1556 CE

Truce of Vaucelles: Fighting temporarily ends between France and Spain. (20th day of 4th month of Kōji 2) – In Japan, the Battle of Nagara-gawa takes place along the Nagara River in Mino Province near what is now the Gifu Prefecture. Saitō Yoshitatsu, with 17,500 troops, overwhelms and kills his father, Saitō Dōsan, who had attempted to avenge the Saitō family honor with less than 3,000 people. Thirteen English Protestants (11 men and two women), the "Stratford Martyrs", are burned at the stake at Stratford-le-Bow near London after being convicted of heresy.

In the 1550s, the 16th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 16 – Charles V abdicates the thrones of the Spanish Empire (including his colonies in the New World) in favor of his son, Philip II, and retires to a monastery.source
  • February 14 – Akbar the Great ascends the throne of the Mughal Empire in India at age 13; he will rule until his death in 1605, by which time most of the north and centre of the Indian subcontinent will be under his control.source
  • August 27 – Charles V abdicates his position as Holy Roman Emperor in favor of his younger brother, Ferdinand, King of the Romans. The Imperial Diet postpones recognizing the abdication for the next 18 months.source
  • The kings of Spain take control of what becomes the Flanders region, including the French département of Nord.source
  • The Plantations of Ireland are started in King's County (later County Offaly) and Queen's County (later County Laois), the earliest attempt at systematic ethnic cleansing in Ireland, by the Roman Catholic ruler Queen Mary I of England.source
  • The Plantations of King's County (now County Offaly) and Queen's County (now County Laois) are started, shiring the Kingdom of Uí Failghe and displacing the O'Moore and O'Connor clans. This is the earliest attempt at systematic ethnic cleansing by the English in Ireland. The plantations are named after the new Catholic monarchs Philip and Mary respectively. The new county towns are named Philipstown (now Daingean) and Maryborough (now Portlaoise). An Act is passed "whereby the King and Queen's Majesties, and the Heires and Successors of the Queen, be entituled to the Counties of Leix, Slewmarge, Irry, Glinmaliry, and Offaily, and for making the same Countries Shire Grounds."Irelandsource

Conflict & Security

  • January 24 – In India, at the Sher Mandal in Delhi, the Mughal Emperor Humayun trips while descending the stairs from his library and strikes the side of his head against a stone step, sustaining a fatal injury. He never regains consciousness and dies seven days later.source
  • 25 January - A Russian attack on Viborg is repelled.Swedensource
  • February 5 – Truce of Vaucelles: Fighting temporarily ends between France and Spain.source
  • 5 February – Truce of Vaucelles: Fighting temporarily ends between France and Spain.Francesource
  • 21 March - Armistice between Sweden and Russia i Käräjäkallio.Swedensource
  • April 3 – In Qazvin, the Shah of Iran Tahmasp I, becomes enraged with the sexual orientation of his son Ismail II, and sends Ismail to Afghanistan to serve as the Iranian governor of Herat province.source
  • April 24 – Pál Márkházy surrenders the Hungarian fortress at Ajnácskő (now Hajnáčka in Slovakia) to the Ottoman Empire. Márkházy, accused of treachery, is stripped of his estates and title by the King of Hungary, and forced to flee to the Principality of Transylvania.source
  • May 28 (20th day of 4th month of Kōji 2) – In Japan, the Battle of Nagara-gawa takes place along the Nagara River in Mino Province near what is now the Gifu Prefecture. Saitō Yoshitatsu, with 17,500 troops, overwhelms and kills his father, Saitō Dōsan, who had attempted to avenge the Saitō family honor with less than 3,000 people.source
  • July 17 – Kostajnica Fortress in what is now Croatia falls to the Ottoman Empire and remains under Turkish control for the next 132 years.source
  • September 1 – After Pope Paul IV attempts to get King Henry II of France to join him in an invasion of Spanish-controlled Naples, Spain's Duke of Alba invades the Papal States in Italy.source
  • 7 October – Hemu, the Chief Minister and general of Adil Shah Suri defeats the Mughals in the Battle of Tughlaqabad and captures Delhi.Indiasource
  • November 5 – Second Battle of Panipat: Fifty miles north of Delhi, a Mughal army defeats the forces of Hemu and recaptures Delhi for the Mughal Empire, guaranteeing Akbar's rule.source
  • 5 November – The Mughals defeat Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat and recapture Delhi.Indiasource
  • November – The Truce of Vaucelles collapses and the Italian War of 1551–1559 resumes between France and Spain. Spain takes control of the Flanders region, including the modern-day Nord.Francesource
  • December 7 – The Mughal Emperor Akbar personally travels with Bairam Khan to lead an invasion force to defeat the Sultan of the Sur Empire, Sikandar Shah Suri.source

