1529 CE

In India, the Mughal Emperor Babur departs from the capital at Agra toward Ghazipur to fight the Rajputs and the rebel Afghans who had captured the city. The Flensburg Disputation is held, a debate attended by Stadtholder Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (later King Christian III of Denmark), between Lutherans (led by Hermann Fast) and the more radical Anabaptists (led by Melchior Hoffman). Johannes Bugenhagen, a close associate of Martin Luther, presides. The Disputation marks the rejection of radical ideas by the Danish Reformation. The Ottoman army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople, to invade Hungary once again.

In the 1520s, the 16th century.

Geopolitics & Diplomacy

  • April 22 – The Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between the Spanish and Portuguese empires, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.source
  • August 3 –The Treaty of Cambrai is signed between the Valois dynasty and the Habsburgs.Francesource
  • August 5 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or Ladies' Peace in the War of the League of Cognac: Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain the Duchy of Burgundy. Henry VIII of England accedes on August 27.source
  • October 26 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey falls from power in England, due to his failure to obtain an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage and to prevent Habsburg expansion in Europe. Thomas More succeeds him as Lord Chancellor.source
  • November 4 – The English Reformation Parliament is first seated.source
  • December 17 – The first session of the Reformation Parliament ends.source
  • Borommarachathirat IV succeeds Ramathibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.source
  • Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.source
  • Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.source
  • Lopo Vaz de Sampaio ends his governance of Portuguese India (which started in 1526).Indiasource
  • William Skeffington was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland to Henry's son, the duke of Richmond, the nominal Lord Lieutenant of IrelandIrelandsource

Conflict & Security

  • January 6 – Basarab VI is installed as the new Prince of Wallachia (now in Romania) in the capital at Târgoviște, days after the assassination of the Voivode Radu of Afumați by the other boyars (Wallachian nobles). Basarab's reign lasts only a month and he is removed on February 5.source
  • January 20 – In India, the Mughal Emperor Babur departs from the capital at Agra toward Ghazipur to fight the Rajputs and the rebel Afghans who had captured the city.source
  • March 9 – The Battle of Shimbra Kure is fought in Ethiopia as the Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, with 12,000 men, including special forces armed with matchlock firearms, defeats the 200,000 man army of the Emperor Dawit II.source
  • April 9 – The Westrogothian rebellion breaks out in Sweden.source
  • April - The king sister Margareta Eriksdotter Vasa is captured and the Westrogothian rebellion takes place, with the purpose to deposed the king in protest of the Reformation.Swedensource
  • 6 May – The Battle of Ghaghra is fought.Indiasource
  • May 10 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople, to invade Hungary once again.source
  • June 21 – War of the League of Cognac – Battle of Landriano: French forces in northern Italy are decisively defeated by Spain.source
  • June 21 - The French army is defeated at the Battle of Landriano in Italy, as part of the War of the League of Cognac.Francesource
  • September 8 – Buda is recaptured by the invading forces of the Ottoman Empire.source
  • September 27 – Vienna is besieged by the Ottoman Turks commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent.source
  • October 15 – With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the Siege of Vienna (a turning point in the Ottoman wars in Europe).source
  • Krishnadevaraya ends his reign as emperor of Vijayanagara Empire.Indiasource

Exploration & Expansion

  • Nuno da Cunha became governor of Portuguese possessions in India (until 1538).Indiasource

Religion & Belief

  • January 28 – Peter Vannes, the Italian-born envoy for England's King Henry VIII, arrives in Rome on a mission to get Pope Clement VII to give a dispensation for King Henry to divorce one wife and marry another, with both marriages to be declared valid. The mission fails.source
  • February 2 – The Örebro Synod provides the theological foundation of the Swedish Reformation, following the economic foundation of it, after the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.source
  • April 8 – The Flensburg Disputation is held, a debate attended by Stadtholder Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (later King Christian III of Denmark), between Lutherans (led by Hermann Fast) and the more radical Anabaptists (led by Melchior Hoffman). Johannes Bugenhagen, a close associate of Martin Luther, presides. The Disputation marks the rejection of radical ideas by the Danish Reformation.source
  • May 31–July – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, opens a legatine court at Blackfriars, London, to rule on the legality of King Henry VIII of England's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. The court lasts until July 16.source
  • July 23 – The Blackfriars court is adjourned after word is received that Pope Clement VII has revoked its charter.source
  • Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten, Switzerland.source
  • Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire, England by King Henry VIII.source
  • Thomas Fitzgerald (1454–1534), becomes Earl succeeding his uncle James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond.Irelandsource
  • Wittenberg-trained churchman Olaus Petri developed the handbook of the Swedish Church called Een handbock påå SwenskoSwedensource
  • The first Evangelical church meeting is held in Örebro, the Örebro koncilium: the customs of Holy water, Anointing and Pilgrimages (and thereby the worship of saints) is kept, and the priests are offered but not forced to accept the bible in the native language. However, fasting and the celibacy of vicars is abolished.Swedensource
  • The former nuns of the Askeby Abbey are forcibly moved to Vreta Abbey.Swedensource

