/year

July 25 in history

243 sourced entries recorded on July 25, from 64 CE to 2021 CE. Every line is quoted from the revision it came from.

Events

  • 64July 18- 27 – Great Fire of Rome: A fire begins which destroyed three of fourteen of the administrative regions of Rome, more commonly known as the Palatine Hill, the Circus Maximus, and the Oppian hill. Also suffering severe damage were the Campus Martius and the Via Lata.source
  • 315The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum at Rome to commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. As part of the ceremony Constantine is expected to make a sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods, but he refuses to do so.source
  • 864Edict of Pistres: King Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings. He creates a large force of cavalry, which inspires the beginning of French chivalry.source
  • 918Wang Kon, a Korean general, overthrows the government of the short-lived state Ho Goguryeo and ascends the throne at Cheorwon. He founds the Goryeo dynasty and makes Song'ak his capital.source
  • 1110Henry V marries 8-year-old Matilda (daughter of King Henry I of England). She is crowned Queen of the Romans in a ceremony at Mainz. After the betrothal Matilda is placed into custody of Bruno, archbishop of Trier, who is tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government.source
  • 1137Louis VI sends his 16-year-old son Louis Capet with an escort of 500 knights to Bordeaux, along with Abbot Suger in charge of the wedding arrangements. Louis and Eleanor are married in the Cathedral of Saint-André. France unites Aquitaine and its territories to the Pyrenees.source
  • 1139Treaty of Mignano: Pope Innocent II proclaims Roger II of Sicily as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia and Prince of Capua.source
  • 1139Battle of Ourique: The independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León is declared after the Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques. He then becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal, after calling the first assembly of the Estates-General of Portugal at Lamego, where he is given the Crown from the Bishop of Bragança, to confirm the independence.source
  • 1174The Sicilian fleet (some 250 ships) under Tancred, Count of Syracuse, launches a failed attack against Alexandria. But he is deprived of support and forced to sail away after a seven-day blockade on August 1.source
  • 1225Jalal al-Din Mangburni dethrones Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek, ruler (atabeg) of the Eldiguzids, and sets himself up in the capital of Tabriz (modern Iran).source
  • 1225Emperor Frederick II takes an oath at San Germano (near Cassino) and promises to depart on a Crusade (the Sixth Crusade), for the Near East in August 1227. He sends 1000 knights to the Levant and provides Rome with 100,000 ounces of gold, to be forfeited to the Catholic Church should he break his vow. These funds will be returned to Frederick once he arrives at Acre.source
  • 1225The Agreement of San Germano is signed between the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Honorius III, with the Emperor Frederick agreeing to lead the Sixth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem and the rest of the Christian Holy Land in the Middle East from the Muslims. In return for the financing and the provision of soldiers by the Catholis Church in Syria, Frederick agrees to launch the Crusade on or before August 15, 1227.source
  • 1261Reconquest of Constantinople: Alexios Strategopoulos and his men hide at a monastery near the city gates, before entering through a secret passage. After a short struggle, the guards who are completely taken by surprise are killed and the Venetian quarter is set ablaze. Panic spreads through the capital and Emperor Baldwin II rushes out to save his life, evacuating along with many other Latins with the help of the Venetian fleet. Baldwin manages to escape to the still Latin-held parts of Greece, but Constantinople is lost for good.source
  • 1300Wenceslaus II, King of Bohemia, of the Czech Přemyslid dynasty, is crowned King of Poland in a ceremony at Gniezno, near Poznań, after his Bohemian forces have seized Pomerania and Greater Poland (Wielkopolska). The 28-year-old Wenceslaus has ruled Lesser Poland (Małopolska) since 1291, and forced a number of Silesian princes to swear allegiance to him. Crowned as king, he reunites the Polish territories and during his reign introduces a number of laws and reforms, the most important being the creation of a new type of official known as a starosta (or "Elder"), who rules a small territory as the king's direct representative.source
