1456 CE

Richard, Duke of York is dismissed as Lord Protector, effectively regent for the King, for the second time. Pope Calixtus III issues a papal bull granting a seven-year indulgence to any Christian who makes a pilgrimage to Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza in Spain's Kingdom of Aragon. The University of Greifswald is established, making it the second oldest university in Northern Europe. Due to border changes, from 1648 to 1815 it is the oldest in Sweden, and from 1815 to 1945 the oldest in Prussia.

In the 1450s, the 15th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • February 25 – The Treaty of Yazhelbitsy is signed between the Grand Principality of Moscow (led by Grand Prince Vasily II) and the Novgorod Republic (governed by Vasily Shuisky) with Vasily II becoming the Prince of Novgorod.source
  • March 12 – After a session of eight months that had started on July 9, 1455, the English Parliament adjourns at Westminster. Royal assent is given by King Henry VI to bills passed, including the Importation Act 1455, banning the import for the next five years of woven silk goods (including ribbons and girdles) that had been manufactured outside of England, and subjecting importers to heavy fines. and the Embezzlement Act, allowing civil remedies by executors of estates to recover goods that had been stolen by servants from their masters.source
  • 7 July - A Retrial of Joan of Arc overturns her original convictionFrancesource
  • July 29 – A treaty is signed at Toruń between the Kingdom of Poland and mercenaries led by Oldrzych Czerwonka with Poland purchasing the 21 fortresses of Czerwonka's people in exchange for 463,794 florins (1.62 million grams or 58,000 ounces of gold).source
  • Lazar Branković becomes despot of Serbia.source
  • Muscovy and the Novgorod Republic conclude the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy.source

Conflict & Security

  • January 24 – After Dorino II Gattilusio seizes ownership of the Greek mainland harbor of Ainos and the islands of Samothrace and Imbros, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II orders a blockade the port with 10 ships and leads a ground invasion. After the surrender off Ainos, Mehmed II sends his Admiral Mirza Yunus Beg commences the take control of Samothrace and Imbros.source
  • 25 February – Richard, Duke of York is dismissed as Lord Protector, effectively regent for the King, for the second time.Englandsource
  • April 5 – Skanderbeg, leader of the Albanians in their fight against the Ottomans, pardons Moisi Galemi, a former officer who had defected to the Ottomans and was then defeated by Skanderbeg at the Battle of Oranik.source
  • April – A mutiny by the garrison of English Calais ends when wool merchants agree to back the garrison's pay.Englandsource
  • May 18 – Second Battle of Oronichea (1456): Ottoman Forces of 15,000 are sent to capture Albania, but are met and swiftly defeated by Skanderbeg's smaller forces.source
  • July 22 – At the Battle of Nándorfehérvár, the Hungarians under John Hunyadi rout the Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II. The noon bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world (and hence is still rung). Hunyadi dies two months later when a plague sweeps the Hungarian camp.source
  • Petru Aron becomes the first ruler of Moldavia to pay tribute to the Ottomans.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • Alvise Cadamosto discovers some of the Cape Verde Islands.source
  • Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia founds the city of Debre Berhan.source
  • Diogo Gomes reaches the Geba River in Guinea Bissau, and explores the Gambia River.source

Religion & Belief

  • January 6 – After two years as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, the Eastern Orthodox Christian partriarch in the Islamic Ottoman Empire, Gennadius Scholarius resigns, and Isidore II is elected to replace him.source
  • March 13 – The papal bull Inter caetera is issued by Pope Callixtus III, recognizing the rights of the Kingdom of Portugal to colonize any territories its explorers discover on the West African coast, and making the non-Christian natives of those colonies perpetual vassals of the King of Portugal.source
  • September 15 – The Burgundian state, led by Prince Philip the Good, captures the rebel city of Deventer in the Netherlands after a 32-day siege that had been defended by Gijsbrecht van Brederode, Bishop of Utrecht.source
  • September 23 – Pope Calixtus III issues a papal bull granting a seven-year indulgence to any Christian who makes a pilgrimage to Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza in Spain's Kingdom of Aragonsource

