1559 CE

John Knox returns from exile to Scotland, to become the leader of the beginning Scottish Reformation. Scottish Reformation: A Protestant mob, incited by the preaching of John Knox, sacks St Andrews Cathedral. The papal conclave to elect a new pope opens 18 days after the death of Pope Paul IV at the Apostolic Palace in Rome with 47 of the 55 Roman Catholic cardinals present. The conclave lasts 101 days before a successor to Pope Paul is elected.

In the 1550s, the 16th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • April 3 – Peace of Cateau Cambrésis: After two days of negotiations, France makes peace with England and Spain, ending the Italian War of 1551–59. France gives up most of its gains in Italy (including Savoy), retaining only Saluzzo, but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and the formerly English town of Calais.source
  • May 2 – John Knox returns from exile to Scotland, to become the leader of the beginning Scottish Reformation.source
  • May 8 – Queen Elizabeth I of England gives royal assent to the Act of Supremacy 1558 (requiring any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the English monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England) and to the Act of Uniformity 1558 (requiring all persons in England to attend Anglican services on penalty of a fine for noncompliance).source
  • July 10 – Francis II becomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II. Members of the House of Guise and the new king's mother Catherine de' Medici dispute control over the kingdom.source
  • September 4 – Gorkha state is established by Dravya Shah, beating local Khadka kings, which is the origin of the current country of Nepal.source
  • Oda Nobunaga wins control of his native province of Owari.source
  • The first generation of the Protestant Reformation is completed, according to some historians.source
  • Margaret of Parma becomes Governor of the Netherlands, in place of her brother, King Philip II of Spain.source
  • The German Duchy of Württemberg establishes a compulsory education system for boys.source
  • William FitzWilliam is appointed Vice-Treasurer and acting Lord Chief Justice of Ireland.Irelandsource

Conflict & Security

  • October 24 – Backed by Ottoman Empire troops, the army of Wallachia defeats the boyars at the battle of Boiani. The Ottoman central government at Constantinople confirms Petru as the rightful ruler of the principality within the Empire.source
  • November 5 – In Scotland, Crichton Castle, home of the powerful Earl of Bothwell, is besieged and captured in an attack by the Earl of Arran.source
  • November 6 – The Ottoman Empire ends its attempt to wrest control of the island of Bahrain from Portuguese control, after a siege of Manama Castle that began on July 2.source
  • The Mughal Emperor Akbar captures Ranthambore Fort for the first time.Indiasource

Exploration & Expansion

  • August 15 – Led by Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano, a Spanish missionary colony of 1,500 men, on 13 ships, arrives from Vera Cruz at Pensacola Bay, founding the oldest European settlement in the mainland U.S. (St. Augustine is founded in 1565.)source

Religion & Belief

  • January 15 – Elizabeth I of England is crowned, in Westminster Abbey.source
  • February 27 – Queen Elizabeth I establishes the Church of England, with the Act of Uniformity 1558 and the Act of Supremacy 1558. The Oath of Supremacy is reinstated.source
  • March 31 – The Westminster Conference 1559 opens at Westminster Hall in London with nine leading Catholic churchmen, and nine Protestant reformers of the Church of England. The conference adjourns on April 3 for Easter and never reconvenes.source
  • June 11 – Scottish Reformation: A Protestant mob, incited by the preaching of John Knox, sacks St Andrews Cathedral.source
  • July 31 – Pope Paul IV authorizes the creation of the University of Douai (which will later become the University of Lille).source
  • September 5 – The papal conclave to elect a new pope opens 18 days after the death of Pope Paul IV at the Apostolic Palace in Rome with 47 of the 55 Roman Catholic cardinals present. The conclave lasts 101 days before a successor to Pope Paul is elected.source
  • October 27 – Frederick III is terminated from his post as Duke of Legnica on orders of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. The Emperor Ferdinand orders Frederick placed under house arrest, and restores Frederick's son, Henry XI as Duke of Legnica.source
  • December 25 – After a conclave of almost four months, Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected as the 224th pope, and takes the name Pope Pius IV.source
  • Pope Paul IV promulgates the Pauline Index, an early version of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.source
  • The Ancient Diocese of Saint-Omer established.Francesource
  • Approximate date – the Church of Ireland Bishopric of Mayo is united with the Archdiocese of Tuam.Irelandsource

Technology & Infrastructure

  • Valentine Browne is appointed Surveyor General of Ireland by Queen Elizabeth.Irelandsource

Health & Medicine

  • Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, introduces tobacco to the French court in the form of snuff, and describes its medicinal properties. The active ingredient in tobacco is later named "nicotine" in his honor.source

Crime & Justice

Disasters & Accidents

  • May 13 – At Basel, the body of Dutch Anabaptist leader David Joris is exhumed and burned, following his posthumous conviction of heresy.source

Climate & Environment

  • September 19 – Just weeks after arrival at Pensacola, the Spanish missionary colony is decimated by a hurricane that kills hundreds, sinks five ships, with a galleon, and grounds a caravel; the 1,000 survivors divide to relocate/resupply the settlement, but suffer famine & attacks, and abandon the effort in 1561.source