  • 1311At Algeciras a fleet of Marinid ships, arrives after being sent by Morocco's Sultan Abu Sa'id Uthman II, who was attempting to restore the Muslim presence.source
  • 1318In Italy, Jacopo I da Carrara becomes the first Lord of Padua, founding the Carraresi dynasty that will rule the independent city state for almost 90 years before its conquest and annexation by the Republic of Venice following a war in 1405.source
  • 1386Elizabeth of Bosnia, mother of Queen Jadwiga of Poland is kidnapped by Croatian rebels at Gorjani, along with Jadwiga's sister, Queen consort Mary of Hungary Mary, when they are ambushed by John Horvat and his men while traviling to Dakovo. Nicholas I Garai, who had accompanied Elizabeth and Mary, is murdered and his severed head is sent by the rebels to Margaret of Durazzo, the former Queen consort of Hungary and Naples, as proof that the murderers of her husband King Charles III, have been captured.source
  • 1409Martin I, King of Aragon, becomes King Martin II of Sicily upon the death of his son, Martin I of Sicily.source
  • 1431An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, originally called by Pope Martin V before his death in February, convenes at Basel in Switzerland.source
  • 1434The coronation of Wladyslaw III as King of Poland takes place at the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków.source
  • 1448The Council of Basel, opposed to the Pope at Rome, moves to Lausanne and holds its first session, presided over by the antipope Felix V.source
  • 1467In one of the largest battles of the 15th century in Italy, the Battle of Molinella is fought along the Idice River near Bologna by the army of the Republic of Venice against the armies of the Republic of Florence and the Duchy of Milan. The battle marks the first extensive use of artillery and firearms in combat in Italy, and while relatively few of the 27,000 troops from both sides sustain casualties (500 dead, 1,000 wounded) the battle is notable for the killing of almost 1,000 horses. Although both sides withdraw, the Venetian General Bartolomeo Colleoni abandons further attempts to conquer Milan.source
  • 1474By signing the Treaty of London, Charles the Bold of Burgundy agrees to support Edward IV of England's planned invasion of France.source
  • 1501The Kingdom of Naples, led by King Federico I, surrenders to Cesare Borgia's French and Aragonese troops.source
  • 1510Spanish troops capture Tripoli at the direction of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and under the command of Pedro Navarro.source
  • 1511Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal, Governor of Portuguese India, begins an assault on the strategic city of Malacca (now part of Malaysia) and captures it by August 15.source
  • 1513Scotland's Earl of Arran departs from the Firth of Forth with 22 ships on a plan to join France in cutting off England's communications with the rest of Europe.source
  • 1523In what is now Mexico, the conquistador Gonzalo de Sandoval founds the city of Colima.source
  • 1526The Spanish ship Santiago, from García Jofre de Loaísa's expedition, reaches the Pacific Coast of Mexico and drops anchor at the Gulf of Tehuantepec, becoming the first ship to sail from Europe to the west coast of North America.source
  • 1527The Battle of Sződfalva is fought near Szeged in what is now Hungary, with an army of Hungarians and Romanian Transylvanians defeating a Serbian army led by Jovan Nenad, the self-proclaimed Emperor of the Serbs. The next day, Nenad is assassinated for his failure in battle.source
  • 1530The transfer of Tripoli, in North Africa, from Spain to the Knights of Malta, is formally accomplished, four months after an agreement was reached with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain and King of Sicily.source
  • 1531The city of Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico is founded.source
  • 1538The city of Guayaquil, now the largest city in the South American nation of Ecuador is founded by Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana in the location of a Quechua native village of the same name. Orellana names the city "Santiago de Guayaquil".source
  • 1543The first large naval battle in the Atlantic Ocean, the Battle of Muros Bay, takes place off of the coast of Galicia in Spain between the French fleet and the Spanish fleet. Although France has the larger force, the Spanish Admiral Álvaro de Bazán identifies the flagship of French Admiral Jean de Clamorgan and sinks the vessel. Spain then captures the remaining 23 other ships and takes 3,000 prisoners, while France loses 3,000 dead and injured.source
  • 1543Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Sultan, begins the siege of the city of Esztergom in Hungary.source
