1460 CE

Wars of the Roses: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March (eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York) land in England at Sandwich, Kent with an army, and march on London. The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancastrian hands, are fired on the city of London, which is mostly in Yorkist. The Tower is surrendered on July 19. The siege of Trebizond, the capital of the Empire of Trebizond, is started by the Ottoman Empire. Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp.

In the 1460s, the 15th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

March 5 – King Christian I of Denmark, the various nobles of the Duchy of Schleswig and the County of Holstein agree to the Treaty of Ribe, electing King Christian as the new Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein, and placing both political entities under Denmark's control.source
July 30 – King Henry VI summons the English Parliament to assemble at Westminster on October 7.source
October 7 – The 22nd parliament of Henry VI is opened, and the House of Commons elects John Green as its speaker.source
October 10 – Richard, Duke of York enters the Council Chamber, places his hand upon the throne, and announces that he is the rightful King of England. He then takes up residence at the royal palace.source
October 25 – The Act of Accord, passed by the Parliament of England, is given royal assent by King Henry VI as a compromise to end the War of the Roses between King Henry's supporters (the Lancastrians) and the supporters of Richard of York (the Yorkists). Under the law, King Henry is permitted to rule England for the rest of his life, but his son, Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales is removed from the right of succession and Richard of York and his descendants are granted the right to rule upon King Henry's death.source
November 7 – King James II of Cyprus orders his chief minister, George Boustronios, to travel to Larnaca, and to round up "both the serfs and emancipated peasants, both mounted and on foot", to be delivered to the King at Nicosia to be drafted into the King's army, with the promise of benefits to the peasants and emancipation to the serfs.source
Richard Duke of York, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, returns to England.Ireland source
Ireland’s legislative independence is declared.Ireland source

Conflict & Security

January 15 – At the Battle of Sandwich in England, Yorkists raid Sandwich, Kent, and capture the royal fleet.source
March 21 – After having control of Malbork Castle, the Polish Army begins a siege against the Prussian town of Marienburg.source
May 30 – Demetrios Palaiologos, the ruler of the Byzantine despotate of Morea in southern Greece surrenders the capital, Mystras,to the Ottomans. The Ottoman sultan Mehmed II grants some islands in the Aegean Sea to Palaiologos, and he lives for several years in relative comfort.source
June 26 – Wars of the Roses: Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March (eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York) land in England at Sandwich, Kent with an army, and march on London.source
July 2 – The city of London opens its gates to the Yorkist invaders and puts up no resistance to their occupation.source
July 4 – The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancastrian hands, are fired on the city of London, which is mostly in Yorkist. The Tower is surrendered on July 19.source
July 5 – The town of Marienburg is captured by the Polish army after a four-month siege that had been started by General Proandota Lubieszowski, who had died during the fighting.source
July 10 – Wars of the Roses – King Henry VI of England is captured as prisoner of war after his army is defeated at the Battle of Northampton by the earls of Warwick and March. It is agreed that York will be Henry's heir, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.source
September 14 – The siege of Trebizond, the capital of the Empire of Trebizond, is started by the Ottoman Empire. Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp.source
December 2 – In Spain, the popular Prince Carlos de Viana, heir to the throne of Navarre, is arrested at Lleida and jailed in Morella by order of his father, King Juan II, leading to an uprising in Catalonia. King Juan eventually yields and frees Prince Carlos two months later on February 25.source

Exploration & Expansion

Portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra reaches the coast of modern-day Sierra Leone.source