Exploration & Expansion

  • Ivan the Terrible conquers Astrakhan, opening the Volga River to Russian traffic and trade.source

Religion & Belief

  • 10 January - Breeding farms for cattle and horses are introduced by decree of the monarch.Swedensource
  • March 22 – Reginald Pole, a Roman Catholic Cardinal, is appointed by Queen Mary of England as the new Archbishop of Canterbury and head of the Catholic Archdiocese of Canterbury.source
  • April – Thomas, Viscount Fitzwalter is appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland.Irelandsource
  • August 15 – Work begins on the Peresopnytsia Gospel at the Monastery of the Holy Trinity in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and continues for the next five years.source
  • November 17 – In the Holy Roman Empire, the Steter Kriegsrat is founded as a War Council with five generals and five civil servants to advise the Habsburg rulers.source
  • December 27 – Péter Erdődy is appointed as the Ottoman Viceroy of Croatia after the death on September 7 of Nikola IV Zrinski.source
  • December 31 – All military authorities in the Holy Roman Empire are ordered to submit to the decisions of the Imperial War Council.source

Economy & Finance

  • The Welser banking families of Augsburg lose colonial control of Venezuela.source

Health & Medicine

  • February – Royal edict against women who conceal their pregnancy.Francesource

Crime & Justice

  • January 4 – In Japan, Saitō Yoshitatsu, the eldest son of Saitō Dōsan, arranges the murders of his two younger brothers, Magoshiro and Kiheiji, and forces his father to flee from the Sagiyama Castle.source
  • The false Martin Guerre appears in the French village of Artigat.source
  • Summer – The false Martin Guerre appears in the village of Artigat.Francesource

Disasters & Accidents

  • November 10 – The English ship Edward Bonadventure, commanded by Richard Chancellor is wrecked on the coast of Scotland at Pitsligo, killing most of its crew, including Chancellor. The few survivors include the first Russian ambassador to England, Osip Nepeya.source

Climate & Environment

  • January 23 – The Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China; 830,000 people may have been killed.source
  • 1 September – Dry summer leads to an early and poor harvest and forest fires in Normandy and the north.Francesource
  • 4 December – Harsh winter causes the Rhône to freeze near Arles.Francesource

Culture & Society

  • 14 February – at the age of 13 Akbar becomes the emperor of Mughal IndiaIndiasource
  • June 14 – Lorenzo Priuli becomes the new Doge of the Venetian Republic.source
  • 29 June - Prince John establish himself as the ruler of his Duchy of Finland.Swedensource
  • The first printing press in India is introduced by Jesuits, at Saint Paul's College, Goa.source
  • Future King Prince John, younger son of King Gustav I of Sweden becomes Duke of Finland.source

Births

Deaths

  • 1 January – Humayun of Mughal India (born 1508)Indiasource
  • January 8 – Anne Shelton, English courtier, elder sister of Thomas Boleyn (born 1475)source
  • January 27 – Humayun, 2nd Mughal Emperor (born 1508)source
  • February 12 – Giovanni Poggio, Italian cardinal and diplomat (born 1493)source
  • February 26 – Frederick II, Elector Palatine (1544–1556) (born 1482)source
  • March 21 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (burned at the stake) (born 1489)source
  • March 21 – In Oxford, Thomas Cranmer, the former Archbishop of Canterbury, is burned at the stake for treason for his role in the English Reformation as chief bishop of the Anglican Church.source
  • April 18 – John Gage, English courtier of the Tudor period (born 1479)source
  • May 28 – Saitō Dōsan, Japanese warlord (born 1494)source
  • June 24 – Joan of Valois, French princess (born 1556)source
  • June 24 – Joan of Valois, royal princess (stillborn)Francesource
  • June 27 – Thirteen English Protestants (11 men and two women), the "Stratford Martyrs", are burned at the stake at Stratford-le-Bow near London after being convicted of heresy.source
  • July 31 – Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish founder of the Jesuit order and saint (born 1491)source
  • August 17 – Victoria of Valois, French princess (born 1556)source
  • September – Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell, Scottish traitor (born 1512)source
  • October 21 – Pietro Aretino, Italian author (born 1492)source
  • November 4 – Robert IV de La Marck, Duke of Bouillon, Seigneur of Sedan and a Marshal of France (b.1512)Francesource
  • George Browne (archbishop of Dublin).Irelandsource