  • 1547The coronation of Henri II as King of France at the Reims Cathedral.source
  • 1550Capture of Mahdia (1550): Troops commanded by Ottoman General Turgut Reis make a counterattack on the Spanish invaders, led by General Andrea Doria. Both sides sustain heavy losses, and the Spanish succeed in forcing the Ottomans to retreat back inside Mahdia.source
  • 1554Queen Mary I of England marries King Prince Philip of Naples, the only son of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and heir to the throne of Spain, at Winchester Cathedral just two days after their first meeting.source
  • 1557In India, Sikandar Shah Suri, Sultan of the Sur Empire in Punjab, surrenders the fortress at Mau in the Nurpur kingdom (now in Uttar Pradesh) after a six month siege by the Mughal Empire. Mughal General Bairam Khan allows Sikandar to live in exile in Bihar, while Bakht Mal, Raja of Nurpur is imprisoned at Lahore and later beheaded.source
  • 1559The Articles of Leith are signed in Edinburgh between the Protestant Lords of the Congregation and the Roman Catholic representatives of the Scottish regent, Mary of Guise, the widow of King James V, who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots. The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.source
  • 1564Maximilian II becomes the new Holy Roman Emperor upon the death of his father, Ferdinand I. Ferdinand's son Charles succeeds his father as the new Archduke of Austria.source
  • 1566Feodor Stefanovich Kolychov is consecrated as the patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church as Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow with the approval of the Tsar Ivan the Terrible, but soon defies the Tsar. Philip will be deposed in 16 months later and put to death on December 23, 1568.source
  • 1567The city of Santiago de León de Caracas is founded by Diego de Losada.source
  • 1571St Olave's Grammar School is founded in Tooley Street, London.source
  • 1575July 20–26 – Rathlin Island Massacre: English adventurers Francis Drake and John Norreys, acting for the Earl of Essex, lead an expedition that culminates in the massacre of 500 of the clan MacDonnell in a surprise raid on Rathlin Island.source
  • 1576Rebellious Spanish troops plunder the Flemish city of Aalst and then use it as their base of operations to attack other cities.source
  • 1583Cuncolim Revolt: The first documented battle of India's independence against a European colonial ruler is fought by the Desais of Cuncolim in Goa, against the Portuguese.source
  • 1591Siege of Knodsenburg: Dutch Republic stadtholder Maurice of Nassau and English General Francis Vere defeat the Duke of Parma outside Nijmegen after a four-day siege.source
  • 1593As he promised in January, Henry IV of France abjures Protestantism at the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Legend attributes to him the saying Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a mass").source
  • 1593The king abjures Protestantism at the Basilica of Saint-Denis. Legend attributes to him the saying Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a mass").source
  • 1603The formal coronation of James I as King of England takes place at Westminster Abbey. Ceremonies are limited because of plague.source
  • 1609After a fight on November 30 in Portuguese Macau between Japanese traders and Portuguese soldiers, Japan's ruling shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, strictly prohibits further trade between Japan and Portugal.source
  • 1609The Sea Venture, flagship of the nine-ship fleet of the London Company is deliberately wrecked at Bermuda during a storm, as Admiral George Somers drives the ship into the reefs of Discovery Bay in order to prevent the ship from sinking. A group of 153 survivors stay, making the first English settlement of the island.source
  • 1611A treaty is signed between the Swedes and the Novgorod garrison.source
  • 1620July 25 (July 15 OS) – The armed merchant ship Mayflower embarks about 65 emigrants for New England at or near her home port of Rotherhithe on the Thames east of London; about July 29 (July 19 OS) she anchors in Southampton Water.source
  • 1621Thirty Years' War – Battle of Neu Titschein: Remnants of the Bohemian army temporarily hold off the Imperial advance in Silesia.source
  • 1629The County of Christiansborg (from 1741: The County of Christianssæde) is established by Christian Detlev Reventlow from the manors f Christianssæde, Ålstrup, Skelstofte and Pederstrup as well as the farm (parcelgård) Frihedsminde.source
  • 1637Christopher Wandesford acquires an estate at Castlecomer, County Kilkenny.source
  • 166625 July (4 August New Style) – Second Anglo-Dutch War : St. James's Day Battle: The English fleet under Prince Rupert of the Rhine and George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, defeats the Dutch off the North Foreland.source
