/year

November 21 in history

181 sourced entries recorded on November 21, from 235 CE to 2025 CE. Every line is quoted from the revision it came from.

Events

  • 235Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope of Rome.source
  • 695Willibrord, Northumbrian missionary, becomes the first bishop of Utrecht (Netherlands). He returns to Frisia to preach, and builds numerous churches (approximate date).source
  • 1043King Henry III ("the Black") marries Agnes of Poitou (daughter of William V of Aquitaine) at the Imperial Palace at Ingelheim am Rhein. She is his second wife after the death of Gunhilda from malaria in 1038.source
  • 1202November 10–24 – Siege of Zara: The Crusaders under Boniface of Montferrat besiege and conquer Zara (modern-day Zadar) in Dalmatia. Despite letters from Innocent III forbidding such an action, and threatening excommunication. The leading citizens of Zara hang banners of crosses along the outer walls, professing their Catholic faith. Nevertheless, the Crusaders breach and sack the city, killing many.source
  • 1210Eric X is crowned – which is the first known coronation of a Swedish king. He strengthens his relationship with his brother-in-law, King Valdemar II of Denmark ("the Conqueror"). Shortly after, Valdemar conquers Danzig (modern-day Gdańsk) on the Baltic coast, and Eastern Pomerania from the Slavonic Wends.source
  • 1368King Algirdas of Lithuania and the Grand Duke Mikhail II of Tver defeat troops of the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the Battle of the Trosna River, and reach the outside of the Moscow Kremlin Wall that surrounds the capital, but find it to be insurmountable and are unable to mount a siege.source
  • 1373King Edward III opens the English Parliament at Westminster and demands more money to be raised to continue the war with France.source
  • 1386The Mongol conqueror Timur, called "Tamerlane" in the west, captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V prisoner.source
  • 1402Stefan Lazarević leads the Serbian Despotate to victory over the Ottoman Governor Durad Brankovic at the Battle of Tripolje.source
  • 1417The coronation of Oddone Colonna as Pope Martin V takes place in Constance as he becomes the 206th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. His installation ends a period of two years and five months without a Pope at Rome, as he succeeds Pope Gregory XII, who had abdicated on July 4, 1415.source
  • 1418Brandenburg–Pomeranian conflict: In Germany, the Treaty of Ueckermünde is signed by the Dukes of Pomerania-Stettin (Otto II and Casimir V) with the Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Albert V), Mecklenburg-Werle (Lord Christopher) and Mecklenburg-Stargard (John III) to ally against the Electorate of Brandenburg, ruled by the House of Hohenzollern elector Friedrich Isource
  • 1430Joan of Arc is sold by the Burgundians to the Kingdom of England for 10,000 livre tournois, equivalent to 808.8 kg (28,530 oz or 1,783.1 lbs) of silver.source
  • 1517In India, Ibrahim Khan Lodi becomes the new Sultan of Delhi upon the death of his father, Sikandar Khan Lodi. Ibrahim will reign until 1526, when the Sultanate of Delhi is conquered by the Afghan Mughal king, Babur.source
  • 1564Peace treaty between Sweden and Russia, to last for seven years.source
  • 1564Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi sails from Mexico. Later, he will conquer the Philippine Islands, founding Manila.source
  • 1567November 21 (10th day of 11th month, Eiroku 10) – In Japan, the Tōdai-ji Great Buddha Hall in the Nara Prefecture is destroyed after a six-month siege by Matsunaga Hisahide against Miyoshi Nagaitsu and the Miyoshi clan. Reconstruction of the temple does not take place until 140 years later in 1709.source
  • 1579Iancu Sasul becomes the new Prince of Moldavia as Peter the Lame steps down for the second time. Peter will replace Sasul on October 17, 1582.source
  • 1589At Oslo, Patrick Vans, Lord Barnbarroch ratifies the marriage contract between King James VI of Scotland, and Anne of Denmark.source
  • 1597The remainder of the 3rd Spanish Armada is assembled at La Coruña. Only 108 of the original fleet of 140 ships is left, and many of the vessels require food and supplies. King Philip elects not to attempt another invasion of the British Isles.source
  • 1618Pilsen falls to Bohemian Protestants led by Ernst von Mansfeld after more than two months of deprivation of food.source
