1527 CE

In India, the Battle of Khanwa is fought as the Mughal Emperor Babur defeats Rajput ruler Rana Sanga. This and two other major Moghul victories lead to their domination of northern India. Dhaulpur fort is taken by Babur. Sack of Rome: Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome, forcing the Medici Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, marking the end of the High Renaissance. The Pope grows a beard in mourning. Diet of Odense (Denmark): King Frederick I declares religious tolerance for Lutherans, permits marriage of priests and forbids seeking papal pallium (approval) for royal appointments of Church officials.

In the 1520s, the 16th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

January 1 – Croatian nobles elect Austrian monarch Ferdinand I as King of Croatia in the Parliament on Cetin.source
April 30 – The Treaty of Westminster (1527), an alliance during the War of the League of Cognac, is signed.source
May 16 – In Florence, the Piagnon, a group devoted to the memory of Girolamo Savonarola, drive out the Medici for a second time, re-establishing the Republic of Florence until 1530.source
August 16 - King Francis I meets with Cardinal Wolsey of England in Aimens to ratify the alliance between the two kingdoms. France and England soon declared war on the holy roman emperor Charles V.France source
November 22 – Spain's conquest of Guatemala's highlands is completed as the capital of the colonial government is moved to the new city of Ciudad Vieja from Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, near Iximche.source
Edmond de Burca is succeeded as Mac William Iochtar by Seaán an Tearmainn Bourke.Ireland source

Conflict & Security

February 21 – The Mughal–Rajput wars begin in India between the Emperor Babur of the Mughal Empire and states of the Rajput Confederacy, with the victory of the Rajput faction at the Battle of Bayana.source
March 17 – In India, the Battle of Khanwa is fought as the Mughal Emperor Babur defeats Rajput ruler Rana Sanga. This and two other major Moghul victories lead to their domination of northern India. Dhaulpur fort is taken by Babur.source
17 March – The Battle of Khanwa is fought.India source
March 25 – The Confederation of Shan States sacks Ava, the capital of the Ava Kingdom.source
July 25 – The Battle of Sződfalva is fought near Szeged in what is now Hungary, with an army of Hungarians and Romanian Transylvanians defeating a Serbian army led by Jovan Nenad, the self-proclaimed Emperor of the Serbs. The next day, Nenad is assassinated for his failure in battle.source
September 27 – Battle of Tarcal: Ferdinand, future Holy Roman Emperor, defeats John Zápolya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Ottomans for help.source
October 5 – French and Venetian troops kill thousands of civilians in the Italian city of Pavia, even after the defenders agree to surrender.source
November 15 – The lands of the Bishopric of Utrecht, now in the Netherlands, are ceded to control of the Habsburgs in return for assistance in suppressing a rebellion by the citizens of Utrecht.source
The second of the Dalecarlian rebellions breaks out in Sweden.source
John Rawson, 1st and only Viscount Clontarf, is appointed commander of the light infantry of Order of St. John of Jerusalem.Ireland source
The second of the Dalecarlian Rebellions.Sweden source

Exploration & Expansion

June 17 – The Narváez expedition to conquer Florida sets sail from Spain.source
October 31 – Spanish conquistador Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón departs from Zihuatanejo in what is now Mexico on a voyage of exploration of the Pacific Ocean, along with three ships, Saavedra's flagship La Florida, and the vessels Espiritu Santo and Santiago.source
December 15 – Two of the three ships of Álvaro de Saavedra are separated from his own vessel, La Florida, during a storm. The Espiritu Santo and Santiago, sailing ahead of La Florida, are never heard from again.source

Religion & Belief

February 24 – The seven articles of the Schleitheim Confession are formally adopted by the Mennonite Anabaptist Christians at Schleitheim in the Canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.source
May 6 – Sack of Rome: Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome, forcing the Medici Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, marking the end of the High Renaissance. The Pope grows a beard in mourning.source
August 20 – Diet of Odense (Denmark): King Frederick I declares religious tolerance for Lutherans, permits marriage of priests and forbids seeking papal pallium (approval) for royal appointments of Church officials.source
August 20 – Sixty Anabaptists meet at the Martyrs' Synod in Augsburg.source
December 6 – Pope Clement VII, held prisoner at the Castel Sant'Angelo since the sack of Rome in May, is released after seven months of captivity, along with 16 Roman Catholic cardinals.source
In England, Bishop Vesey's Grammar School (at Sutton Coldfield, in the West Midlands) is founded by Bishop John Vesey; and Sir George Monoux College is founded as a grammar school at Walthamstow by Sir George Monoux, draper and Lord Mayor of London.source
Edmund Butler, archbishop of Cashel, is consecrated.Ireland source
Dissolution of the Vårfruberga AbbeySweden source
The Swedish Reformation is initiated. All sermons in henceforth to be held in the native language, the military power of the bishops is dissolved, all goods belonging to the Catholic convents is open to confiscation by the crown and the relatives of those who once donated it to the convent in accordance with the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden, and Catholic convents are banned from accepting new novices without a special dispensation from the crown.Sweden source