  • 1668The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake kills at least 43,000 people in China's Shandong province.source
  • 166850,000+ killed in the 8.5 magnitude 1668 Tancheng earthquake in Shandongsource
  • 1669Pieter Bickel, a Lutheran pastor and a mountaineer in Austria, becomes the first person to climb to the peak of the tallest of the Southeastern Walsertal Mountains, the 8,310 foot Großer Widderstein.source
  • 1689The Council of Wales and the Marches is abolished.source
  • 1689Abolition of Council of Wales and the Marches.source
  • 1698English engineer Thomas Savery obtains a patent for a steam pump.source
  • 1698engineer Thomas Savery obtains a patent for a steam pump.source
  • 1718At the behest of Tsar Peter the Great, the construction of Kadriorg Palace, dedicated to his wife Catherine, began in Tallinn.source
  • 1722Father Rale's War (1722–1725) begins along the Maine and Massachusetts border.source
  • 1729Seven of the original eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina sell their shares back to the British crown. The 1710 division of the Province is made permanent and the area is reorganized into the Royal Colonies of North Carolina and South Carolina.source
  • 1755The decision to deport the Acadians is made, during meetings of the Nova Scotia Council meeting in Halifax. From September 1755-June 1763, the vast majority of Acadians are deported to one of the following British Colonies in America: Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Contrary to popular belief, no Acadians are sent to Louisiana. Those sent to Virginia are refused and then sent on to Liverpool, Bristol, Southampton and Penryn in England. In 1758 the Fortress of Louisbourg falls and all of the civilian population of Isle Royal (Cape Breton Island) and Isle St. Jean (Prince Edward Island) are repatriated to France. Among them were several thousand Acadians, who had escaped the deportation by fleeing into those areas. Very few Acadians successfully escape the deportation and do so only by fleeing into some of the northern sections of present day New Brunswick. The event inspires Longfellow to write the epic poem Evangeline.source
  • 1758Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: The island battery at Fortress Louisbourg is silenced, and all French warships are destroyed or taken.source
  • 1759Seven Years' War (French and Indian War): In Canada, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.source
  • 1768The Imperial Court of China's Emperor Qianlong and his three senior grand councilors, Fuheng, Yenjisan and Liu T'ung-hsun, issues a directive to officials in the Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces warning them about the need to respond to rumors of sorcery.source
  • 1792Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commander of the Allied army issues the Brunswick Manifesto threatening the Parisians with military execution and complete destruction should the French royal family be harmed in any way.source
  • 1795Construction of the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct in Wales begins.source
  • 1799Battle of Abukir: French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte defeat 20,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha at Abukir. The French suffer only 220 dead and 600 wounded while the Ottoman losses are enormous: 2,000 dead on the battlefield, 11,000 men drowned, 5,000 prisoners of war. Napoleon captures 100 Ottoman banners, 32 guns, 400 horses and three Pashas' Bunchuks (ceremonial flags issued to Pasha).source
  • 1809Christian August of Augustenborg is appointed Steward of Norway.source
  • 1814War of 1812 – Battle of Lundy's Lane: Reinforcements arrive near Niagara Falls, Ontario for General Riall's British and Canadian force, and a bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's Americans commences at 18.00 hours; Americans retreat to Fort Erie.source
  • 1814The United States lose about 1,000 of 3,000 at the Battle of Lundy's Lane.source
  • 1814The Active departs the Bay of Islands for Sydney. Along with Kendall and Hall are the Ngāpuhi chiefs Ruatara, Hongi Hika, Korokoro, Te Nganga, Punahou and Hongi's son Ripiro.source
  • 1814George Stephenson tests his first locomotive Blücher successfully in England.source
  • 1814George Stephenson puts his first steam locomotive into service, the Blücher for Killingworth Colliery on Tyneside.source
  • 1824The Montparnasse Cemetery opens in Paris, France.source