Science & Discovery

  • June 9 – Halley's Comet makes an appearance, as noted by the humanist scholar Platina.source
  • The fifth Mersenne prime, 8191, is discovered.source

Health & Medicine

  • February 25 – As King Henry VI of England recovers from a three-month bout with mental illness, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York steps down as Protector of the Realm and the King resumes his duties. The Duke of York had served as regent since November 19, and had previously been Lord Protector for 10 months during 1454 and 1455.source

Crime & Justice

  • July 7 – A retrial of Joan of Arc acquits her of heresy, 25 years after her execution.source

Climate & Environment

  • December 5 – A 7.4 magnitude earthquake (estimated subsequently by geologists), the first of two on the Italian peninsula, strikes near Pontelandolfo (at the time, part of the Papal States) at 11:00 at night and kills as many as 70,000 people.source
  • December 30 – A second earthquake strikes the Italian peninsula in the Kingdom of Naples at 9:30 p.m. and is estimated by geologists at 7.0 magnitude, followed by a 6.0 aftershock, and kills an indeterminate number of people.source

Culture & Society

  • 17 August – Due to the political turbulence, the court moves to Coventry; Kenilworth Castle is strengthened as the King's principal residence.Englandsource
  • October 17 – The University of Greifswald is established, making it the second oldest university in Northern Europe. Due to border changes, from 1648 to 1815 it is the oldest in Sweden, and from 1815 to 1945 the oldest in Prussia.source

Births

  • March 1 – Vladislaus II, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia (died 1516)source
  • March – Jan Łaski, Polish nobleman (died 1531)source
  • June 11 – Anne Neville, queen consort of Richard III of England (died 1485)source
  • June 23 – Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland, consort of James III of Scotland (died 1486)source
  • June 25 – Henry V of Rosenberg, Bohemian nobleman (died 1489)source
  • July 28 - Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (died 1530)source
  • October 16 – Ludmila of Poděbrady, Regent of the duchies of Brzeg and Oława from 1488 (died 1503)source
  • November 7 – Margaret of Bavaria, Electress Palatine and hereditary princess of Bavaria-Landshut (died 1501)source
  • November 8 – Queen Gonghye, Korean royal consort (died 1474)source
  • Jeanne Hachette (Laisné), French peasant heroinesource
  • Jan Lubrański, Polish bishop (died 1520)source
  • Antonia di Paolo di Dono, Italian artist and daughter of Paolo di Dono (died 1491)source
  • William Brandon, soldier (died 1485)Englandsource
  • Anne Neville, queen of Richard III (died 1485)Englandsource
  • Ralph Neville, 3rd Earl of Westmorland, nobleman (died 1499)Englandsource

Deaths

  • January 17 – Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont, French translator (born 1395)source
  • June 27 - Alfonso V of Aragon, King of Aragon (born 1396)source
  • August 11 – John Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and military leader (born c. 1406)source
  • August 20 – Vladislav II of Wallachiasource
  • August 20 – Vladislav II, reigning Prince of Wallachia, is killed in hand-to-hand combat by the former Prince, Vlad the Impaler, who succeeds him.source
  • October 17 – Nicolas Grenon, French composer (born 1375)source
  • October 23 – Giovanni da Capistrano, Italian saint (born 1386)source
  • November 3 – Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, father of King Henry VII of England (born 1431)source
  • November 9 – Ulrich II, Count of Celje (born 1406)source
  • November 9 – Ulrich II, Count of Celje, regent for King Ladislas of Hungary and governor of Slavonia, Croatia and Dalmatia, is assassinated the day after he had entered the fortress of Belgrade, apparently at the direction of Ladislaus Hunyadi, son of the late John Hunyadi.source
  • November 25 – Jacques Cœur, French merchant (born 1395)source
  • 25 November Jacques Cœur, merchant. (b.c.1395)Francesource
  • December 4 – Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (born 1401)source
  • 4 December - Charles I, Duke of Bourbon, nobleman (b.1401)Francesource
  • December 24 – Đurađ Branković, Despot of Serbia (born 1377)source
  • date unknown – Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (born 1411)source
  • Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, father of King Henry VII of England (born c. 1430)Englandsource
  • Ralph de Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell, soldier and diplomat (born 1393)Englandsource