658September 3 – Richard Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland upon the death of his father, Oliver Cromwell.Ireland source
1658The pulpit in the Stavanger Cathedral is carved by Andrew Lawrenceson Smith.Norway source
1659February 16 – The first known cheque (400 pounds) is written.source
165916 February – the first known cheque (400 pounds) is written.England source
16596 April – Council of Officers petitions Parliament to oppose Royalists and make up arrears of army pay.England source
165914 April – The first meeting in CopenhagenCouncil of 32 Men is held.Denmark source
165918 April – Cromwell dissolves the Council of Officers and orders its members to leave London.England source
16597 May – Rump Parliament reassembles at the invitation of the Council of Officers and appoints a Committee of Safety to form the executive until a new Council of State is appointed on 19 May.England source
165925 May – Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector after the Rump promises to pay his debts and a pension. The executive government is replaced by the restored Council of State, dominated by Generals John Lambert, Charles Fleetwood (Richard Cromwell's brother-in-law) and John Desborough.England source
165913 October – the Council of State is dismissed by the Rump Parliament and Lambert excludes the Rump Parliament from the Palace of Westminster.England source
165925 October – the Committee of Safety replaces the Council of State.England source
1659Parisian police raid a monastery, sending monks to prison for eating meat and drinking wine during Lent.source
1660January 31 – The Rump Parliament confirms the promotion of Colonel George Monck to the rank of General and he receives the commission of rank while at St Albans.source
166019 May – the newly restored Church of England Convocation of the English Clergy canonises King Charles I as King Charles the Martyr and Saint Charles Stuart, the only saint formally canonised within the Anglican Communion.England source
1660August 16 – an Indemnity and Oblivion Act is sent to Ireland by Sir Paul Davys, granting indemnities to those who had been active in the Interregnum.Ireland source
1660August 19 – Dr Edward Stanley preaches a sermon in the nave of Winchester Cathedral, to commemorate the return of the Chapter, following the English Restoration.source
1660September 16 – Juan Francisco Leiva y de la Cerda arrives in Mexico City as the new Viceroy of New Spain.source
1660September – William Juxon appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury.England source
166013 October – Bishop Hans Svane publicly offers the Heraldry Kingdom to the annulment of the Håndfæstning, and the institution of absolute monarchy is instituted by decree.Denmark source
166025 October – King Charles proposes that some Presbyterian ministers become bishops to heal rifts in the Church; the plan is later abandoned.England source
1660First synagogue in Ireland established in Dublin.Ireland source
166130 January – the bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton, John Bradshaw and Thomas Pride are exhumed and subjected to a posthumous execution. Oliver Cromwell's head (with the others') is placed on a spike above the Palace of Westminster.England source
1661March 9 – Following the death of his mentor, Cardinal Jules Mazarin, who had been Minister of State since before the birth of King Louis XIV, King Louis, now 22, starts to rule independently without need for a regent.source
1661April 23 (May 3 N.S.) – King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey.source
166123 April – Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland is crowned King in Westminster Abbey. A new St Edward's Crown is made for the occasion.England source
1661April 23 – Charles II of England, Ireland and Scotland receives his second crowning, in Westminster Abbey.Ireland source
1661May 11 – The Indian city and territory of Bombay is ceded by Portugal to England in accordance with the dowry of King Joao IV of Portugal for the marriage of his daughter Catherine to King Charles II of England.source
1661October 6 – Guru Har Krishan becomes eighth of the ten Sikh gurus, and at age 5 the youngest, following the death of his father Guru Har Rai.source
16617 October – Guru Har Krishan becomes the eighth Sikh guru, Guru JiIndia source
1661December – convocations at Canterbury and York complete the new Anglican Prayer Book (imposed by law in 1662).England source
1661The Thirteen Offices are eliminated (and eunuch Wu Liangfu executed) by Oboi and the other regents in March 1661.China source
1661The Book of Kells is presented to Trinity College Dublin.Ireland source
1661The Bishopric of Limerick in the Church of Ireland is combined with Ardfert and Aghadoe to form the united bishopric of Limerick, Ardfert and Aghadoe, Edward Synge being the first bishop.Ireland source
1662May 19 – The Act of Uniformity 1662, officially "An Act for the uniformity of common prayer and service in the Church, and administration of the sacraments", is given royal assent after being passed by the English Parliament to regulate the form of public prayers, sacraments, and other rites of the Church of England to conform with the newest edition of the Book of Common Prayer, the 1662 prayer book.source
166219 May – Act of Uniformity approves the 1662 Book of Common Prayer.England source
1662August 20 – Ignatius Andrew Akijan is installed as the new Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church for Christians within the Muslim-ruled Ottoman Empire after his appointment is confirmed by the Sultan Mehmed IV.source
1662August 24 – The Act of Uniformity goes into effect on St Bartholomew's Day, making mandatory in the Church of England the forms of worship prescribed in the new edition of the Book of Common Prayer the deadline having been set for "every clergyman and every schoolmaster... to express, by August 24, his unfeigned consent to everything contained in the Book of Common Prayer. This is followed by the resignation of over 2,000 clergy who resign "for conscience sake". Those who refuse to take the required oath of conformity to the established church are subject to the Great Ejection from their jobs.source
166224 August – the Act of Uniformity is implemented, making mandatory in the Church of England the forms of worship prescribed in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. This is followed by the Great Ejection of over 2000 clergy who refuse to take the required oath of conformity to the established church.England source
1663March 24 – King Charles II of England issues the Charter of Carolina, establishing the Province of Carolina, and dividing it between eight Lords Proprietors.source
