1916 CE

The Battle of the Somme begins as British and French forces attack German lines in northern France, causing over one million casualties; The Battle of Verdun between France and Germany leaves nearly 700,000 dead or wounded, symbolizing the Western Front stalemate; The Brusilov Offensive gives Russia major gains against Austria-Hungary but with heavy losses; The Battle of Jutland in the North Sea, the war’s largest naval battle, ends without a clear victor but secures British naval dominance; The Arab Revolt is launched against Ottoman rule with British support and T. E. Lawrence; The Easter Rising in Dublin sees Irish republicans stage a doomed revolt against British rule.

In the 1910s, the 20th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • January 12 – The Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, part of the British Empire, is established in modern-day Tuvalu and Kiribati.source
  • January – The New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) becomes the New Zealand Division.New Zealandsource
  • March 10 – The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence concludes with an understanding that the United Kingdom would recognise Arab independence in return for Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, launching the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire.source
  • March 22 – The temporary Emperor of China, Yuan Shikai, abdicates the throne, and the Republic of China is restored once again.source
  • 2 April – A general election takes place.Argentinasource
  • May 16 – Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement, which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire, following the conclusion of WWI and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, into French and British spheres of influence.source
  • June 15 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs a bill incorporating the Boy Scouts of America.source
  • 31 July – Free State – Vierfontein to Bothaville, 23 mi 6 ch.South Africasource
  • 5 August – Icelandic parliamentary election, August 1916Icelandsource
  • August 7 – Portugal joins the Allies.source
  • August 16 – The Migratory Bird Treaty between Canada and the United States is signed.source
  • August 17 (August 4 O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between Romania and the Entente Powers, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary.source
  • August 21 – WWI: Peru declares neutrality.source
  • August 25 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation creating the National Park Service.source
  • August 29 – The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act.source
  • August 29 – Philippine Autonomy Act becomes law as a new Organic Act.Philippinessource
  • October 5 – The Italian Government is informed of the content of the agreement signed in May between France, England and Russia for the partition of the Asian part of the Ottoman Empire. Italy advances reservations about these agreements and demands that part of Asia Minor including the Turkish provinces of Aidin (Smyrna), Konya and Adana, would be allocated to Italy as agreed in the 1915 Treaty of London.Italysource
  • October 12 – Hipólito Yrigoyen is elected President of Argentina.source
  • 30 October – Vice-presidential electionChinasource
  • November 1 – Pavel Milyukov delivers his "stupidity or treason" speech in the Russian State Duma, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.source
  • November 5 – The Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) is proclaimed by a joint act of the emperors of Germany and Austria.source
  • November 7 – Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.source
  • November 7 – 1916 United States presidential election: Democratic President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeats Republican Charles Evans Hughes, when California is called a week after Election Day.source
  • November 13 – Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.source
  • December 25 – The law transferring the Romanian Treasure to Moscow for safekeeping is passed. The Treasure would never entirely return to Romania.Romaniasource
  • December 30 – Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize Arauca in Colombia and declare the Republic of Arauca. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela.source