Technology & Infrastructure

August 3 – The first known letter is sent from North America by John Rut, while at St. John's, Newfoundland, during his voyage to the New World.source

Health & Medicine

Members of the University of Wittenberg flee to Jena in fear of the bubonic plague.source

Crime & Justice

January 5 – Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, is drowned in the Limmat in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church.source
Rychard Martin is succeeded as Mayor of Galway by William Morris.Ireland source

Disasters & Accidents

Dissolution of the St. Clare's Priory, StockholmSweden source

Climate & Environment

The Ming dynasty government of China greatly reduces the quotas for taking grain, severely diminishing the state's capacity to relieve famines through a previously successful granary system.source

Culture & Society

February 24 – Ferdinand of the House of Habsburg is formally crowned as King of Bohemia at Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia).source
June 17 – The Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates in Västerås adopts Lutheranism as the state religion, in place of Roman Catholicism. This results in the confiscation of church property and dissolution of Catholic convents in accordance with the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.source
June 22 – Jakarta, modern-day capital of Indonesia, is founded as Jayakarta.source
November 3 – Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is formally crowned as the King of Hungary at the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Székesfehérvár.source
James Butler, 9th earl of Ormond, becomes Esquire of the Body to King Henry VIII.Ireland source

Births

March 5 – Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg (died 1603)source
March 28 – Isabella Markham, English courtier (died 1579)source
April 14 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish cartographer and geographer (died 1598)source
May 21 – Philip II, King of Spain (died 1598)source
May 21 – Philip II of Spain, King of England and Ireland (died 1598).Ireland source
July 13 – John Dee, English mathematician, astronomer, and geographer (died 1608)source
July 31 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1576)source
September 29 – John Lesley, Scottish bishop (died 1596)source
October 2 – William Drury, English politician (died 1579)source
October 2 – William Drury, Lord President of Munster and Lord Justice of Ireland, is born in Hawstead, Suffolk (died 1579).Ireland source
October 15 – Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal (died 1545)source
October 21 – Louis I, Cardinal of Guise, French Catholic cardinal (died 1578)source
October 21 – Louis I, Cardinal of Guise, French cardinal (d.1578)France source
November 1 – William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham, English noble and politician (died 1597)source
November 3 – Tilemann Heshusius, Gnesio-Lutheran theologian (died 1588)source
November 18 – Luca Cambiasi, Italian painter (died 1585)source
December 23 – Hugues Doneau, French lawyer (died 1591)source
December 23 – Hugues Doneau, law professor (d.1591).France source

Deaths

January 5 – Felix Manz, leader of the Swiss Anabaptists (executed) (born 1498)source
February 14 – Queen consort Mary of Hungary, named as regent for the kingdom upon the August 29 death of her husband Louis II, asks permission from the Hungarian Diet to step down as the regent for the newly elected Frederick of Habsburg, but is denied.source
March 14 – Shwenankyawshin, Burmese king of Ava (born 1476)source
March 17 – Rana Sanga, Indian ruler (born 1484)source
April 19 – Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (born 1477)source
April/May – Sir Thomas Docwra, English Grand Prior of the Knights Hospitaller (born 1458)source
May 6 – Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne (born 1490)source
June 21 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman (born 1469)source
July 5 – General Div Sultan Rumlu, the regent for the 13-year old Tahmasp I, the Safavid Shah of Iran, is assassinated and replaced by Chukha Sultan Tekali.source
July 28 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conqueror and explorer (born c. 1460)source
September 21 – Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Margrave of Bayreuth (born 1481)source
September 30 – Donnchadh mac Eoghan Ó Duinnshléibhe, Irish physician.Ireland source
October 27 – Johann Froben, Swiss printer and publisher (born c. 1460)source
November 4 – In India, Puranmal becomes the new Raja of the Kingdom of Amber (now in the Indian state of Rajasthan) after his father, the Raja Prithviraj Singh I dies of wounds sustained in March in the Battle of Khanwa.source
November 15 – Catherine of York, English princess (born 1479)source
Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, military officer (born 1490)France source
Hasan Khan Mewati, commander in the Battle of Khanwa is killed at that battle (year of birth unknown)India source
Sigrid Eskilsdotter (Banér), landowner and grandmother of the kingSweden source