1663August 20 – James Margetson is translated from Archbishop of Dublin to Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland) and Primate of All Ireland.Ireland source
166331 August – Gilbert Sheldon enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.England source
1663September 8 – Diego de Salcedo becomes the new Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, replacing Sabiniano Manrique de Lara, who had served for more than 10 years. Salcedo is overthrown in 1668.source
1663Publication at Cambridge in the Massachusetts Bay Colony of the "Eliot Indian Bible" (Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God), which becomes the first complete Bible published in the Americas, a translation by English-born Puritan missionary John Eliot of the Geneva Bible, from English into the Massachusett language (Natic or Wômpanâak) variety of the Algonquian languages.source
1663Koxinga Ancestral Shrine built by Zheng Jing in modern-day Tainan, Taiwan to worship his father KoxingaChina source
1663Kaifeng Jews build a stele and an eight Hall of ScripturesChina source
1663Rise of the Travancore Kingdom - The first maharaja of the Travancore Kingdom, His Highness Rama Varma I was sworned in.India source
1664April 28 – Juan Alonso de Cuevas y Dávalos is appointed as the new Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mexico by Pope Alexander VII, to allow Archbishop Mateo de Sagade de Bugueyro to return to Spain. Archbishop Cuevas is installed on November 15 upon his arrival in Mexico City.source
1664May – Parliament passes the Conventicle Act 1664 preventing groups of more than five non-followers of the Church of England from assembling (comes into effect 1 July). Jews will be excluded from its operation.England source
1664Austere reforms introduced in the Cistercian La Trappe Abbey in Normandy by Armand de Rancé, origin of the Trappists.source
1664St. Bride's Church is completed following the uniting of the parishes of St Stephen, St Michael Le Pole and St Bride.Ireland source
1664Carl Gustaf Wrangel appointed Lord High Constable of Sweden.Sweden source
1665March 11 – A new legal code is approved for the Dutch and English towns of New York, guaranteeing all Protestants the right to continue their religious observances unhindered.source
1665March 16 – Bucharest allows Jews to settle in the city, in exchange for an annual tax of 16 guilders.source
166521 September – consecration of new chapel at Pembroke College, Cambridge, Christopher Wren's first completed work of architecture.England source
1665Michael Boyle (archbishop of Armagh) is appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland, an office he will hold for more than twenty years.Ireland source
1666January 17 – The Chair of Saint Peter (Cathedra Petri, designed by Bernini) is set above the altar in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.source
1666May 13 – French theologian Louis-Isaac Lemaistre de Sacy is imprisoned in the Bastille after his conviction for heresy in connection with the Jansenist movement. Sacy uses his two and one-half years of incarceration (which lasts until November 14, 1668), to create the Bible du Port-Royal, a first French language rendition of the Bible, finishing a translation of the Old Testament from the Vulgate, written in Latin, that had been started by his brother Antoine, and then beginning work on the New Testament.source
1666June 6 – Moulai al-Rashid is let into Fes by the city's Jews, establishing the power of Morocco's Alawi dynasty, which will continue into the 21st century.source
1666July 6 – On 3 Muharram 1077 AH on the Muslim calendar, Sa'd ibn Zayd, a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali and of Muhammad (founder of Islam) becomes the new Sharif of Mecca, in modern-day Saudi Arabia. His ascension to the post follows the death of his father, Zayd ibn Muhsin, who had been the Sharif since 1631.source
1666October 10 – A "day of humiliation and fasting" is held in London churches a month after the Great Fire of London.source
1666December 12 – A sobor (church council) of the Russian Orthodox Church deposes Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, but accepts his liturgical reforms. Dissenters from these, known as Old Believers, continue into the 21st century.source
1666The first completed printed Bible translation into Armenian, Astuacašunč hnoc' ew noroc' ktakaranac (Oskanean Bible), is published in Amsterdam, edited by Bishop Oskan Yerevantsi.source
1666The Institution libre du Sacré-Cœur at Tourcoing is founded.France source
1667February 27 (February 17 O.S.) – Joasaphus II is elected by the Council of Bishops as the new Patriarch of Moscow, leader of the Russian Orthodox Church, after conservative clerics depose Patriarch Nikon for his reformation of the Church.source
166710 May – A second Conventicle Act, preventing groups of more than five non-followers of the Church of England from assembling, comes into effect with increased incentives for the authorities to prosecute.England source
1667June 20 – Giulio Rospigliosi is elected by the College of Cardinals to succeed the late Pope Alexander VII, after receiving 61 of the 64 votes of the cardinals present. He takes the regnal name Pope Clement IX, becoming the 238th head of the Roman Catholic Church.source
1667October 18 – Yohannes I becomes king of Ethiopia, following the death of his father Negus Fasilides.source
1668January 28 – Lund University is officially inaugurated with great ceremony in Lund Cathedral on the King's name day.Sweden source
1668April 22 – Tenzin Dalai Khan is proclaimed as the new Protector King of Tibet by the 5th Dalai Lama, following the death of Tenzin's father, Dayan Khan.source
1668July 7 – Bishop Isaac Barrow founds the Bishop Barrow Trust with the intention of establishing a university on the Isle of Man; this becomes King William's College.source
1668December 6 – The Order of the Jesuati, founded in 1360 by Giovanni Colombini, is abolished by Pope Clement IX.source
1668December – William Penn imprisoned for nearly 8 months in the Tower of London for writing a pamphlet attacking Trinitarian doctrine.England source
1668c. February – The English Parliament and bishops seek to suppress Thomas Hobbes' treatise Leviathan.source
1668Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia convenes a church council in Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics from the country.source
1668Tianhou Temple (Anping) built in TaiwanChina source
1669January 11 – Peter Talbot is appointed Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland (consecrated at Antwerp 29 April (9 May New Style)).Ireland source
1669March 8 – James Lynch is appointed Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam (consecrated at Ghent 6 May (16 May NS)).Ireland source
166919 March – Christopher Wren appointed Surveyor of the King's Works.England source