  • 1620November 21 (November 11 OS) – The Mayflower arrives inside the tip of Cape Cod (named from the Concord voyage of 1602), at what becomes known as Provincetown Harbor, with the Pilgrims and Planters; 41 Plymouth Colony settlers sign the Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the colony, on board the ship.source
  • 1631In Venice, a special mass celebrates the end of the two years of bubonic plague that had killed thousands of people.source
  • 1638The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is summoned to Glasgow, by King Charles I.source
  • 1670The première of Racine's tragedy Berenice takes place with the Comédiens du Roi at the Hôtel de Bourgogne in Paris.source
  • 1693The 46-gun Royal Navy frigate HMS Mordaunt founders off of the coast of Cuba.source
  • 1696John Vanbrugh's play The Relapse is first performed in London.source
  • 1696John Vanbrugh's play The Relapse, or Virtue in Danger first performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.source
  • 1706the Cox Baronetcy, of Dunmanway in the County of Cork, is created in the Baronetage of Ireland in favour of Richard Cox, Lord Chancellor of Ireland.source
  • 1727The Netherlands signs the Treaty of Seville.source
  • 1739November 20–22 – War of Jenkins' Ear – Battle of Porto Bello: British marine forces capture the Panamanian silver-exporting town of Portobelo from the Spanish.source
  • 1747Mozart's parents, Anna Maria Mozart and Leopold Mozart, marry in Salzburg.source
  • 1759Battle of Maxen: The Austrian army of Marshal von Daun cuts off and forces the surrender of a Prussian force, under Friedrich von Finck.source
  • 1769Ireland's House of Commons rejects a spending bill passed by Great Britain's parliament, by a 94–71 margin.source
  • 178321 November First manned hot air balloon flightsource
  • 1783In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight (flight time: 25 minutes, Maximum height: 900 m).source
  • 1787Treaty of Versailles (1787) signed, forming an alliance between the Kingdom of France and the Lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, future Emperor of Vietnam.source
  • 1787The Treaty of Versailles (1787) is signed between Louis XVI and the Vietnamese prince Nguyễn Ánh.source
  • 1789North Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the 12th U.S. state.source
  • 1789James Ruse, a convict, provisionally given land at Parramatta to establish Experiment Farm.source
  • 1806Napoleon's Berlin Decree initiates the Continental System, blocking the import of British manufactured goods to the rest of Europe.source
  • 1809First stone laid of first 'guided bus' passenger wagonway Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad.source
  • 1811German poet Heinrich von Kleist shoots his terminally ill lover Henriette Vogel and then himself, on the shore of the Kleiner Wannsee near Potsdam.source
  • 1813An independent government is restored in the Netherlands.source
  • 1832Wabash College, a small, private, liberal arts college for men, is founded.source
  • 1851Mutineers take control of the Chilean penal colony of Punta Arenas in the Strait of Magellan.source
  • 1852November 21–22 – The New French Empire is confirmed by plebiscite: 7,824,000 for, 253,000 against.source
  • 1855Large-scale Bleeding Kansas violence begins, with events leading to the 'Wakarusa War' between antislavery and proslavery forces.source
  • 1856Niagara University is founded in Niagara Falls, New York.source
  • 1861Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah P. Benjamin Secretary of War.source
  • 1867American temperance crusader Carrie Nation marries Charles Gloyd.source
  • 1871Daniel Jacobus Erasmus becomes acting State President of the South African Republic.source
  • 1873November 18–21 – Irish Home Rule movement: The Home Government Association reconstitutes itself as the Home Rule League.source
  • 1877Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record sound, considered his first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on November 29.source
  • 1877Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record sound, considered Edison's first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on December 6.source
  • 1878The Second Anglo-Afghan War commences when the British attack Ali Masjid in the Khyber Pass.source