Conflict & Security

  • January 9 – WWI: Gallipoli Campaign – The last British troops are evacuated from Gallipoli, as the Ottoman Empire prevails over a joint British and French operation to capture Constantinople.source
  • January 13 – WWI: Battle of Wadi – Ottoman Empire forces defeat the British, during the Mesopotamian campaign in modern-day Iraq.source
  • February 12 – WWI: Battle of Salaita Hill (East African Campaign) – South African and other British Empire troops fail to take a German East African defensive position.source
  • 4 March – Germany surrenders German Cameroon (Kamerun) to British and French occupying forces.Germanysource
  • March 8–9 – Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa leads about 500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 12 U.S. soldiers. A garrison of the U.S. 13th Cavalry Regiment fights back and drives them away.source
  • March 15 – United States President Woodrow Wilson sends 12,000 United States troops over the U.S.–Mexico border to pursue Pancho Villa; the 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory.source
  • March 16 – Mexican Revolution: The U.S. 7th and 10th Cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing cross the border, to join the hunt for Villa.source
  • 22 March – Disestablishment of the Empire of China (1915–16)Chinasource
  • April 11 – WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the occupation of the Sinai Peninsula.source
  • April 24–30 – The Easter Rising occurs in Ireland. Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood proclaim an Irish Republic, and the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army occupy the General Post Office and other buildings in Dublin, before surrendering to the British Army. A total of 485 Irish Volunteers, British soldiers and Irish civilians were killed as well as 2,200 wounded and 16 rebel leaders would be executed.source
  • April 29 – WWI: Mesopotamian campaign – The Siege of Kut ends with the surrender of British Indian Army forces to the Ottoman Empire at Kut-al-Amara on the Tigris in Basra Vilayet.source
  • 13 May – New Zealand Division moves into front-line trenches at Armentières.New Zealandsource
  • May 31–June 1 – WWI: Battle of Jutland, between the British Royal Navy's Grand Fleet and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet in the North Sea, the war's only large-scale clash of battleships. The result is tactically inconclusive, but British dominance of the North Sea is maintainedsource
  • June 10 – The Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, to create a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo to Aden, is formally declared by Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca.source
  • July 1–November 18 – WWI: Battle of the Somme, opening with explosion of the British Y Sap and Lochnagar mines and the Battle of Albert: More than one million soldiers die, with 57,470 British Empire casualties on the first day, 19,240 of them killed, the British Army's bloodiest day. The immediate result is tactically inconclusive.source
  • July 12 – Cesare Battisti and Fabio Filzi, both Austrian subjects but exponents of Trentino irredentism are hanged by the Austrians in Trento. They had enlisted in the Italian army and were captured by the Austrians, who condemned them as deserters.Italysource
  • July 26 – WWI: East African Campaign – The German armed ship SMS Graf von Goetzen scuttles herself on Lake Tanganyika.source
  • August 3–5 – WWI: Sinai and Palestine Campaign – Battle of Romani: British Imperial troops secure victory over a joint Ottoman-German force.source
  • August 27 – Romania declares war on Austria-Hungary. The Romanian Army begins an offensive in Transylvania.Romaniasource
  • September 4 – WWI: East African Campaign – Dar es Salaam surrenders to British Empire forces, securing them control of the Central Line of railway through German East Africa.source
  • September 4 – Dar es Salaam surrenders to British Empire forces.South Africasource
  • September 15–22 – WWI: Battle of Flers–Courcelette, France – The battle is significant for the first use of the tank in warfare; also for the debut of the Canadian and New Zealand Divisions in the Battle of the Somme.source
  • October 7 – The Georgia Tech vs. Cumberland College American football game ends in a score of 222–0.source
  • October 27 – Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael of Wollo, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu V, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zewditu.source
  • November 5 – Everett massacre: An armed confrontation in Everett, Washington, between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World results in seven deaths.source
  • November 18 – WWI – Battle of the Somme: In France, British Expeditionary Force commander Douglas Haig calls off the battle, which started on July 1.source
  • November 23 – WWI: Eastern Front – Bucharest, the capital of Romania, is occupied by troops of the Central Powers.source
  • November 25 – The entire state apparatus is evacuated from Bucharest to Iași in anticipation of the Battle of Bucharest.Romaniasource
  • December 1 – An armed confrontation in Athens between the Kingdom of Greece and the Allied Powers, arising from a dispute over Greece's neutrality in World War I, followed by reprisals and riots against Greek supporters of the Allies marking the height of the National Schism.source
  • December 18 – WWI: The Battle of Verdun ends in France with German troops defeated.source
  • December 23 – WWI: The Desert Column captures the Ottoman garrison during the Battle of Magdhaba.source
  • The capture of rebel leader Deodato Manuel Ramos ("Adeodato") marks the effective end of the Contestado War.Brazilsource
  • Portugal enters the First World War.Portugalsource

Exploration & Expansion

  • April 24–May 10 – Voyage of the James Caird: An open boat journey from Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands to South Georgia in the southern Atlantic Ocean (800 nmi) is undertaken by Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions, to obtain rescue for the main body of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, following the loss of its ship Endurance.source
  • 24 April–19 May – Voyage of the James Caird, an open boat journey from Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands to South Georgia in the southern Atlantic Ocean (800 nmi) undertaken by Sir Ernest Shackleton and five companions to obtain rescue for the main body of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (left under command of Frank Wild) following the loss of its ship Endurance.United Kingdomsource
  • 12 May – First patrol by the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade in the Sinai desert.New Zealandsource
  • June – Rodeo's first side-delivery chute is designed and made by the Bascom brothers on their Bar-B-3 Ranch at Welling, Alberta.Canadasource
  • August 30 – The crew of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition's Endurance 1912 ship is rescued from Elephant Island.source
  • 30 August – Rescue of the 22 men Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition who remained on Elephant Island.Australiasource
  • 18 September – Cape – Idutywa to Umtata, 71 mi 13 ch.South Africasource
  • October – T. E. Lawrence is sent into the desert to report on the Arab nationalist movements.Walessource
  • November 19 – Ruth Law sets a new distance record for cross-country flight by flying 590 miles (950 km) non-stop from Chicago to New York State. She flies on to New York City the next day.United Statessource
  • Endre Johannes Cleven, settler in Canada (born 1874)Norwaysource