1669April 9 – Aurangzeb, the Muslim Emperor of the Mughal Empire in India, issues a firman decree for the protection of all Hindu temples and schools in his kingdom.source
1669July 9 – Oliver Plunkett is appointed Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland (consecrated at Ghent 21 November (1 December NS)).Ireland source
1669In 1669, Lanbu (1642–1679), the third holder of the Prince Jingjin title, was demoted by the Kangxi Emperor from a qinwang (first-rank prince) to a feng'en zhenguo gongChina source
16709 February – Christian V becomes King of Denmark and NorwayDenmark source
1670February 22 – Laurentius Stigzelius is appointed as the new Swedish archbishop. When he was ordained shortly afterwards by Bishop Enander in Linköping, it was the last time before 1914 that a Swedish archbishop was ordained (all archbishops between Stigzelius and Nathan Söderblom are already bishops at the time of accession).Sweden source
1670March 7 – Oliver Plunkett, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh since 1669, is allowed to return to Ireland for the first time in more than 22 years, after a new policy of tolerance of Catholicism is enacted in England. Plunkett had departed for Rome in 1647 during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. Executed in 1681 on false charges of plotting an invasion of Ireland, Plunkett is canonized as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church in 1975.source
1670March 7 – Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, sets foot on Irish soil for the first time in 23 years.Ireland source
167011 April – Conventicles Act 1670 receives royal assent, imposing fines for attendance at "seditious conventicles" (any religious assembly other than of the Church of England).England source
1670April 18 – King Christian V of Denmark fires Christoffer Gabel, who had been the corrupt chief adviser to King Frederick III, and replaces him with Peder Griffenfeld.source
1670April 29 – After more than four months, the papal conclave to elect a successor to the late Pope Clement IX selects Cardinal Emilio Altieri with 56 of the 59 votes. Altieri, 79 years old at the time, remains the oldest person ever to be elected pope. He announces that he will take the name of Pope Clement X in honor of Clement IX, who had made him a cardinal. He serves for six years until his death in 1676 shortly after his 86th birthday.source
16704 May – The funeral of Frederick III of Denmark takes place at Roskilde Cathedral.Denmark source
167018 August – John Dryden is appointed as historiographer royal.England source
1670The Kangxi Emperor's Sacred Edict (聖諭) first issued. It consists of sixteen maxims, each seven characters long, to instruct the average citizen in the basic principles of Confucian orthodoxyChina source
1670Ransäter's parish was created by breaking away from Övre Ullerud's parish.Sweden source
1671January 18 – Royalist Sir Richard Talbot petitions King Charles II on behalf of the Catholic nobility and gentry.Ireland source
1671March 22 – Sabine baronets title is created in England for John Sabine.source
167122 March – The Sabine baronetcy is created for John Sabine.England source
1671April 2 – In Rome, Pope Clement X canonizes Rose of Lima, making her the first Catholic saint of the Americas.source
1671May 26 – John O'Molony is appointed Roman Catholic Bishop of Killaloe.Ireland source
167129 September - King Christian V established the Countship of Larvik.Norway source
1671November 8 – Dionysius IV, bishop of Larissa, is elected as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christians, after Parthenius IV is sent into exile.source
1671December 7 – The first Seventh Day Baptist church in America is founded with a service on a Saturday at Newport, Rhode Island, by Stephen Mumford and four Sabbatarians who believed that Christian church services should be held on Saturday, the seventh and last day of the week, in keeping with the commandment of remembering the Sabbath.source
1671The Order of the Dannebrog is instituted, comprising only a single class of 50 noble knights, plus the Master of the Order, i.e. the Danish monarch, and his sons.Denmark source
1671Agdesiden amt was divided into Lister og Mandals amt and Nedenæs amt.Norway source
1671The second Kvam Church was built.Norway source
1672January 13 – Pope Clement X issues regulations for the prerequisites of removing relics of Roman Catholic saints from sacred cemeteries, requiring advance approval from the Cardinal Vicar in Rome before the remains of the saint can be allowed for view. The Cardinal Vicar is directed to bar regular persons from viewing remains, and to limit inspection to high prelates and to princes.source
16722 February – The Barony of Brahetrolleborg is established by Birgitte Trolle from the manors of af Brahetrolleborg, Sølyst, Egneborg, Høbbet and Brændegård.Denmark source
1672February 25 (6 March N.S.) – John O'Molony is consecrated as Roman Catholic Bishop of Killaloe in Paris.Ireland source
1672March 15 – Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms; this will be withdrawn the following year under pressure from the Parliament of England.source
167215 March – King Charles II issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms.England source
1672March 15 – King Charles II of England issues a Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Roman Catholics in his realms; this is withdrawn the following year under pressure from the Parliament of England.Ireland source
1672March 16 – At the Synod of Jerusalem, presided over by Dositheos II of Jerusalem, the 68 bishops and representatives from the whole of Eastern Orthodox Christendom close by approving the Orthodox dogma against the challenge of Protestantism, declaring against "the falsehoods of the adversaries which they have devised against the Eastern Church" and making a goal of "reformation of their innovations and for their return to the catholic and apostolic church in which their forefathers also were."source
1672September 16 – The Board of Trade is created in England by a merger of the Council of Trade and the Council of Foreign Plantations, both of which had been created by King Charles II in 1660, under the name The Board of Trade and Plantations. The Earl of Shaftesbury is appointed as the first Lord of Trade, administering the Board until its dissolution in 1676.source
167216 September – the Board of Trade is created by a merger of the Council of Trade and the Council of Foreign Plantations and the Earl of Shaftesbury is appointed as the first Lord of Trade.England source
1672September 26 – General Raimondo Montecuccoli, commander of the army of the Holy Roman Empire, joins forces with the Brandenburg troops commanded by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and the two groups assemble at Halberstadt, to attack the French and the bishops of Münster and Cologne.source