  • 1878Syria–Lebanon campaign commences when the British attack Ali Masjid in the Khyber Pass.source
  • 1885November 14–28 – Serbo-Bulgarian War: Serbia declares war against Bulgaria, but is defeated in the Battle of Slivnitsa on November 17–19.source
  • 1890Edward King, Anglican bishop of Lincoln, is convicted of using ritualistic practices.source
  • 1890Edward King (bishop of Lincoln) is convicted in a special ecclesiastical court (revived for the first time since 1699) of using ritualistic practices in Anglican worship, although on a majority of counts the court finds in his favour.source
  • 1894First Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Lushunkou – Japanese troops secure a decisive victory over the Chinese, capture the port city of Lüshunkou, and begin the Port Arthur massacre, in which more than 1,000 Chinese servicemen and civilians die.source
  • 1896The War of Canudos begins with an attack by the small force led by Pires Ferreira. They are fiercely counter-attacked by a band of 500 armed men; the Brazilian force retreats, after incurring severe losses and killing 150 of the attackers, many of whom are armed only with machetes, primitive lances and axes.source
  • 1896The Hamburg dockworkers' strike of 1896-97 is considered one of the largest labour disputes in the German Empire.source
  • 1899The Boers cut off all telegraph lines and seize the railway connecting Estcourt to the rest of the Cape Colony.source
  • 1907November 21 − Ernest Nathan is appointed the first Jewish mayor of Rome, after a victory of anti-clericals at the municipal elections.source
  • 1909Peder Severin Krøyer, painter (born 1851)source
  • 1915British polar exploration ship Endurance finally breaks apart from pressure of ice around it and sinks into the Weddell Sea, stranding Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition party in the Antarctic. The wreck is discovered at a depth of 3,008 metres (9,869 ft), 107 years later in 2022.source
  • 1918Lwów pogrom: Polish troops, volunteers and freed criminals massacre at least 320 Ukrainian Christians and Jews in Lwów, Galicia.source
  • 1920Irish War of Independence: Bloody Sunday – The Irish Republican Army (IRA), on the instructions of Michael Collins, shoot dead the "Cairo gang", 14 British undercover agents in Dublin, most in their homes. Later this day in retaliation, the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary open fire on a crowd at a Gaelic Athletic Association football match in Croke Park, resulting in 14 deaths with 60 wounded. Three men are shot this night in Dublin Castle "while trying to escape".source
  • 1922Rebecca Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, formally becoming the first woman United States Senator.source
  • 1924Ali Fethi Okyar forms a new government in Turkey (3rd government).source
  • 1927The Columbine Mine massacre: Colorado state police open fire on 500 rowdy but unarmed miners during a strike, killing 6.source
  • 1927Government falls after Socialists question policy on military service.source
  • 1930A flying boat airliner I-RONY, operating on a passenger flight for Società Anonima Navigazione Aerea (SANA), disappears over the Mediterranean Sea during a flight from Barcelona, Spain, to Marseille, France; all six people on board are lost.source
  • 1932German president Hindenburg begins negotiations with Adolf Hitler about the formation of a new government.source
  • 1940November 20–24 – WWII: Hungary, Romania and Slovakia join the Axis powers.source
  • 1941The live blues radio program King Biscuit Time is broadcast for the first time on KFFA in Helena, Arkansas; it will attain its 17,000th broadcast in 2014 making it the longest-running daily American radio broadcast.source
  • 1942The completion of the Alaska Highway (also known as the Alcan Highway) is celebrated (however, the "highway" is not usable by general vehicles until 1943).source
  • 1947The United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment begins in Havana, Cuba. This conference ends in 1948, when its members complete the Havana Charter.source
  • 1953November 20–22 – First Indochina War: Operation Castor – In a massive airborne operation in Vietnam, French forces establish a base at Điện Biên Phủ.source
  • 1953Puerto Williams is founded in Chile, as the southernmost settlement of the world.source
  • 1954People's Action Party, an eventual dominative political party in Singapore, was established.source