  • 1826July 25 (O.S.: July 13) – Five leaders of the Decembrist revolt of 1825 in Russia (Pyotr Kakhovsky, Pavel Pestel, poet Kondraty Ryleyev, Sergey Muravyov-Apostol and Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin) are hanged in Senate Square, Saint Petersburg, where they had launched their attempted coup d'état. Other conspirators begin their journey into exile in Siberia.source
  • 1835The first demonstration of an incandescent light bulb is made by James Bowman Lindsay in Dundee, Scotland.source
  • 1835James Bowman Lindsay demonstrates a constant electric light at a public meeting in Dundee, Scotland.source
  • 1839William Ewart Gladstone marries Catherine Glynne of Hawarden.source
  • 1843Père Antoine Désiré Mégret, a Capuchin missionary, purchases the land that will become Abbeville, Louisiana for $900, a town founded by descendants of Acadians from Nova Scotia.source
  • 1844Exclusion Law in Oregon prohibits African Americans (including slaves) from entering or remaining in the territorysource
  • 1850Scourmont Priory establishedsource
  • 1851The Treaty of Kuldja (Ghulja) is signed with Qing China, opening Kuldja (Ghulja) and Chuguchak (Tacheng) to Russian trade and permitting Russian consuls there. The seventeen-article treaty was signed for Russia by Yegor Kovalevsky and for China by Yishan and Buyantai.source
  • 1855Robert Napier and Sons launch RMS Persia on the River Clyde, the first iron-hulled ship for the Cunard Line and the world's largest at this date (3300 grt, 398 ft (121 m)).source
  • 1856Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856source
  • 1857Matthew Blagden Hale is consecrated as the first Bishop of Perth in a ceremony at the Lambeth Palace Chapel.source
  • 1861The Crittenden–Johnson Resolution is passed by the U.S. Congress, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union, and not to end slavery.source
  • 1862The Isted Lion is inaugurated in Glensburg.source
  • 1862Herman Wilhelm Bissen' Isted Lion is unveiled in Flensburg Cemetery on the 12th anniversary of the Battle of Isted.source
  • 1866The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the four-star rank of General of the Army (later reestablished as a five-star rank); Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to have this rank.source
  • 1868Wyoming becomes a United States territory.source
  • 1868Paraguayan War: The Allies, in an amphibious operation, capture the fortress of Humaitá.source
  • 1886Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.source
  • 1888By-election in the Ashley electoratesource
  • 1888Frank E. McGurrin, a court stenographer from Salt Lake City, Utah, purportedly the only person using touch typing at this time, wins a decisive victory over Louis Traub in a typing contest held in Cincinnati, Ohio. This date can be called the birthday of the touch typing method that is widely used in modern times.source
  • 1892The Community of the Resurrection, an Anglican religious community for men, is founded by Charles Gore and Walter Frere, initially in Oxford.source
  • 1892German football club Hertha BSC is founded in Berlin.source
  • 1897Writer Jack London sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush, where he will write his first successful stories.source
  • 1898Spanish–American War: The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins, with a landing at Guánica Bay.source
  • 1900July 23 – 25 – The First Pan-African Conference is held in London.source
  • 1901Bishop Antoon Stillemans consecrates Church of St Anthony of Padua, Ghentsource
  • 1908July 13–25 – The 1908 Summer Olympics are held in London. (Originally scheduled to be in Rome, but changed due to the Mount Vesuvius eruption of 1906. Figure skating events are held in London from October 28–29.)source
  • 1909July 25–August 2 – "Tragic Week" (La Semana Trágica/la Setmana Tràgica): The city of Barcelona experiences a workers' uprising.source
  • 1909Louis Blériot is the first man to fly across the English Channel (thus a large open body of water) in a heavier-than-air craft.source
  • 1911Headington Football Club merge with Headington Quarry to create Headington United, which much later becomes Oxford United F.C. in England.source
  • 1914Serbia responds to the ultimatum from the 23rd accepting some but not all of Austria-Hungary's demands. In response Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilise its own forces. Radomir Putnik, Chief of the Serbian General Staff, is arrested in Budapest, but subsequently allowed to return to Serbia.source
  • 1917Sir William Thomas White introduces Canada's first income tax as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).source
  • 1919Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg is elected President of Finland by the country's Parliament.source