Religion & Belief

  • 7 February – The Roman Catholic archdiocese of Cardiff is established.Walessource
  • 16 September – William Jolliffe is appointed New Zealand's first censor (on his birthday)New Zealandsource
  • 21 September – Establishment of the Vicariate Apostolic of Eastern HonanChinasource
  • 19 October – Cardinal Mercier protests the deportation of forced labourers to Germany.Belgiumsource
  • November 5 – Honan Chapel, Cork, Ireland, a product of the Irish Arts and Crafts movement (1894–1925), is dedicated.source
  • The National Research Council of Canada is established.Canadasource
  • Hindu Disposition of Property ActIndiasource
  • Monarch – Victor Emmanuel III (1900–1946)Italysource
  • Erik V. Vullum, politician and author (born 1850)Norwaysource

Economy & Finance

  • 4 March – third war budget raises income tax to five shillings in the pound.United Kingdomsource
  • 3 May - Brazilian merchant ship Rio Branco is sunk by a German submarine. Because the ship is in restricted waters and registered under the British flag, and most of its crew is Norwegian, it is not considered an illegal attack by the Brazilian government, despite public protests.Brazilsource
  • 12 June – Whit Monday bank holiday abandoned (rescheduled to 8 August but subsequently abandoned altogether).United Kingdomsource
  • 7 August – August bank holiday abandoned.United Kingdomsource
  • 20 September – The Canterbury (NZ) Aviation Company is established in Christchurch. Henry Wigram is the main instigator. The Company's aims are to train pilots for the war, promote local aviation defence and pioneer commercial aviation.New Zealandsource
  • September 29 – John D. Rockefeller becomes the first person to reach a nominal personal fortune of US$1 billionsource
  • 1 October – Time in Ireland: Dublin Mean Time (25 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time) was replaced by British time from 2 am today under the terms of the Time (Ireland) Act 1916.Irelandsource
  • October 9 – Tokyo Confectionery, as predecessor of Meiji Holdings was founded.Japansource
  • Ishikawajima Automobile Manufacturing, predecessor of Isuzu, a truck brand in Japan, is founded.source
  • A truck brand, Isuzu founded, as predecessor name of Ishikawajima Automobile Manufacturing.Japansource

Technology & Infrastructure

  • March - Inauguration of the Liljevalchs konsthall.Swedensource
  • Korea Tungsten is founded in Daegu, predecessor of leading steel producer in Asia, POSCO (Pohang Steel Company).source
  • May 7 – The Government of Canada authorizes the creation of an all black battalion that became No. 2 Construction Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force.Canadasource
  • June 24 – Mary Pickford becomes the first movie star to sign a million-dollar contract, making her one of the highest-paid people in the world.source
  • 11 July – The Gornbæk–Gilleleje extension of the Helsingør–Gornbæk Railway Line is inaugurated.Denmarksource
  • 13 July – Vivian Walsh is the first New Zealander to obtain a pilot's licence while resident in New Zealand.New Zealandsource
  • July 15 – In Seattle, William Boeing incorporates Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing).source
  • September 6 – The first true self-service grocery store, Piggly Wiggly, is founded in Memphis, Tennessee, by Clarence Saunders, opening 5 days later.source
  • September 30 – Construction is completed on the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City.United Statessource
  • 1 October – Carl Otto Løvenskiold, naval officer, politician and land owner (born 1839).Norwaysource
  • November 1 – The first 40-hour work week officially begins, in the Endicott-Johnson factories of Western New York.source
  • November 7 – Radio station 2XG, located in the Highbridge section of New York City, makes the first audio broadcast of presidential election returns.source
  • December 22 – The British Sopwith Camel aircraft makes its maiden flight. It is designed to counter the German Fokker aircraft.source
  • The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers is founded in the United States as the Society of Motion Picture Engineers.source
  • Bray Studios begins the Farmer Al Falfa series, the first of the Terrytoons.source
  • Rodeo's first side-delivery bucking chute is designed and made by the Bascom brothers (Raymond, Mel, and Earl) and their father, John W. Bascom, at Welling, Alberta, Canada.source
  • Brazilian Naval Aviation is established, in preparation for the country's participation in the First World War.Brazilsource
  • The South African Railways places six Class NG10 4-6-2 Pacific type steam locomotives in service on the Langkloof narrow gauge line.South Africasource