  • 1955C-47D Skytrain aircraft crash in Akrafjallsource
  • 1956Soviet submarine M-200 is rammed and sunk by a Soviet destroyer, killing the submarine's crew.source
  • 1962The Sino-Indian War ends with a Chinese victory with India surrendering Aksai Chin to China.source
  • 1963India's first ever rocket launch was carried out at Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station Thiruvananthapuram. The launch was successful and it sent NASA-made Nike-Apache rocket to space.source
  • 1964Second Vatican Council: The third period of the Catholic Church's ecumenical council closes. Lumen gentium, the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, is promulgated.source
  • 1964The Verrazano–Narrows Bridge across New York Bay opens to traffic (the world's longest suspension bridge at this time).source
  • 1967Vietnam War: United States General William Westmoreland tells news reporters: "I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing."source
  • 1969U.S. President Richard Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Satō agree in Washington, D.C. to the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms of the agreement, the U.S. retains rights to military bases on the island, but they must be nuclear-free.source
  • 1969The first ARPANET link is established (the progenitor of the global Internet).source
  • 1970Syrian Prime Minister Hafez al-Assad forms a new government but retains the post of defense minister.source
  • 19701970 Australian Senate election: The Liberal/Country Coalition government led by Prime Minister John Gorton and the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam each end up with 26 seats, both suffering a swing against them. The Democratic Labor Party wins an additional seat and holds the balance of power in the Senate. This is the last occasion on which a Senate election is held without an accompanying House of Representatives election.source
  • 1970In Ethiopia, the Eritrean Liberation Front kills an Ethiopian general.source
  • 1974Birmingham pub bombings: In Birmingham, England, two pubs are bombed, killing 21 people in an attack widely believed at the time to be linked to the Provisional Irish Republican Army. The Birmingham Six are later sentenced to life in prison for this, but their convictions are quashed after a lengthy campaign.source
  • 1979After false radio reports from the Ayatollah Khomeini that the Americans had occupied the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the United States Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan is attacked by a mob and set afire, killing four, and disturbing Pakistan–United States relations.source
  • 1979After false radio reports from the Ayatollah Khomeini that the Americans have occupied the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the United States Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan is attacked by a mob and set afire, killing 4. (See: Foreign relations of Pakistan)source
  • 1980A fire at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip kills 85 people.source
  • 1984Start of Operation Moses, the evacuation of refugee Beta Israel Ethiopian Jews from Sudan to Israel via Brussels.source
  • 198423 year old Birzeit university student, Sharaf Tibi from Khan Yunis, is shot and killed by Israeli soldiers.source
  • 1985Jonathan Pollard, a US naval intelligence analyst who spied for Israeli intelligence, is arrested by the FBI at the gates of the Israeli Embassy in Washington while trying to seek asylum there.source
  • 1986Iran-Contra Affair: National Security Council member Oliver North and his secretary, Fawn Hall, start shredding documents implicating them in selling weapons to Iran and channeling the proceeds to help fund the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.source
  • 1988Air France's supersonic Concorde made its first landing at Subang International Airport.source
  • 1990Nintendo releases the Super Famicom in Japan alongside its launch games Super Mario World and F-Zero.source
  • 1993November 17–22 – The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) passes the legislative houses in the United States, Canada and Mexico.source
  • 1995The Dayton Agreement to end the Bosnian War is reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, United States (signed December 14).source
  • 1996A propane explosion at the Humberto Vidal shoe store and office building in San Juan, Puerto Rico kills 33 people.source