  • 1925The Temporary Slavery Commission of the League of Nations files its report on their global investigation of slavery and the slave trade, preparing the ground for the introduction of the 1926 Slavery Convention.source
  • 1925The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.source
  • 1928The United States recalls its troops from China.source
  • 1929Pope Pius XI emerges from the Apostolic Palace, and enters St. Peter's Square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of self-imposed status by the papacy as Prisoner in the Vatican.source
  • 1929the Soviet government's Assistant Commissar of Foreign Affairs, Lev Karakhan, had issued a manifesto to the Chinese government promising the return of the Chinese Eastern Railway to Chinese control with no financial cost. (Sino-Soviet conflict (1929))source
  • 1934July Putsch: Austrian Nazis assassinate chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, during a failed coup attempt.source
  • 1935August 20 – The seventh and last congress of the Comintern is held.source
  • 1937July 25–31 – Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Beiping–Tianjin, a series of actions fought around Beiping and Tianjin, result in Japanese victory.source
  • 1937Tour de France ends, won by Roger Lapébie.source
  • 1938November 16 - Battle of the Ebrosource
  • 1943Benito Mussolini, Fascist Prime Minister of Italy since 1922, is arrested after the Grand Council of Fascism withdraws its support. "Il Duce" is replaced by General Pietro Badoglio.source
  • 1946In the last mass lynching in the United States, a mob of white men shoot and kill two African-American couples, near Moore's Ford Bridge in Georgia.source
  • 1946Nuclear testing: In the first underwater test of the atomic bomb, the surplus USS Saratoga is sunk near Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, when the United States detonates the Baker device during Operation Crossroads.source
  • 1946At Club 500 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis stage their first show as a comedy team.source
  • 1953The Ministry of Health is created.source
  • 1955July 25-August 4: Bishops from all over Latin America meet in Rio de Janeiro for the first Episcopal Conference of Latin America.source
  • 1956The Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria sinks after colliding with the Swedish ship SS Stockholm in heavy fog 72 km south of Nantucket island, killing 51.source
  • 1957Tunisia becomes a republic, with Habib Bourguiba as its first president.source
  • 1957July 25–28 - According to Japanese government official confirmed report, heavy massive torrential rain and flood swept hit around Isahaya, Kyushu Island. 992 persons lost their lives in mudslides and flooding.source
  • 1959The British SR.N1 hovercraft crosses the English Channel from Calais to Dover in just over 2 hours, on the 50th anniversary of Louis Blériot's first crossing by heavier-than-air craft.source
  • 1960The Woolworth Company's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, the location of a sit-in that has sparked demonstrations by Negroes across the Southern United States, serves a meal to its first black customer.source
  • 1960July 25–28 – In Chicago, the 1960 Republican National Convention nominates Vice President Richard Nixon as its candidate for President of the United States, and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. for vice-president.source
  • 1961U.S. President John F. Kennedy gives a widely watched TV speech on the Berlin Crisis, warning "we will not be driven out of Berlin." Kennedy urges Americans to build fallout shelters, setting off a four-month debate on civil defense.source
  • 1961The Singapore Trade Union Congress (STUC) splits, caused by an ideological split in the People's Action Party.source
  • 1962The International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed in Geneva.source
  • 1962The first attack helicopter company, Utility Tactical Transport Helicopter Company, of the United States Army is formed on Okinawa Island, Japan.source
  • 1968Tysons Corner Center one of the largest malls in the U.S. opens to the public and the Washington DC area.source
  • 1968Pope Paul VI publishes the encyclical Humanae vitae, reaffirming the Catholic Church's opposition to artificial birth control.source
  • 1968July 23–28 – Black militants led by Fred (Ahmed) Evans engage in a fierce gunfight with police in the Glenville Shootout of Cleveland, Ohio, in the United States, leaving 7 people killed.source
  • 1971July 25–30 – Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli records two Debussy works in Munich for Deutsche Grammophon, his fifth recording.source
  • 1972U.S. health officials admit that African-American men were used as guinea pigs in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study without their informed consent.source