Religion & Belief

January 14 – After gaining a consensus at the Council of Mantua, Pope Pius II formally declares a Christian crusade against the Muslim Ottoman Empire to recapture Constantinople, which had been captured by the Ottomans in 1453.source
March 4 – At Rome on the Wednesday during Ember Days, Pope Pius II addresses an assembly of the College of Cardinals and criticizes most of them, declaring that "Your lifestyle is such that you would appear to have been chosen, not to govern the state, but called to enjoy pleasures. You avoid neither hunting, nor games, nor the company of women. You put together parties that are more opulent than is fitting. You wear clothes that are far too expensive. You overflow with gold and silver." He then directs them to consider the qualities of new candidates for the College. The next day, six cardinals are elected, including Francesco Nanni-Todeschini-Piccolomini, the Pope's nephew, who will later become Pope Pius III.source
June 3 – Pope Pius II re-imposes a 1454 ban against trade with the Prussian Confederation, and extends it to include a ban against trading with the Kingdom of Poland, after the Prussian states and Poland refuse to join in the proposed crusade against the Ottoman Empire.source
August 8 – Sigismund, the Duke of Austria, is excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Pius II and has his domains placed under an interdict.source
A monk, Leonardo da Pistoia, arrives in Florence from Macedonia, with the Corpus Hermeticum.source

Crime & Justice

Ali Bey Mihaloğlu captures Michael Szilágyi.source

Climate & Environment

A famine breaks out in the Deccan Plateau of India.source

Culture & Society

February 29 – Johann IV and his brother Sigismund of the House of Wittelsbach become the joint rulers of "Bavaria-Munich", one of several smaller states that had been fragmented from the original Duchy of Bavaria, upon the death of their father, Albrecht III the Pious. Albrecht III's third son, Albrecht IV, will reunite Bavaria-Munich with the other states (Bavaria-Landshut, Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Bavaria-Straubing) into a single Duchy of Bavaria in 1503.source
April 4 – The University of Basel is founded in Switzerland.source
4 April - The University of Nantes is foundedFrance source
Unknown - The Collège Sainte-Barbe is established in ParisFrance source

Births

May 8 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (died 1536)source
June 1 – Enno I, Count of East Frisia (1466–1491) (died 1491)source
September 29 – Louis II de la Trémoille, French military leader (died 1525)source
29 September - Louis II de la Trémoille, soldier (died 1525)France source
Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (died 1531)source
Antoine Brumel, Flemish composer (died 1515)source
Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, English nobleman (died 1526)source
Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (died 1530)source
Katarzyna Weiglowa, Jewish martyr (died 1539)source
Arnolt Schlick, German organist and composer (died after 1521)source
Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador (died 1527)source
Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley, English nobleman (died 1532)source
Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (died 1524)source
Gwerful Mechain, Welsh erotic poet (died 1502)source
Tristão da Cunha, Portuguese explorer (died 1540)source

Deaths

February 29 – Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (born 1401)source
July 10 – John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury (born c. 1413)source
July 10 – Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont, English baron (born 1422)source
July 10 – Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English military leader (born 1402)source
August 3 – King James II of Scotland (born 1430)source
August 3 – King James II of Scotland is killed by the explosion of a cannon which he had purchased from Flanders as part of acquiring the most up-to-date military technology for Scotland. The King had been supervising the bombardment of Roxburgh Castle during a siege to force out the English occupation troops. Historian Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie later writes "as the King stood near a piece of artillery, his thigh bone was dug in two with a piece of misframed gun that brake in shooting, by which he was stricken to the ground and died hastily. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son, who becomes King James III, with power exercised by the boy's mother, the Queen Regent Mary of Guelders.source
September 20 – Gilles Binchois, Flemish composer (born c. 1400)source
September 25 – Katharina of Hanau, German countess regent (born 1408)source
November 13 – Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese patron of exploration (born 1394)source
December 14 – Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist (born 1370)source
December 30 – Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (in battle) (born 1411)source
December 30 – Wars of the Roses – Richard of York, set to be the next King of England, is killed along with his son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, at the Battle of Wakefield as a Lancastrian army under Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland decisively defeats the Yorkists. York's son Edward becomes leader of the Yorkist faction and the heir to the English throne.source
December 30 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (born 1443)source
December 31 – Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (executed) (born 1400)source