1672October 2 – Manuel de Cendoya, Spain's Governor of Florida, breaks ground for the construction of the Castillo de San Marcos, a masonry fortress designed to protect St. Augustine. Governor Cendoya follows on November 9 with the ceremonial laying for the first stone for the foundation.source
1672John Lynch's De praesulibus Hiberniae is written (first published in Dublin, 1944).Ireland source
1672Sten Nilsson Bielke is appointed Lord High Treasurer of Sweden.Sweden source
1673March 29 – Test Act: Roman Catholics and others who refuse to receive the sacrament of the Church of England cannot vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend the universities or assemble for meetings in England. On June 12, the king's Catholic brother, James, Duke of York, is forced to resign the office of Lord High Admiral because of the Act.source
1673June – Peter Talbot, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland, goes into exile.Ireland source
167326 November - King Christian V established the Countship of Jarlsberg.Norway source
1673Archpriest Petrovich Avvakum writes his Zhitie (Life), as the first Russian autobiography.source
1673Austre Moland Church was built.Norway source
1673Inauguration of the Christina ChurchSweden source
1674July 17 – Two skeletons of children are discovered by workmen repairing a staircase at the White Tower (Tower of London), and believed at this time to be the remains of the Princes in the Tower. The urns containing the bones are interred in 1678 in Westminster Abbey, with an inscription in Latin that states "Here lie interred the remains of Edward V, King of England, and Richard, Duke of York, whose long desired and much sought after bones, after over a hundred and ninety years, were found interred deep beneath the rubble of the stairs that led up to the Chapel of the White Tower, on the 17 of July in the Year of Our Lord 1674."source
167417 July – two skeletons of children are discovered at the White Tower (Tower of London) and believed at this time to be the remains of the Princes in the Tower. The remains are subsequently buried in Westminster Abbey.England source
1674December 4 – Father Jacques Marquette founds a mission on the shores of Lake Michigan to minister to the Illinois Confederation (which will in time grow into the city of Chicago).France source
1674Johan Frederik von Marschalck was elected Chancellor of Norway. He served as the last Chancellor of Norway, until his death in 1679.Norway source
1674De jure sveonum et gothorum vetusto by Johan Stiernhöök.Sweden source
1675June 21 – Reconstruction of St Paul's Cathedral begins in London under the direction of Christopher Wren, to replace the portion destroyed by the Great Fire of London nine years earlier.source
167521 June – reconstruction of St Paul's Cathedral in London under Christopher Wren begins to replace that destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.England source
1675August 13 – The Massachusetts Council orders that Christian Indians are to be confined to designated praying towns.source
1675October 13 – The Massachusetts Council convenes and agrees that all Christian Indians should be ordered to move to Deer Island.source
1676May 31 – The Massachusetts Council finally decides to move the Christian Indians from Deer Island to Cambridge, Massachusetts (approximate date).source
167623 June – The County of Schackenborg is established by Otto Didrik Schack, 1st Count of Schackenborg from the manors of Schackenborg, Sødamgård, Solvig and Store Tønde.Denmark source
1676September 21 – Pope Innocent XI succeeds Pope Clement X, as the 240th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.source
1676December 21 – Sands baronets created in the Baronetage of Ireland.source
1676Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia decrees that Muslims must live separately from Christians throughout his realm.source
1676Consecration of the first Greek Orthodox church in England, at Hog Lane, London.England source
1676Jens Toller was ennobled, and given the noble family name Rosenheim.Norway source
16776 January - Larvik Church was consecrated.Norway source
167716 April – Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Act, placing the power to judge heresy and similar offences with the ecclesiastical courts, whose power of punishment is limited to excommunication, thus abolishing capital punishment (burning at the stake) in such cases.England source
1677August – The guild of the Maitresses bouquetieres is founded in Paris.France source
167730 December – William Sancroft nominated by the King as Archbishop of Canterbury.England source
1677The Second London Baptist Confession of Faith is written (published in 1689).source
1677Francis Aungier, 3rd Baron Aungier of Longford, is created 1st Earl of Longford in the Peerage of Ireland.source
1677Thomas Hansen Kingo is appointed Bishop of Funen.Denmark source
1677Chapel of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, designed by Wren.England source
1677The Baptist Confession of Faith is first published in London.England source
1678April 2 – Ignatius Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin is enthroned as the Patriarch of the Syriac Catholic Church in Aleppo, after receiving recognition by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and by Pope Innocent XI.source
167811 October – Peter Talbot, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin and Primate of Ireland, having returned to Ireland in May, is arrested near Maynooth on the orders of James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, for supposed complicity in the "Popish Plot" and imprisoned in Dublin Castle.Ireland source
1678In Ireland, the vacant Bishopric of Leighlin is given to the Bishop of Kildare in commendam; it will later be formed into the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin.source
1678The vacant Bishopric of Leighlin is given to the Bishop of Kildare to form the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin.Ireland source
1678King Christian V established the Barony of Rosendal (Baroniet Rosendal). It was and remained the only fief barony in Norway, during the union with Denmark.Norway source
1678Jörgen Krabbe, Swedish nobleman and politician (born 1633)Sweden source
1679January 30 – The Orthodox Confession of Faith is drafted up in the Buckinghamshire Assembly and signed by 54 messengers and elders of all Baptist churches in Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, and Oxfordshire, in England.source
1679April 3 – Aurangazeb, the Muslim ruler of the Mughal Empire in India, decrees the imposition of the jizya, an annual tax upon non-Muslims under Mughal jurisdiction, primarily Hindus. The tax had been abolished by Aurangazeb's great grandfather, Akbar.source