  • 1973The Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.source
  • 1978Louise Brown, the world's first test tube baby, is born in Oldham, Greater Manchester, UK.source
  • 1981July 23–29 – Strong temperature drops are recorded in much of the country. Snow falls in cities like La Serena and Copiapó, where previously thought impossible.source
  • 1982The first locally produced drama, Seletar Robbery, is shown on SBC 8.source
  • 1984Salyut 7: cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.source
  • 1987The East Lancashire Railway, a heritage railway in the North West of England, is opened between Bury and Ramsbottom.source
  • 1990Roseanne Barr sings "The Star-Spangled Banner" extremely poorly, causing controversy.source
  • 1990George Carey, Bishop of Bath and Wells, is named as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in the Church of England.source
  • 1992August 9 – The 1992 Summer Olympics are held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.source
  • 1992July 25 to August 9 – Uruguay at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spainsource
  • 1993In a terrorist attack members of the Azanian People's Liberation Army open fire on a congregation inside St James Church in Kenilworth, Cape Town, killing eleven and injuring fifty.source
  • 1993Operation Accountability: Israeli forces attack Lebanon at the beginning of a week-long campaign.source
  • 1994Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration as a preliminary to signature on October 25 of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, which formally ends the state of war that has existed between the nations since 1948.source
  • 1995July 21–26 – Third Taiwan Strait Crisis: The Chinese People's Liberation Army fires missiles into the waters north of Taiwan.source
  • 1996The Tutsi-led Burundian army performs a coup and reinstalls previous president Pierre Buyoya, ousting current president Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.source
  • 1997K. R. Narayanan is sworn in as India's 10th president and the first member of the Dalit caste to hold this office.source
  • 1999July 22–25 – Woodstock '99 was held in Rome, New York at former Griffiss Air Force Base, which was marred with difficult environmental conditions, poor sanitation, overpriced food and water, looting, violence, rapes, riots and several deaths.source
  • 2000July 11–25 – A summit meeting takes place at Camp David between United States president Bill Clinton, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat, ending without an agreement.source
  • 2000Air France Flight 4590, a Concorde aircraft, crashes into a hotel in Gonesse just after takeoff from Paris, killing all 109 aboard and 4 in the hotel.source
  • 2002July 25–August 4 – The 2002 Commonwealth Games are held in Manchester, England.source
  • 2010WikiLeaks, an online publisher of anonymous, covert, and classified material, leaks to the public over 90,000 internal reports about the United States-led involvement in the War in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2010.source
  • 2010Nguyễn Trường Tô was expelled from the Communist Party of Vietnam for having "unhealthy relationship" with a prostitute.source
  • 2013July 22–28 – XIV World Youth Day, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.source
  • 2014July 23–August 3 – The 2014 Commonwealth Games takes place in Glasgow, Scotland.source
  • 2015Jacob Chang (張大同) takes over as the ROC Representative to Singapore.source
  • 2018Scientists report the presence of a subglacial lake on Mars, 1.5 km below the southern polar ice cap and extending sideways about 20 km, the first known body of water on the planet.source
  • 2020COVID-19 pandemic: North Korean leader Kim Jong-un convenes an emergency meeting, declares a state of emergency, and orders the lockdown of Kaesong after a person suspected of having COVID-19 returned from South Korea. If confirmed, it would be the first case to be officially acknowledged by North Korea.source
  • 2021Tunisian president Kais Saied formally takes power in the country, suspending the parliament and sacking the prime minister.source

Births

  • 975Thietmar, bishop of Merseburg (died 1018)source
  • 1016Casimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland (died 1058)source
  • 1109Afonso I, king of Portugal (died 1185)source
  • 1261Arthur II, Breton nobleman (House of Dreux) (died 1312)source
  • 1274John Beauchamp, English nobleman (died 1336)source
  • 1336Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (died 1404)source
  • 1365U of Goryeo, Korean king (died 1389)source
  • 1394James I of Scotland (died 1437)source
  • 1404Philip I, Duke of Brabant (died 1430)source