Science & Discovery

  • January 22 – Japan launches its first domestically manufactured blimp. The blimp left Tokorozawa at 1:30 p.m. and, after landing and refueling at Toyohashi, landed in Osaka at 5:10 p.m. the next day.Japansource
  • 2 February – Submarine HMS J4 is launched at Pembroke Dock.Walessource
  • The toggle light switch is invented, by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg.source
  • 15 October – The 16th New Zealand national census is taken.New Zealandsource
  • October – The Canterbury (NZ) Aviation Company purchases land at Sockburn near Christchurch. The first planes will not arrive until the following year.New Zealandsource
  • Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale is collected posthumously and published.source
  • Louis Enricht claims he has a substitute for gasoline.source
  • Sasanof wins the Melbourne Cup.Australiasource
  • Lucy Maud Montgomery – The Watchman & Other PoemsCanadasource
  • The first Doukhobors arrive in AlbertaCanadasource
  • Daniel Corkery's short stories, A Munster Twilight, were published.Irelandsource

Health & Medicine

  • January 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that has been stored and cooled.source
  • 1 January – the Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion using blood that has been stored and cooled.United Kingdomsource
  • 27 January – conscription introduced by the Military Service Act; applies to unmarried men aged 18–41 from 2 March and to married men in the same age bracket from April/May; it does not extend to Ireland.United Kingdomsource
  • 10 April – Ole Bornemann Bull, ophthalmologist (born 1842)Norwaysource
  • 25 April – Martial law was declared in Dublin by the British authorities for a period of one month.Irelandsource
  • May 19 – Norman Rockwell's first cover for The Saturday Evening Post, Boy with Baby Carriage.United Statessource
  • July 1 – Prohibition of alcohol introduced in AlbertaCanadasource
  • October 16 – Margaret Sanger opens the first U.S. birth control clinic, a forerunner of Planned Parenthood.source
  • Oxycodone, a narcotic painkiller closely related to codeine, is first synthesized in Germany.source
  • Due to the outbreak of World War I, the 1916 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, is cancelled.source
  • Hotels are forced to close at 6 p.m., leading to the beginning of the "six o'clock swill": 27 March in South Australia; 21 July in Sydney after referendum of 10 June; 11 October in Victoria; during March in Tasmania.Australiasource

Crime & Justice

  • February 9 (6.00 p.m.) – Tristan Tzara "founds" the art movement Dadaism (according to Hans Arp).source
  • February 11 – Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control in the United States.source
  • 21 April – Roger Casement and two others were arrested at Banna Strand, County Kerry, for attempting to land arms and ammunition.Irelandsource
  • September 13 – Mary, a circus elephant, is hanged in the town of Erwin, Tennessee for killing her handler, Walter "Red" Eldridge.source
  • September 29-October 5 – Flămânda OffensiveRomaniasource
  • October 16 – Margaret Sanger opens a family planning and birth control clinic in Brownsville, Brooklyn, the first of its kind in the U.S., a forerunner of Planned Parenthood. Nine days later, she is arrested for breaking a New York state law prohibiting distribution of contraceptives. This same year, she publishes What Every Girl Should Know, providing information about such topics as menstruation and sexuality in adolescents.United Statessource
  • October 21 – Friedrich Adler shoots Count Karl von Stürgkh, Minister-President of Austria.source
  • 2 December – Sydney Twelve: 12 members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) convicted in Sydney of conspiring to commit arson and sedition.Australiasource
  • Emily Murphy became the first female magistrate in Canada, and in the British Empire.Canadasource
  • Men's singles champion – E.H. Fountain (Roslyn Bowling Club)New Zealandsource
  • Auckland Trotting Cup – Admiral WoodNew Zealandsource
  • Chair - J. Ellis Williams, "Ystrad Fflur"Walessource