167916 September (O.S.) / 26 September – The Peace of Lund ends the Scanian War between Denmark-Norway and the Swedish Empire.Sweden source
1679October 4 – Bil'arab bin Sultan becomes the new Imam of Oman upon the death of his father, Sultan bin Saif.source
167917 November – The Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the Whigs, organises a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London.England source
1679December 16 (December 6 O.S.) – Oliver Plunkett, the Roman Catholic Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh, is arrested on false charges of plotting to aid a French invasion of the British Isles, the so-called "Popish Plot". Executed in 1681, Plunkett will be canonized as a Roman Catholic saint almost 300 years later in 1975.source
1679Building of the Ganden Sumtseling Monastery, a Tibetan Buddhist monastery near Zhongdian at elevation 3,380 metres (11,090 ft) in Yunnan provinceChina source
1679Undated – Bristol Baptist College, the world's first Baptist College, is founded by local merchant Edward Terrill.England source
1679Lismore Cathedral (Church of Ireland) abandoned until 1749.Ireland source
1680February 16 – Rev. Ralph Davenant's will provides for foundation of the Davenant Foundation School for poor boys in Whitechapel, in the East End of London.source
1680February – Rev. Ralph Davenant's will provides for foundation of the Davenant Foundation School for poor boys in Whitechapel.England source
1680March 24 – The Earl of Shaftesbury informs the Privy Council of England that the Roman Catholics of Ireland were about to launch a rebellion, backed by France. The investigation leads to the arrest and ultimate execution of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh, Oliver Plunkett.source
1680June 22 – The Sanquhar Declaration, written by Richard Cameron, leader of the Covenanters who oppose the control of religion in Scotland by King Charles, is read aloud by Richard's brother Michael Cameron at the public square in the village of Sanquhar in Dumfriesshire.source
168023 July–24 July – trial of Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, at Dundalk for conspiracy in the supposed "Popish Plot" ends without indictment and on 24 October he is transferred to London.Ireland source
1680November 17 – The Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the British Whigs, organizes a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London for the second year running.source
168017 November – the Green Ribbon Club, a predecessor of the Whigs, organises a procession to burn an effigy of the Pope in London for the second year running.England source
1680The poem-book Leabhar Cloinne Aodha Buidhe is transcribed by Ruairí Ó hUiginn of Sligo at the command of Cormac Ó Neill.Ireland source
1681April 11 – Following the death of its last count, the Palatinate-Landsberg passes to the King of Sweden.source
1681June 23 – The Church of the East, an Eastern Orthodox rite in Mesopotamia (now Iraq), already split between two patriarchs in the Eliya line and the Shimun line, is split along a third line by the Roman Catholic Church when Mar Yousip of the Archdiocese of Amid (now Diyarbakır in Turkey) is proclaimed by Pope Innocent XI as Joseph I, "Patriarch of the Chaldean nation deprived of its patriarch", creating the "Josephite line" of the Chaldean Catholic Church.source
1681July 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, falsely convicted in June of treason, is hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn, London, the last Catholic martyr to die in England; he is canonised in 1975.source
16811 July – Oliver Plunkett, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, falsely convicted of treason, is hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn, London, the last Catholic martyr to die in England. Catholic intriguer Edward Fitzharris is executed on the same day.England source
1681November 20 – Don Melchor de Navarra, Duke of Palata arrives in Lima after a voyage of almost 10 months from Spain and becomes the new Viceroy of Peru, succeeding the Archbishop of Lima, Melchor Liñán y Cisneros, who had administered the area since 1678.source
1681The basilica of Santa Maria della Salute in Venice, designed by Baldassare Longhena in 1631, is dedicated.source
1681Twelve Jews convert to Christianity in the German Church in Stockholm, which attracts so great attention and propaganda value that the members of the royal family attends as witnesses.Sweden source
1682January 12 – Scottish minister James Renwick, one of the Covenanters resisting the Scottish government's suppression of alternate religious views, publishes the Declaration of Lanark.source
1682February 19 – William Sheridan consecrated Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh in the Church of Ireland.Ireland source
1682June 25 (June 15 O.S.) – Ivan V and Peter I are crowned as joint Tsars of Russia at the Cathedral of the Dormition in Moscow, with actual power exercised by their older sister, Sophia Alekseyevna for the next seven years.source
1682September 14 – Bishop Gore School is founded in Swansea, Wales.source
1682September 27 – the King baronetcy of Boyle Abbey in the County of Roscommon is created in the Baronetage of Ireland for Robert King.Ireland source
1682Stavanger stiftamt headquarters was moved to the town of Christianssand and renamed Christianssand stiftamt.Norway source
1683April 10 – Charles V, Duke of Lorraine is appointed commander of the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire.source
1683September 17 – The newly constructed St Mary's Church, Blessington, County Wicklow is dedicatedIreland source
1683December 14 – Dominic Maguire, O.P., is elected as Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland by the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith.Ireland source
1684January 5 – King Charles II of England gives the title Duke of St Albans to Charles Beauclerk, his illegitimate son by Nell Gwyn.source
16845 January – Charles II gives the title Duke of St Albans to Charles Beauclerk, his illegitimate son by Nell Gwyn.England source
1684February 18 – "Court of grace" appointed to enquire into tithes on land.Ireland source
1684March 5 – Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland, to end Ottoman Turkish rule in Europe.source
1684November 8 – James Renwick, a Scottish minister and one of the "Covenanters" challenging the attempt by Kings James VI and Charles I to take over churches in Scotland, posts his "Apologetical Declaration" on church doors and market crosses in and around Cambusnethan, Lanarkshire.source