Technology & Infrastructure

  • Fluorite is first described, by Georg Agricola.source
  • A summit level canal between Alster and the Trave in Germany opens to navigation.source

Science & Discovery

  • German polymath Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa publishes Declamatio de nobilitate et praecellentia foeminei sexus ("Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex"), a book pronouncing the theological and moral superiority of women.source

Health & Medicine

  • July 30 – The only continental outbreak of English sweating sickness reaches Lübeck, spreading from there into Schleswig-Holstein in the next few months.source

Crime & Justice

  • March 25 – A blood libel is carried out against the Jewish community of Bosen in Hungary (now Pezinok in Slovakia), on the first day of Passover, after a boy in the town disappears. Three Jews are accused and killed. The boy is later discovered alive, having been kidnapped for the benefit of the scheme.source
  • September – Richard Gare Lynch becomes Mayor of Galway.Irelandsource

Disasters & Accidents

  • September 1 – Sancti Spiritu, the first European settlement in Argentina, is destroyed by local natives.source

Culture & Society

  • January 8 – Zhang Qijie becomes the most powerful woman in Ming dynasty China as the primary wife of the Jiajing Emperor, shortly after the death of the Empress Xiaojiesu.source
  • April 19 – Diet of Speyer: A group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protest the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.source
  • June 21 – King Henry VIII and Queen consort Catherine of Aragon appear in person before the Blackfriars court, with Catherine making a pathetic display before the court and her husband, and the king making a speech about his uneasiness about his marriage.source
  • September 8 – The city of Maracaibo, Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.source
  • Achyuta Deva Raya, brother of Krishnadevaraya, begins his reign as emperor of Vijayanagara Empire.Indiasource
  • Sir Thomas Boleyn, father of Anne Boleyn, became the Earl of Wiltshire and Ormonde.Irelandsource

Births

  • January 8 – John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony (died 1595)source
  • January 13 – Ebba Lilliehöök, aka Ebba Månsdotter, Swedish noble (died 1609)source
  • February 23 – Onofrio Panvinio, Augustinian historian (died 1568)source
  • April 25 – Francesco Patrizi, Italian philosopher and scientist (died 1597)source
  • May 12 – Sabina of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German princess (died 1575)source
  • June 7 – Étienne Pasquier, French lawyer, poet and author (died 1615)source
  • June 7 - Étienne Pasquier, French lawyer. (died 1615)Francesource
  • June 14 – Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (died 1595)source
  • July 16 – Petrus Peckius the Elder, Dutch jurist, writer on international maritime law (died 1589)source
  • July 20 – Henry Sidney, lord deputy of Ireland (died 1586)source
  • July 24 – Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (died 1577)source
  • September 1 – Taddeo Zuccari, Italian painter (died 1566)source
  • September 25 – Günther XLI, Count of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt (died 1583)source
  • October 26 – Anna of Hesse, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken (died 1591)source
  • December 11 – Fulvio Orsini, Italian humanist historian (died 1600)source
  • December 16 - Laurent Joubert of Montpellier, French Doctor and academic in medicine. (d.1582)Francesource
  • Pomponne de Bellièvre, French politician (d.1607)Francesource
  • Guy Du Faur, Seigneur de Pibrac, French jurist and poet (b.1584)Francesource

Deaths

  • January 7 – Peter Vischer the Elder, German sculptor (born 1455)source
  • January 9 – Wang Yangming, Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar (born 1472)source
  • January 29 – Ōuchi Yoshioki, Japanese daimyo (born 1477)source
  • February 2 – Baldassare Castiglione, Italian writer and diplomat (born 1478)source
  • February 4 – Ludwig Haetzer, German Protestant reformer (executed) (born 1500)source
  • March 28 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (born 1501)source
  • April 17 – Louis de Berquin, French lawyer and Protestant reformer who was burned at the stake as a heretic (b.1490)Francesource
  • April 20 – Silvio Passerini, Italian cardinal and lord of Florence (born 1469)source
  • May 12 – Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington (born c. 1460)source
  • June 18 – James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond died in Dingle.Irelandsource
  • June 21 – John Skelton, English poet (born c. 1460)source
  • September 6 – George Blaurock, Swiss founder of the Anabaptist Church (born 1491)source
  • September 27 – George of the Palatinate, German nobleman; Bishop of Speyer (1513–1529) (born 1486)source
  • November 20 – Karl von Miltitz, German papal nuncio (born c. 1490)source
  • Richard Pynson, Norman-born English printer (born 1448)source
  • possible – La Malinche, Nahua (native Mexican) interpreter and translator for Hernán Cortés, during the Conquest of Mexicosource
  • Krishnadevaraya, emperor of Vijayanagara Empire (born 1471).Indiasource
  • Erik Trolle, regent of Sweden (born c. 1460)Swedensource