Disasters & Accidents

  • 5 March - The liner Príncipe de Asturias runs aground in fog on the shoals out of Ponta do Boi, in the island of Sao Sebastião, while trying to approach the port of Santos. At least 445 people out of the 588 aboard are killed.Brazilsource
  • March 24 – French ferry SS Sussex is torpedoed by SM UB-29 in the English Channel, with at least 50 killed (including the composer Enrique Granados), resulting on May 4 in the Sussex Pledge by Germany to the United States.source
  • 1 June – Miners' wages in the South Wales Coalfield are increased by 15%.Walessource
  • June 5 – WWI: HMS Hampshire sinks, having hit a mine off the Orkney Islands, Scotland, with Lord Kitchener aboard.source
  • 5 June – HMS Hampshire sinks off Orkney, probably having struck a German mine, with the loss of 650 lives – including Lord Kitchener and his staff – and only 13 survivors.Scotlandsource
  • 5 June – HMS Hampshire sinks having hit a mine off Orkney with Lord Kitchener aboard. 737 lives, including Kitchener, were lost.United Kingdomsource
  • July 1–12 – Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916: At least one shark attacks 5 swimmers along 80 mi of New Jersey coastline, resulting in 4 deaths and the survival of one youth, who requires limb amputation. This event is the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws.source
  • July 1–12 – At least one shark mauls five swimmers along 80 mi of New Jersey coastline during the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, resulting in four deaths and the survival of one youth who required limb amputation. This event is the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write Jaws.United Statessource
  • July 29 – Matheson Fire: In Ontario, Canada, a lightning strike ignites a forest fire that destroys the towns of Cochrane and Matheson, killing 233.source
  • July 29 – The Matheson Fire in the region northwest of North Bay, Ontario, begins. It eventually kills between 200 and 250 people and destroys six towns, including Matheson and CochraneCanadasource
  • July 30 – German agents cause the Black Tom explosion in Jersey City, New Jersey, an act of sabotage destroying an ammunition depot and killing at least 7 people.source
  • September 2 – WWI: British pilot Leefe Robinson becomes the first to shoot down a German airship over Britain.source
  • September 11 – A mechanical failure causes the central span of the Quebec Bridge, a cantilever-type structure, to crash into the Saint Lawrence River for the second time, killing 13 workers.source
  • October 20 – Black Friday (1916): A violent and deadly storm hits Lake Erie in the United States.source
  • 1 November – a general coal strike began in eastern Australia.Australiasource
  • December 31 – The Hampton Terrace Hotel in North Augusta, South Carolina, one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in the United States at the time, burns to the ground.source
  • 15–16 January: The Bergen fire of 1916.Norwaysource

Climate & Environment

  • January 24 – In Browning, Montana, the temperature drops from +6.7 °C to −48.8 °C (44 °F to −56 °F) in one day, the greatest change ever on record for a 24-hour period.United Statessource
  • 28 March – severe blizzard across the east midlands.United Kingdomsource
  • August 1 – Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park is established in HawaiiUnited Statessource
  • August 9 – Lassen Volcanic National Park is established in California.source
  • 28 August – The largest in the Nantou earthquake sequence occurredTaiwansource
  • 12 September – Henrik Mohn, meteorologist (born 1835)Norwaysource
  • December 12 – "White Friday": In the Dolomites, 100 avalanches bury at least 2,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers.source
  • 28 December – Floods in Clermont, Queensland claimed more than 60 lives.Australiasource
  • Melbourne, with 967.5 mm and Hobart with 1104.2 mm, each receive their highest annual rainfall due to a strong La Niña.Australiasource
  • The white-tailed sea eagle last breeds in the UK, on Skye (prior to reintroduction).Scotlandsource