1685February 6 – Catholic James Stuart, Duke of York, becomes King James II of England and Ireland, and King James VII of Scotland, in succession to his brother Charles II (1660–1685), King of England, Scotland, and Ireland since 1660. James II and VII reigns until deposed, in 1688.source
1685April 23 – The coronation of King James II of England (and his Queen Consort, Mary of Modena) takes place at Westminster Abbey.source
168523 April – coronation of King James II at Westminster Abbey, including anthems by Henry Purcell.England source
168522 October – Louis XIV issues the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal, thereby depriving Huguenots of civil rights. Their Temple de Charenton-le-Pont is immediately demolished.France source
1685November – at the king's request, Ferdinando d'Adda is sent as the first Papal Nuncio to England since 1558.England source
1685December 3 – King Charles XI of Sweden issues an order banning Jews from settling in Sweden, particularly in the capital at Stockholm "on account of the danger of the eventual influence of the Jewish religion on the pure evangelical faith."source
1685Encouraged by his queen, Christian V licensed the formation of a reformed congregation among German, Dutch and French immigrants.Denmark source
1685Guds Werk och Hwila by Haquin SpegelSweden source
1686January 31 – In the wake of the success of France's campaign against Protestantism, Victor Amadeus II, the Duke of Savoy, issues an edict against the Valdesi, the Duchy's Protestant minority, setting a 15-day deadline for members of the Valdesi to publicly renounce their beliefs as erroneous, or face banishment or death. The February 15 deadline is ignored.source
1686February 15 – After the Valdesi in the Duchy of Savoy decline to obey the edict to convert to Catholicism, Duke Victor Amadeus dispatches a force of 9,000 French and Piedmontese soldiers to enforce the edict.source
1686February 22 – Sweden's Council of State endorses the reforms proposed by King Charles XI for the Swedish Church Law 1686, after having debated it in three sessions on February 18, 19 and 20. The law confirms and describes the rights of the Lutheran Church and confirms Sweden as a Lutheran state; all non-Lutherans are banned from immigration unless they convert to Lutheranism; the Romani people are to be incorporated to the Lutheran Church; the poor care law is regulated; and all parishes are forced by law to teach the children within them to read and write, in order to learn the scripture, which closely eradicates illiteracy in Sweden.source
1686April 6 – Michael Boyle (archbishop of Armagh) is replaced as Lord Chancellor of Ireland (after serving for twenty years) by Sir Charles Porter.Ireland source
1686April 20–April 24 – three Roman Catholic judges are appointed to Ireland (but Charles Ingleby refuses to travel there).Ireland source
1686May 14 – Joseph Dudley formally begins his tenure, as President of the Council of the newly formed Dominion of New England.source
168621 June – judgement in the case of Godden v. Hales affirms the king's power to exercise his dispensing powers granting exemptions from anti-Catholic legislation. Heneage Finch is dismissed as Solicitor General for his refusal to defend the king's case.England source
1686July 17 – King James II of England appoints four Roman Catholics to the Privy Council of England, in defiance of the Test Acts, which bar Catholics from public office. Suspicions about James's intentions lead to a group of conspirators meeting at Charborough House in Dorset, to plan his overthrow and replacement with the Protestant Dutch Stadtholder, William III of Orange-Nassau (James's son-in-law).source
168617 July – King James appoints four Catholics to the Privy Council of England.England source
16865 November – Bar Convent in York established, making it the oldest surviving active Catholic convent in England.England source
1686Jonathan Swift is granted his BA from Trinity College Dublin ex speciali gratia.Ireland source
1686The Cathedral Hellig Trefoldigheds Kirke in Christiania burned down (completed in 1639).Norway source
1686Establishment of the 1686 års kyrkolag (1686 Church Law), which confirms and describes the rights of the Lutheran Church and confirms Sweden as a Lutheran state: all non-Lutherans are banned from immigration unless the convert to Lutheranism; the Romani people are to be incorporated to the Lutheran Church; the poor care law is regulated; and all parishes is forced by law to learn the children within it to read and write in order to learn the scripture, which closely eradicates illiteracy in Sweden.Sweden source
1687January 8 – the Roman Catholic Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, is appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.Ireland source
1687February 7 – The Arjeplog blasphemy trial begins for Erik Eskilsson and Amund Thorsson, two practitioners of the Sami religion who had resisted Sweden's efforts at their conversion to Christianity. Eskilsson and Thorsson are acquitted of the charges after agreeing to convert to Christianity.source
1687February 7 - The Arjeplog blasphemy trial begins against Erik Eskilsson and Amund Thorsson for maintaining their practice of Sami shamanism during the Christianization of the Sami. Both were acquitted of all charges after agreeing to convert to Christianity.Sweden source
1687February 12 – The Declaration of Indulgence is issued in Scotland by King James VII as one of the first steps in establishing freedom of religion in the British Isles, eliminating enforcement of criminal penalties against persons who failed to conform with Anglicanism. As King James II of England, he issues a similar declaration on April 4.source
1687March – Adolph Esmit succeeds Christopher Heins as Governors of St. Thomas and St. John.Denmark source
1687April 4 – King James II of England issues the Declaration of Indulgence (or Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience), suspending laws against Roman Catholics and nonconformists.source
16874 April – King James II issues the Declaration of Indulgence (or Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience), suspending laws against Roman Catholics and nonconformists.England source
1687April 23 – Ignatius George II becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (or April 22).source
16871 May – King James II attends the consecration of Ferdinando d'Adda, Papal Nuncio to London, as titular Archbishop of Amasia in the Royal Chapel of St James's Palace.England source
1687October – the Roman Catholic Thomas Nugent is appointed Lord Chief Justice of Ireland in succession to William Davys.Ireland source
1687Abraham Salomon becomes the first rabbi in Copenhagen. From 1766 until 1795, around 1,500 Jews worshipped in a small synagogue until it burned down.Denmark source
1687Founding of Calcutta by Job Charnock, an East India merchant.India source