Culture & Society

  • June 22 – King Philip II of Spain and the 14-year-old Elisabeth of Valois are married in Spain, having married by proxy in January.source
  • June 30 – King Henry II of France participates in a jousting tournament at the Place des Vosges in Paris, where French nobles are celebrating the marriage of Princess Elisabeth to King Philip of Spain. During competition against Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery, commander of King Henry's bodyguards, the Garde Écossaise, King Henry is struck in the eye by a splinter from Montgomery's lance and fatally injured. Henry survives for 10 days without treatment until dying from sepsis.source
  • July 25 – The Articles of Leith are signed in Edinburgh between the Protestant Lords of the Congregation and the Roman Catholic representatives of the Scottish regent, Mary of Guise, the widow of King James V, who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots. The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.source
  • 11 September - Duke John is sent to England to negotiate the wedding between Queen Elizabeth and Prince Erik.Swedensource
  • September 21 – Francis II of France is crowned at Reims. The crown is too heavy for him, and has to be held in place by his nobles.source
  • September 25 – At the age of 12, Petru cel Tânăr (Peter the Younger) is named as the new Prince of Wallachia at the capital, Târgoviște (now in Romania) after the death of his father, Mircea the Shepherd. In response, members of Wallachian nobility (boyars) opposed to Mircea's rule launch the first of three attempts to take the throne, fighting battles at Românești, Șerpătești and Boiani.source
  • 13 December - Wedding between Princess Catherine and Edzard II, Count of East Frisia. A great scandal takes place when Princess Cecilia of Sweden and Johan II of East Frisia is discovered to have an illegal sexual relationship, known as Vadstena Rumble.Swedensource
  • John Calvin publishes the final edition of the Institutes of the Christian Religion.source
  • The University of Geneva is founded by John Calvin.source

Births

  • January 25 – Aleixo de Menezes, Roman Catholic archbishop (died 1617)source
  • February 7 – Catherine de Bourbon, Princess of Navarre and Duchess consort of Lorraine (died 1604)source
  • February 18 – Isaac Casaubon, French-born classical scholar (died 1614)source
  • February 21 – Nurhaci, Chinese emperor (died 1626)source
  • March 16 – Amar Singh I, eldest son and successor of Maharana Pratap of Mewar (died 1620)source
  • 16 March Amar Singh I, later Maharana of Mewar is born in Chittor Fort (dies 1620)Indiasource
  • May 4 – Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley (died 1637)source
  • July 2 - Margareta Brahe, courtier (died 1638)Swedensource
  • July 22 – Lawrence of Brindisi, Italian saint (died 1619)source
  • August 18 – Frederik van den Bergh, Dutch soldier in the Eighty Years' War (died 1618)source
  • August 24 or September 1556 – Sophia Brahe, Danish astronomer, horticulturalist (died 1643)source
  • September 21 – Cigoli, Italian painter (died 1613)source
  • November 11 – Tokuhime, Japanese noble (died 1636)source
  • November 12 – Yaza Datu Kalaya, Crown Princess of Burma (died 1603)source
  • November 13 – Al-Mansur al-Qasim, Imam of Yemen (died 1620)source
  • November 15 – Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, Governor of the Low Countries (died 1621)source
  • Isaac Casaubon, scholar and philologist (died 1614)Francesource
  • Christopher Holywood, Jesuit (died 1626)Irelandsource

Deaths

  • January 1 – King Christian III of Denmark and Norway (born 1503)source
  • January 25 – King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (born 1481)source
  • 25 January - Christian II of Denmark and Sweden (born 1481)Swedensource
  • January – Christina Gyllenstierna, leading opponent of King Christian II of Denmark and Norway (born 1494)source
  • March 23 – Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia, defending his lands against the invasion of Nur ibn Mujahid, Sultan of Harar, is killed in battle. His brother, Menas, succeeds him as king.source
  • March – Robert Plunkett, 5th Baron of DunsanyIrelandsource
  • June 3 – Elisabeth of Nassau-Siegen, German noblewoman (born 1488)source
  • July 10 – King Henry II of France (jousting accident) (born 1519)source
  • 10 July – Henry II of France (born 1519)Francesource
  • August 18 – Pope Paul IV, leader of the Roman Catholic Church since 1555, dies at the age of 83 after a reign of four years. The office of the Pope remains vacant until almost the end of the year before a successor is chosen.source
  • August 18 – Pope Paul IV (born 1476)source
  • September 7 – Robert Estienne, French printer (born 1503)source
  • September 15 – Isabella Jagiellon, queen consort of Hungary (died 1519)source
  • October 4 – Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (born 1504)source
  • October 6 – William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (born 1487)source
  • November 18 – Cuthbert Tunstall, English church leader (born 1474)source
  • November 20 – Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, English noblewoman and claimant to the throne of England (born 1517)source
  • Sikandar Shah Suri, sixth rule of Sur dynastyIndiasource