  • 2002A 6.3 Mw earthquake strikes northern Pakistan, leaving sixteen dead, forty injured, and more than 1,000 buildings damaged.source
  • 2004Nintendo releases the Nintendo DS handheld game console in North America.source
  • 2004November 14–26 – Typhoon Muifa kills 600 people in the Philippines.source
  • 2005Ministry of Public Security abolished the regulation that each person could only register one motorbike.source
  • 2008The U.S. appoints its first ambassador to Libya in 36 years, after Libya paid compensation to Pan Am Flight 103 victims' families.source
  • 2010Eurozone countries agree to a rescue package for the Republic of Ireland from the European Financial Stability Facility in response to the country's financial crisis.source
  • 2012November 14–21 – Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense against the Palestinian-governed Gaza Strip, killing Hamas military chief Ahmed Jabari. In the following week 140 Palestinians and five Israelis are killed in an ensuing cycle of violence. A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas is announced by Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton after the week-long escalation in hostilities in Southern Israel and the Gaza Strip.source
  • 2013Euromaidan pro-EU demonstrations begin in Ukraine after President Viktor Yanukovych rejects an economic association agreement between the European Union and Ukraine in favor of closer ties to Russia.source
  • 2013Moldovan-flagged cargo ship MV Rhosus makes port in Beirut, Lebanon, carrying 2,750 tonnes of ammonium nitrate. After inspection by port state control, the Rhosus is deemed unseaworthy, and is forbidden to set sail. By order of an Urgent Matters judge in Beirut, the cargo is brought ashore in 2014 and placed in Warehouse 12 at the port, where it will remain for six years. The ammonium nitrate will erupt in a massive explosion on August 4, 2020.source
  • 2013A Prague nursing school issues a hijab ban, coursing some controversy.source
  • 2014The World Health Organization reports that an outbreak of bubonic plague in Madagascar has killed 40 people.source
  • 2017Disappearance of Azory Gwanda, a journalist for Mwananchi Communications Ltd in Dar es Salaam.source
  • 2018Kosovo puts a 100% trade tariff on all goods imported from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. The European Union says this is a "clear violation" of the Central European Free Trade Agreement.source
  • 2019Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is indicted on charges of bribery, fraud and breach of trust.source
  • 201921 November to 1 December (scheduled) – Paraguay will host the 2019 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup, to be held in the city of Asunciónsource
  • 2021The 2021 Chilean general election is held.source
  • 2022A 5.6 earthquake strikes near Cianjur in West Java, Indonesia, killing 635 people and injuring 7,700 more.source
  • 2022November 19–November 26 – The 2022 Central American and Caribbean Beach Games are held in Santa Marta, Colombia.source
  • 2024The International Criminal Court (ICC) issues arrest warrants against Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, former Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, and Hamas military leader Mohammed Deif on accusations of war crimes committed during the Gaza war.source
  • 2024Researchers using the Very Large Telescope announce the first-ever "close-up" image of a star outside the Milky Way Galaxy, WOH G64.source
  • 2024November 11–22 – COP29 is held in Baku, Azerbaijan.source
  • 2025November 10–21 – The COP30 summit is held in Belém, Brazil, focusing on the role of the Amazon rainforest in climate action.source
  • 2025December 7 – The 2025 FIFA Futsal Women's World Cup is held in the Philippines, and is won by Brazil.source

Births

  • 1495John Bale, English churchman (died 1563)source
  • 1521Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield, English baron (died 1549)source
  • 1537Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba, Spanish military leader (died 1583)source
  • 1539Pierre Pithou, a lawyer and scholar, is born in Troyes, France. (d.1596)source
  • 1631Catharina Questiers, Dutch poet (died 1669)source
  • 1683Lucy Burwell Berkeley, white American aristocrat of the Burwell family of Virginia (died 1716)source