  • 1421Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (died 1461)source
  • 1450Jakob Wimpfeling, Renaissance humanist (died 1528)source
  • 1486Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg (1503–1520), then Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (1520–1547) (died 1547)source
  • 1498Hernando de Aragón, Spanish Catholic archbishop (died 1575)source
  • 1512Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva, Spanish jurist, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Cuenca (died 1577)source
  • 1517Jacques Pelletier du Mans, French mathematician (died 1582)source
  • 1532Alphonsus Rodriguez, Spanish Jesuit lay brother and saint (died 1617)source
  • 1538Diane de France, illegitimate daughter of Henry II of France (died 1619)source
  • 1538Diane de France, duchess (d.1619)source
  • 1562Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese samurai (died 1611)source
  • 1573Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (died 1650)source
  • 1581Brian Twyne, English archivist (died 1644)source
  • 1605Theodore Haak, German scholar (died 1690)source
  • 1633Joseph Williamson, English politician (died 1701)source
  • 1654Agostino Steffani, Italian ecclesiastic, diplomat and composer (died 1728)source
  • 1750Henry Knox, military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, 1st United States Secretary of War (died 1806)source
  • 1844Thomas Eakins, American painter, sculptor (died 1916)source
  • 1848Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1930)source
  • 1904Katsuji Matsumoto, illustrator (died 1986)source
  • 1920Rosalind Franklin, British crystallographer (died 1958)source
  • 1941Emmett Till, African-American civil rights icon (died 1955)source
  • 1990Raúl Ruidíaz, footballersource

Deaths

  • 306Constantius I dies outside Eboracum (modern-day York). Constantine, aged 23 or 24, is declared emperor by his troops. Emperor Galerius grants Constantine the title of Caesar, and elevates Flavius Valerius Severus to emperor in the Western part of the Roman Empire.source
  • 306Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor (born c. 250)source
  • 885Ragenold, margrave of Neustria, killedsource
  • 1011Ichijō, emperor of Japan (born 980)source
  • 1170Reginald II of Bar (or Renaud), French noblemansource
  • 1182Maria I, countess of Boulogne (born 1136)source
  • 1186Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath, 4th Baron Lacysource
  • 1190Sibylla (or Sibylle), queen of Jerusalem (born 1160)source
  • 1201Gruffydd ap Rhys II, Welsh prince of Deheubarthsource
  • 1318Nicholas I, Bohemian nobleman, knight and ruler (born 1255)source
  • 1409King Martin I of Sicily (born 1374)source
  • 1471Thomas à Kempis, German monk and writer (born 1380)source
  • 1472Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, French military leader (born 1394)source
  • 1492Pope Innocent VIII (born 1432)source
  • 1492Pope Innocent VIII, leader of the Roman Catholic Church since 1484, dies at the age of 59 from catarrh.source
  • 1564Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1503)source
  • 1608Pomponio Nenna, Italian composer (born 1556)source
  • 1616Andreas Libavius, German physician and chemist (born 1555)source
  • 1652Bonaventura Peeters the Elder, Flemish marine painter (born 1614)source
  • 1652Bonaventura Peeters the Elder (born 1614), paintersource
  • 1694Robert Fleming the elder, Scottish Presbyterian Minister, died 1694 (born 1630)source
  • 1710Gottfried Kirch, German astronomer, first 'Astronomer Royal' in Berlin (born 1639)source
  • 1787Arthur Devis, British artist (born 1712)source
  • 1790William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey (1776–1790) (born 1723)source
  • 1802Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal, Archbishop of Mainz (born 1719)source
  • 1814Charles Dibdin, English composer (born 1745)source
  • 1834Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English writer (born 1772)source
  • 1842Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon (born 1766)source
  • 1853Outlaw and bandit Joaquin Murrieta is killed in California.source
  • 1865James Barry, British military surgeon (born 1795)source
  • 1887John Taylor, American religious leader (born 1808)source
  • 1944Lesley J. McNair, American general (born 1883)source
  • 1958Harry Warner, American studio executive (born 1881)source
  • 1967July 23–31 – 12th Street Riot: In Detroit, one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city: 43 are killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned.source
  • 1986Vincente Minnelli, 83, American film director.source
  • 1997Ben Hogan, 84, American golf champion.source
  • 2005Five people are killed in bomb blasts at a night club in the Somali region.source