Culture & Society

  • February 11 – The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert in the United States.source
  • February 11 – The Romanian Association football club Sportul Studențesc is founded in Bucharest.source
  • March 30 – National Hockey Association's Montreal Canadiens win their First Stanley Cup by defeating the Pacific Coast Hockey Association's Portland Rosebuds 3 games to 2. All Games were played at Montreal's Montreal Arena.source
  • 14 April – Gina Krog, suffragist (born 1847).Norwaysource
  • 6 June – The Returned Sailors' and Soldiers' Imperial League of Australia, the forerunner to the Returned and Services League is founded.Australiasource
  • 14 July – The Club Deportivo Ferroviarios is founded.Chilesource
  • July 16 – Max Reger's Hebbel Requiem is first performed in a memorial concert for the composer, conducted by Philipp Wolfrum.source
  • August 15 – Club Atlas is founded as an association football club in Guadalajara, Mexico, by English-educated players.source
  • 31 August – The newspaper B.T. is established as a tabloid spinoff from Berlingske Ridende.Denmarksource
  • August – Robert Baden-Powell publishes The Wolf Cub's Handbook in the U.K., establishing the basis of the junior section of the Scouting movement, the Wolf Cubs (modern-day Cub Scouts).source
  • October 14 – Perm State University is founded in Russia.source
  • 21 October – Icelandic community service referendum, 1916Icelandsource
  • October 28 – 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game: game of Australian rules football contested at Queen's Club, West Kensington, London, by two teams of elite footballers selected from men serving in the First AIF at the time.source
  • November 2 – Prince Hirohito is formally proclaimed Crown Prince and heir apparent.Japansource
  • November 11 – Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, becomes Governor General of Canada replacing Prince Arthur, Duke of ConnaughtCanadasource
  • December 16 – Robert Baden-Powell gives the first public display of the new Wolf Cub section of Scouting at Caxton Hall, Westminster.source
  • December 30 – Karl von Habsburg and his wife Zita of Bourbon-Parma are crowned emperor and empress of Austria-Hungary.source
  • Gustav Holst composes The Planets, Opus 32.source
  • Ernst Rüdin publishes his initial results on the genetics of schizophrenia.source
  • The 1916 Summer Olympics are cancelled in Berlin, Germany.source
  • The New Zealand Open championship and National Amateur Championships are not held due to the war.New Zealandsource

Births

  • January 12 – P. W. Botha, 9th President of South Africa (died 2006)source
  • January 16 – Elena Ceaușescu, communist politician and wife of Nicolae CeaușescuRomaniasource
  • March 11 – Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1995)source
  • April 5 – Gregory Peck, American actor (died 2003)source
  • 11 April – Alberto Ginastera, composer (died 1983)Argentinasource
  • April 17 – Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lankan politician (died 2000)source
  • 23 April – Wang King-ho, physicianTaiwansource
  • June 8 – Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (died 2004)source
  • June 12 – Raúl Héctor Castro, Mexican-born American politician (Democratic Party), governor of Arizona, diplomat, and judge (died April 10, 2015).Mexicosource
  • June 23 – Len Hutton, English cricketer (died 1990)source
  • July 1 – Olivia de Havilland, British-American film actress (died 2020)source
  • July 9 – Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 2005)source
  • July 11 – Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister of Australia (died 2014)source
  • September 13 – Roald Dahl, Welsh-born author (died 1990)source
  • September 23 – Aldo Moro, 38th Prime Minister of Italy (died 1978)source
  • October 26 – François Mitterrand, President of France (died 1996)source
  • November 4 – Walter Cronkite, American television journalist (died 2009)source
  • December 9 – Kirk Douglas, American film actor (Spartacus) (died 2020)source

Deaths

  • January 13 – Victoriano Huerta, 35th President of Mexico (born 1850)Mexicosource
  • February 28 – Henry James, American writer (born 1843)source
  • March 2 – Queen Elisabeth of Romania, also known as Elisabeth of Wied and under her literary pseudonym, Carmen Sylva.Romaniasource
  • March 24 - Enrique Granados, composer (born 1867)Spainsource
  • May 3–12 - 15 Irish rebel leaders who took part in the Easter Rising in Dublin in April are executed. Among them were Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Thomas Clarke and William Pearse, brother of Patrick Pearse who had served as a captain rather than a leader.source
  • May 12 – James Connolly, Irish socialist and political activist (executed) (born 1868)source
  • May 21 – Artúr Görgei, Hungarian military general and politician (born 1818)source
  • June 5 – Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal and statesman (drowned) (born 1850)source
  • June 6 – Yuan Shikai, Chinese military official and politician, Emperor of China and 1st President of the Republic of China (born 1859)source
  • July 1 – First Day on the Somme (killed in action)source
  • July 15–19 – WWI: Battle of Delville Wood – 766 men from the South African Brigade are killed, in South Africa's biggest loss during the First World War.source
  • August 3 – Roger Casement, Irish nationalist (executed) (born 1864)source
  • August 3 - Roger Casement is executed by hanging in Pentonville Gaol, London for his role in the Easter Rising in Dublin.source
  • November 21 – Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (born 1830)source
  • November 21 – Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria dies of pneumonia at the Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, aged 86, after a reign of 68 years and is succeeded by his grandnephew Charles I.source
  • November 22 – Jack London, American author (born 1876)source
  • December 30 – (December 17 Old Style) – The mystic Grigori Rasputin is murdered in Saint Petersburg.source
  • ? – Touran Agha Khanoum Qajar, Iranian poet; daughter of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar and Khazen al-Douleh.Iransource