  • 1694Voltaire, French writer, historian, and philosopher (died 1778)source
  • 1710Johann Ernst Gotzkowsky, Prussian merchant with a successful trade in trinkets (died 1775)source
  • 1729Josiah Bartlett, second signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (died 1795)source
  • 1760Joseph Plumb Martin, American Revolutionary soldier and narrative author (died 1850)source
  • 1768Friedrich Schleiermacher, German theologian (died 1834)source
  • 1787Samuel Cunard, Canadian businessman, prominent Nova Scotian, founder of the Cunard Line (died 1865)source
  • 1790Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, British admiral (died 1858)source
  • 1834Hetty Green, American businesswoman (died 1916)source
  • 1840Victoria, Princess Royal (died 1901)source
  • 1854Pope Benedict XV (died 1922)source
  • 1965Björk, Icelandic singer-songwriter and musiciansource
  • 2012Etah James, Thoroughbred racehorsesource

Deaths

  • 496Gelasius I dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by the Rome-born Anastasius II as the 50th pope.source
  • 615Columbanus, Irish missionary (born 543)source
  • 933Al-Tahawi, Arab imam and scholar (born 853)source
  • 1011Reizei, emperor of Japan (born 950)source
  • 1129Nigel d'Aubigny, Norman noblemansource
  • 1136William de Corbeil, archbishop of Canterburysource
  • 1150García IV ("the Restorer"), king of Navarresource
  • 1161William III, count of Nevers and Auxerresource
  • 1190Děpolt II (or Diepold), German noblemansource
  • 1325Yuri III Danilovich, Russian Grand Prince (born 1281)source
  • 1325Yuri III Danilovich, Grand Duke of Moscow, is assassinated by Dmitry of Tver, Grand Duke of Vladimir, nicknamed "the Terrible Eyes". Yuri's younger brother, Iván I Danilovich Kalitá, the Grand Duke of Vladimir, inherits Yuri's throne and relocates the spiritual capital of the Russian people to Moscow by directing the Metropolitan Peter to move his episcopal see from Kiev. The decision of both Ivan and Peter to relocate gradually makes Moscow the political center of Russia.source
  • 1361Philip of Rouvres, Duke of Burgundy (plague) (born 1346)source
  • 1447Biagio Molino, Roman Catholic patriarch (born 1380)source
  • 1506Engelbert, Count of Nevers, younger son of John I (born 1462)source
  • 1549Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa, mother in law of the king (born unknown date)source
  • 1555Georgius Agricola, German scientist (born 1490)source
  • 1579Thomas Gresham, English merchant and financier (born 1519)source
  • 1613Rose Lok, English Marian exile (born 1526)source
  • 1652Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician, and astronomer (born 1585)source
  • 1695Henry Purcell, English composer (born 1659)source
  • 1695Henry Purcell, composer (born 1654)source
  • 1710Bernardo Pasquini, Italian composer of operas (born 1637)source
  • 1717Jean-Baptiste Santerre, French painter (born 1650)source
  • 1732Jan Jansen Bleecker, Mayor of Albany, New York (born 1641)source
  • 1734Alexis Simon Belle, French portrait painter (born 1674)source
  • 1781Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count of Maurepas, French statesman (born 1701)source
  • 1811Heinrich von Kleist, German writer (suicide) (born 1777)source
  • 1899Garret Hobart, Vice President of the United States since 1897 for President William McKinley, dies of cardiovascular disease. The vacancy in the office will remain unfilled until the inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt as Vice President in 1901.source
  • 1916Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (born 1830)source
  • 1916Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria dies of pneumonia at the Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, aged 86, after a reign of 68 years and is succeeded by his grandnephew Charles I.source
  • 1962Henri Déricourt, former French SOE agent, 53 (born 1909)source
  • 1970Vietnam War – Operation Ivory Coast: A joint Air Force and Army team raids the 4Sơn Tây prison camp in an attempt to free American prisoners of war thought to be held there (no Americans are killed, but the prisoners have already moved to another camp; all U.S. POWs are moved to a handful of central prison complexes as a result of this raid).source
  • 1974Frank Martin, Swiss composer (died 1890 in Switzerland)source
  • 2012Ajmal Kasab, 25, Pakistani gunman involved in 2008 Mumbai attacks, execution by hanging.source