1688February 17 – James Renwick, the last of the Covenanters in Scotland to be martyred for opposing the authority of King Charles II, is publicly hanged at Grassmarket square in Edinburgh.source
1688April 3 – Francesco Morosini becomes Doge of Venice.source
1688May 4 – King James II of England orders his Declaration of Indulgence, suspending penal laws against Catholics, to be read from every Anglican pulpit in England. The Church of England and its staunchest supporters, the peers and gentry, are outraged; on June 8 the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Sancroft, is imprisoned in the Tower of London for refusing to proclaim it.source
16884 May – Declaration of Indulgence (reissued on 25 April) ordered to be read aloud in all churches on two consecutive Sundays. Following this, the Friends meeting house at Jordans, Buckinghamshire, is built.England source
168813 May – the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Sancroft, in a meeting at Lambeth Palace, forms the nucleus of the Seven Bishops resolving to oppose the reading of the Declaration of Indulgence. On 18 May they present a petition to the King.England source
16888 June ("Black Friday") – the Seven Bishops are imprisoned in the Tower of London prior to trial for seditious libel.England source
1688September 24 – Louis XIV publishes his manifesto Memoire de raisons, which lists his grievances and demands. He cites three major things as grievances: Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, who had been earlier elected to be the coadjutor-archbishop of Cologne with support of Louis being vetoed by the pope, the continued aggressions and forming of alliances against France and providing an alternative to Fürstenberg in the Cologne election by the Holy Roman Empire, and Philip William becoming Elector Palatine and seizing the territory, which he believed belonged to Elizabeth Charlotte.source
1688November 23 – A group of 1,500 Old Believers immolate themselves to avoid capture, when troops of the tsar lay siege to their monastery on Lake Onega.source
168829–30 June – the Seven Bishops, tried at the Court of King's Bench, are found not guilty of seditious libel.England source
1688Dame Mary Joseph Butler establishes a Benedictine house in Dublin.Ireland source
1688The religious process against the dissident Lars UlstadiusSweden source
16899 January – Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan marries Honora Burke, daughter of William Burke, 7th Earl of Clanricarde, in Portumna Abbey.Ireland source
168911 April – crowning of William and Mary as King and Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland at Westminster Abbey by the Bishop of London, Henry Compton. Ireland does not yet recognise them.England source
1689July 25 – The Council of Wales and the Marches is abolished.source
168925 July – Abolition of Council of Wales and the Marches.England source
16891 August – nonjuring schism in the Church of England: Archbishop of Canterbury William Sancroft, along with eight bishops and around 400 other clergymen, is suspended for refusing to swear allegiance to William and Mary. He is dismissed from office the following year.England source
16898 August – a thanksgiving service for the relief of Derry is held in St Columb's Cathedral.Ireland source
1689August 23 – Roman Catholic cardinals convene in Rome for a papal conclave to elect a successor to Pope Innocent XI. The conclave lasts until October 6.source
1689September 3–12 – Messengers from over 100 Baptist churches assemble in the City of London to discuss and endorse the 1677 document that will become known as the 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith.source
1689October 6 – The papal conclave in Rome unanimously elects Pietro Vito Ottoboni as the new Pope. Ottoboni takes the name Alexander VIII and succeeds Pope Innocent XI, to become the 241st pope, the first Venetian to hold the office in over 200 years.source
168910 November – Reformed Church in Copenhagen is consecrated.Denmark source
1689Valvasor's The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola is printed in Nuremberg.source
1689Thomas Shadwell becomes Poet Laureate and Historiographer Royal.England source
1689Richard Cox begins publication of his history of Ireland, Hibernia Anglicana.Ireland source
1690January 6 – At the age of 11 years old, Prince Joseph, son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, is named as "King of the Romans", the next in line to become the Emperor.source
1690April 25 – The Parliament of Scotland passes an Act to abolish episcopy in the presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Anglican Episcopal Church in Scotland continues as a separate denomination, retaining bishops.source
1690May 20 – England passes the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of the deposed James II.source
169020 May – The Act of Grace passed, forgiving followers of the deposed James II.England source
169017 July – William III issues the Declaration of Finglas offering a pardon to ordinary Jacobites but not their leaders.Ireland source
1690October 16 – Lawrence Justinian (1381–1456) and John of Sahagún (c. 1430–79) are canonized by Pope Alexander VIII.source
1690Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Crnojević leads the first of the two Great Serbian Migrations into the Habsburg Empire, following Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo.source
1691April – John Tillotson enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.England source
1691July 12 – Pope Innocent XII becomes the 242nd pope, succeeding Pope Alexander VIII.source
1691November 26 – In Limerick, "A Form of Prayer and Thanksgiving to the Almighty God for the Preservation of Their Majesties, the Success of Their Forces in the reducing of Ireland, and for His Majesties Safe Return" is celebrated in all Anglican churches in Britain and Ireland by order of Archbishop Tillotson.source
1692March 22 – The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty issues the Edict of Toleration, recognizing all the members of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Jesuits, and legalizing missions and their conversion of Chinese people to the Christian Faith.source
169223 April – A royal order for the establishment of Sankt Annæ Plads is issued.Denmark source
1692June 10 – The Salem witch trials' first victim, Bridget Bishop, is hanged for witchcraft.source
1692June 22 – Pope Innocent XII issues the papal bull Romanum decet Pontificem, intended to prohibit the office of cardinal-nephew and restrict related sinecures within the Roman Catholic church.source
1692October 30 – The King of Spain donates the lands that become the municipalities of San Francisco and Mapulaca in Honduras.source
1692December 23 – Nahum Tate is named as the new Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and serves for 22 years until his death.source
1692Kangxi Emperor recognized Roman Catholic Church.China source
1692First publication of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, as Chronicon Saxonicum, edited with a Latin translation by Edmund Gibson.England source
1692The exiled mystic Eva Margareta Frölich return to Stockholm to preach.Sweden source
16931 February – the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars are raised by Colonel Henry Conyngham as Conyngham's dragoons.Ireland source
1693April 4 – Anne Palles becomes the last accused witch to be executed for witchcraft in Denmark, after having been convicted of using powers of sorcery. King Christian V accepts her plea not to be burned alive, and she is beheaded before her body is set afire.source
1693September 14 – King Louis XIV of France sends a letter to Pope Innocent XII announcing the rescission of the Declaration of the Clergy of France issued in 1682.source
16931 December – The Order of the Elephant in its current form is instituted.Denmark source
1693A religious schism takes place in Switzerland, within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists led by Jakob Ammann. Those who follow Ammann become the Mennonite Amish sect.source
16949 January – Henry Purcell's ode Great Parent, Hail! and John Blow's anthem I Beheld, and Lo! are performed in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, at a concert to mark the centenary of Trinity College.Ireland source
1694February 26 – Silvestro Valier is elected as the new Doge of Venice to replace the late Francesco Morosinisource
1694April 27 – Frederick Augustus of Wettin, later known as "Augustus the Strong" and the future King of Poland, becomes the new Elector of Saxony upon the death of his 25-year-old older brother, John George IVsource
1694December 6 – Thomas Tenison is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.source
1694the three khans (Galdan Boshugtu Khan, et al.) of the Khalkha were formally inducted into the inner circles of the Qing aristocracyChina source
1694c. 25 October – Jonathan Swift is appointed to the Church of Ireland prebend of Kilroot, near Carrickfergus in County Antrim (until 1696).Ireland source
1694The foundation stone of Oslo Cathedral was laid.Norway source
1695February 6 – Mustafa II (1664 – 1703) succeeds his uncle, Ahmed II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.source
1695April 22 – Sürmeli Ali Pasha is fired from his position as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, after coming into a disagreement with the new Sultan, Mustafa II. Sürmeli is initially sent into exile, but executed on the Sultan's orders on May 29.source
16959 May – the Whig Henry Capell, Lord Capell, is appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.Ireland source
169510 May – Alan Brodrick is appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland; he is a supporter of Penal Laws against Roman Catholics.Ireland source
169516 May – Thomas Tenison enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the first Primate of All England since the Reformation to be installed in person at Canterbury Cathedral.England source
1695A moonloft on the Huaisheng Mosque in Guangzhou was builtChina source
1696May 31 – John Salomonsz is elected chief of Sint Eustatius in the Caribbean Netherlands.source
1697January 8 – Thomas Aikenhead is hanged outside Edinburgh, becoming the last person in Great Britain to be executed for blasphemy.source
1697June 2 – Augustus, Elector of Saxony converts to Roman Catholicism in order to be eligible to rule Poland.source
1697June 27 – After becoming a Roman Catholic, Augustus the Strong is elected King Augustus II of Poland.source
1697July 4 – A Byzantine icon, the "Weeping Madonna of Pócs", arrives in Vienna after a five-month journey following its forced removal from the Hungarian village of Pócs by order of the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I. It has been housed for more than 320 years in St. Stephen's Cathedral.source
1697September 25 – Banishment Act, one of the penal laws, banishes all Roman Catholic ordinaries, including bishops, and regular clergy (members of religious institutions) from Ireland.Ireland source
1697October 19 – Misión Loreto, the first Roman Catholic mission on Mexico's Baja California Peninsula, is founded by Spanish missionary Juan María de Salvatierra.source
1697December 2 – The first service is held in St Paul's Cathedral since rebuilding work after the Great Fire of London began.source
16972 December – first service (to celebrate the Treaty of Ryswick) held in St Paul's Cathedral since rebuilding work after the Great Fire of London began.England source
1697December 8 – Tsangyang Gyatso is installed in Tibet as the 6th Dalai Lama in a ceremony at Lhasa, filling a vacancy that had existed since 1682.source
1697The Roman Catholic Diocese of Blois establishedFrance source
1697Celbridge Abbey in County Kildare is built as a home by Bartholomew Van Homrigh, Lord Mayor of Dublin.Ireland source
1697The construction of Oslo Cathedral was finished.Norway source
1698May 1 – The Banishment Act of 1697 goes into effect for Roman Catholic church officials in Ireland, having been the deadline for all "popish archbishops, bishops, vicars general, deans, jesuits, monks, friars, and other regular popish clergy" to have reported to Irish ports for deportation. Re-entry to Ireland after May 4, 1698, is a criminal offense with a penalty of 12 months imprisonment and expulsion, while a second re-entry is punishable by death as treason.source
169814 November – first Eddystone Lighthouse illuminated.England source
1698November 16 – A congress begins in Sremski Karlovci to discuss a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League.source
1698English Bishop Jeremy Collier publishes his pamphlet A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, accusing several contemporary playwrights of undermining public morality in their popular comedies by using profanity, blasphemy and indecency.source
1698Popery Act enforces penalties against Roman Catholic priests.England source
1698Early – William Molyneux publishes The Case of Ireland's being Bound by Acts of Parliament in England, Stated.Ireland source
1699April 13 – The 10th Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh, creates the Khalsa at Anandpur Sahib.source
169919 October – The funeral of Christian V takes place at Roskilde Cathedral.Denmark source
1699Carl von Ahlefeldt replaces Christian Gyldenløve as Lord Chamberlain.Denmark source
1699A Roman Catholic English language New Testament is probably printed in Dublin at about this date, but all copies appear to have been suppressed.Ireland source